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Reference model for network communication
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides
OSI_model
Reference model for enterprise architecture
Open-system environment (OSE) reference model (RM) or OSE reference model (OSE/RM) is a 1990 reference model for enterprise architecture. It provides a
Open-system environment reference model
Open-system_environment_reference_model
Abstract model used as reference
A reference model—in systems, enterprise, and software engineering—is an abstract framework or domain-specific ontology consisting of an interlinked set
Reference_model
Systems with external interactions
system (computing) Open System Environment Reference Model Openness Phantom loop Thermodynamic system Luhmann, Niklas. Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford
Open_system_(systems_theory)
Topics referred to by the same term
environment Open system of learning, where information is sourced from multiple sources Open government, system Open-system environment reference model, one
Open_system
the Open System Environment Reference Model, the Workflow Reference Model, TOGAF and the Zachman Framework. In the new millennium business reference models
Business_reference_model
System design objective
Architectural pattern Enterprise architecture OSI model Open-system environment reference model Sage (1992), p. 168. Sage (1992), pp. 168–169. General Services
Open_systems_architecture
Standard for archival system
The term Open Archival Information System (or OAIS) refers to the ISO OAIS Reference Model for an OAIS. This reference model is defined by recommendation
Open Archival Information System
Open_Archival_Information_System
Educational software application
Wood and Gordon Pask released the first adaptive teaching system for corporate environments, SAKI. The idea of automating teaching operations also inspired
Learning_management_system
API Open format Open mainframe Open System Environment Reference Model Unix wars Ian Dickinson (1991-07-11). "Open Systems Strategy from IBM". Newsgroup: comp
Open_system_(computing)
Energy system models that are open source
Open energy-system models are energy-system models that are open source. Some may use third-party proprietary software as part of their workflows. These
Open_energy_system_models
Quantum mechanical system that interacts with a quantum-mechanical environment
physics, an open quantum system is a quantum mechanical system that interacts with an external quantum system, known as the environment or the bath.
Open_quantum_system
of common services. TAFIM subsumes the widely accepted Open-system environment reference model within the network services and communications area. The
TAFIM
Internal representation of world by AI
A world model in artificial intelligence is a machine learning system that builds an internal representation of an environment. The model predicts how
World model (artificial intelligence)
World_model_(artificial_intelligence)
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
interaction with the environment, a thermodynamic system may be an isolated system, a closed system, or an open system. An isolated system does not exchange
Thermodynamic_system
Reference model for enterprise architecture
architecture Open-system environment reference model Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management (TAFIM) Treasury Information System Architecture
NIST Enterprise Architecture Model
NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model
Standard for e-learning
Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) is a collection of standards and specifications for web-based electronic educational technology (also
Sharable Content Object Reference Model
Sharable_Content_Object_Reference_Model
Foundation model allowing control of robot actions
end-to-end network or as a dual-system that employs two coupled models. The single-model design, employed by RT-2, OpenVLA and π0, simultaneously understands
Vision–language–action_model
Process for digital management of built assets
formats OpenStreetMap Pre-fire planning System information modelling Whole Building Design Guide Xeokit - open-source JavaScript software development kit
Building_information_modeling
Desktop environment forked from GNOME 3
Cinnamon is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It was originally based on GNOME 3, but follows
Cinnamon (desktop environment)
Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)
Computer system that provides behavior needed by running code
runtime). A runtime environment (RTE) is the context in which a runtime operates. Most programming languages have some form of runtime system that provides
Runtime_system
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
can be a training environment for AI agents. Meta released a world model in June 2025, Tencent released an open source world model in July 2025. Niantic
Foundation_model
economically working companies, the model takes into consideration the openness of systems towards their environments, as well as the fact that they are
OSTO_System_Model
Large language model by Meta AI
llama.cpp as open-source on March 10, 2023. It's a re-implementation of Llama in C++, allowing systems without a powerful GPU to run the model locally. The
Llama_(language_model)
Type of machine learning model
DeepSeek released DeepSeek R1, a 671-billion-parameter open-weight model that performs comparably to OpenAI o1 but at a much lower price per token for users
Large_language_model
The property of either an open system or a closed system (especially a living organism) which regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable
Glossary_of_systems_theory
Desktop environment
letters, /ɛks ɛf siː iː/) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. Xfce aims to be fast and lightweight
Xfce
Process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them
Energy modeling or energy system modeling is the process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them. Such models often employ
Energy_modeling
Production of open resources based on open collaboration
Maker/Taker problem. The open-source model is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration, meaning "any system of innovation or
Open_source
Nonprofit foundation
implementation of the operating system Unix. It was formed in 1988 and merged with X/Open in 1996, to become The Open Group. Despite the similarities
Open_Software_Foundation
Software company (1992–1998)
competitors of native TalOS. The first internal development environment was an IBM RS/6000 model 250 with a PowerPC 601 CPU running AIX, building TalOS natively
Taligent
C++ extensions for simulating embedded systems
SystemC Language Reference Manual (LRM). The LRM provides the definitive statement of the semantics of SystemC. OSCI also provide an open-source proof-of-concept
SystemC
Open avionics standard
The Open Group Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACE Consortium) was formed in 2010 to define an open avionics environment for all military airborne
Future Airborne Capability Environment
Future_Airborne_Capability_Environment
educational robotics environments. Artificial intelligence software Autonomous robot List of artificial intelligence journals List of open-source robotics
List_of_robotics_software
Computer science field
In computer science, model checking or property checking is a method for checking whether a finite-state model of a system meets a given specification
Model_checking
Windowing system for bitmap displays on UNIX-like systems
within other graphical environments. VMS Software Inc.'s OpenVMS operating system includes a version of X with Common Desktop Environment (CDE), known as DECwindows
X_Window_System
Framework for enterprise and system engineering
A view model or viewpoints framework in systems engineering, software engineering, and enterprise engineering is a framework which defines a coherent set
View_model
Consortium for microscopy image data
The Open Microscopy Environment, or OME, is a consortium that develops open-source infrastructure for microscopy. OME is known for maintaining the OMERO
Open_Microscopy_Environment
Early commercial UNIX operating system
memory mapped files Improved shared library system based on the SunOS 4.x model OpenWindows GUI environment External Data Representation (XDR) and ONC
UNIX_System_V
protection such as for certifications and policies Open energy system models Open energy system databases Power-to-X Nanogeneration such as synthetic
Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present
Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020_to_the_present
Engineering diagram displaying high level system-environment relationships
A system context diagram in engineering is a diagram that defines the boundary between the system, or part of a system, and its environment, showing the
System_context_diagram
Method for estimating the maturity of technologies
Validated in Simulated or Realspace Environment Level 6 – System Adequacy Validated in Simulated Environment Level 7 – System Adequacy Validated in Space The
Technology_readiness_level
Research distributed operating system
log-structured file system called Fossil that provides snapshotting and versioned file histories. The name Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a reference to the Ed Wood
Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs
Abstract representation of an organization
RM-ODP reference model identifies enterprise modelling as providing one of the five viewpoints of an open distributed system. Note that such a system need
Enterprise_modelling
Cerebras Systems LLMs DeepSeek – R1 and V3 models Gemma 4 – Google LLM GLM-4.5 and later versions – Z.ai LLMs GPT-1, GPT-2, and GPT-OSS – OpenAI LLMs GPT-J
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Linux kernel-based operating system developed by LG, previously Palm and HP
Hewlett-Packard, HP made the platform open source, at which point it became Open webOS. LG Electronics later acquired the operating system from HP, and subsequent releases
WebOS
user environments UnixWare UnixWare 2.x, based on AT&T System V Release 4.2MP UnixWare 7, UnixWare 2 kernel plus parts of 3.2v5 (UnixWare 2 + OpenServer
List_of_operating_systems
Operating environment created by Digital Research
GEM (Graphics Environment Manager) is a discontinued operating environment released by Digital Research in 1985. GEM is known primarily as the native graphical
GEM_(desktop_environment)
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI. Originally released in November 2022, the product uses large language models—specifically generative pre-trained
ChatGPT
Framework for Open-System Environment
Application Portability Profile (APP) is a 1990s framework for Open-System Environment designed by the NIST for use by the U.S. Government. It contains
Application Portability Profile
Application_Portability_Profile
Family of computer operating systems
potential universal operating system, suitable for computers of all sizes. The Unix environment and the client–server program model were essential elements
Unix
Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems
Solaris version 11 back into a closed-source proprietary operating system. Following that, OpenSolaris was forked as Illumos and is alive through several Illumos
Oracle_Solaris
Software projects developed at universities
simulation environment (Duke and Yale) ns – discrete-event network simulator (UC Berkeley) OpenModelica – Modelica-based modeling and simulation environment (Linköping)
List of software developed at universities
List_of_software_developed_at_universities
Software design approach
Model-driven architecture (MDA) is a software design approach for the development of software systems. It provides a set of guidelines for the structuring
Model-driven_architecture
Rewriting system and type of formal grammar
Fractint L-System True Fractals OpenAlea Archived 2005-10-17 at the Wayback Machine: an open-source software environment for plant modeling, which contains
L-system
System where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation
recorder Grey box model Hysteresis Open system: in (general) Systems theory in Thermodynamics in Control theory Multi-agent system Prediction/Retrodiction
Black_box
Symbolics operating system based on Lisp
operating system and integrated development environment for Lisp machines created by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating
Genera_(software)
Description of how businesses operate
Berglund and Sandström (2013) argued that business models should be understood from an open systems perspective as opposed to being a firm-internal concern
Business_model
Way for programs to access kernel services
application runtime environment. The following list shows typical models followed by operating systems: Many-to-one model: All system calls from any user
System_call
Simplification of a physical system into a network of discrete components
lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) is a simplified representation of a physical system or circuit that
Lumped-element_model
3D computer graphics software
and open-source 3D computer graphics software suite. It runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD, Haiku, and IRIX and is used for general 3D modeling, animation
Blender_(software)
discovery and compliance regulations. They meet the Electronic Discovery Reference Model (EDRM)[5] for capturing, classifying, preserving, finding, analyzing
HP Information Management Software
HP_Information_Management_Software
Energy-related datasets for open use
given a suitable open license, for statistical analysis and for building numerical energy system models, including open energy system models. Permissive licenses
Open_energy_system_databases
Study of non-linear complex systems
functions and time delays. System dynamics is a mathematical modeling technique to frame, understand, and discuss complex systems. Originally developed in
System_dynamics
Discontinued operating system
environments were added to the operating system. It is one of the early distributed operating systems. Hewlett-Packard supported the operating system
Domain/OS
Microprocessor development project
the models and firmware were released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). A reference system on a chip (SoC) implementation based on the OpenRISC
OpenRISC
Type of data model
data model relates to the mathematical notion of a sparse matrix. EAV is also known as object–attribute–value model, vertical database model, and open schema
Entity–attribute–value_model
Electronic design automation software
behavioral model in the programming languages C++ or SystemC. The generated models are cycle-accurate and 2-state; as a consequence, the models typically
Verilator
Function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions
a system is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text, and glossary cross-referenced to each other. The two primary modeling components
IDEF0
Creating a model of the data in a system
Data modeling in software engineering is the process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain formal techniques. It may be
Data_modeling
Reference model in computer science
Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) is a reference model in computer science, which provides a co-ordinating framework for the standardization
RM-ODP
Software environment for model-based systems engineering
Capella is an open-source solution for model-based systems engineering (MBSE). Hosted at polarsys.org, this solution provides a process and tooling for
Capella_(engineering)
Computer simulation interface
modelling environment describes a product sub-system by differential, algebraic and discrete equations with time, state and step-events. These models
Functional_Mock-up_Interface
Operating system
The GNO Multitasking Environment, also known as GNO/ME or GNO for short, is a Unix-like operating system for the Apple IIGS computer. It was developed
GNO/ME
TransModeler and TransCAD. Conform by GameSim – Software for fusing and visualizing elevation, imagery, vectors, and LiDAR. The fused environment can be
Geographic information system software
Geographic_information_system_software
Desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like systems
(/ɡəˈnoʊm, ˈnoʊm/) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like[failed verification] operating systems. It is distributed as the
GNOME
Accounting model
Accounting Model: A Generalized Framework for Accounting Systems in a Shared Data Environment. The Accounting Review, pp. 554–78 A Reference Ontology for
Resources,_Events,_Agents
Digital database whose organization is based on the relational model of data
relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores
Relational_database
Global standards consortium
(used in CDE) The Open Process Automation Standard (O-PAS Standard) The Open Group Service Integration Maturity Model (OSIMM) The Open Information Security
The_Open_Group
Computer operating system
OpenVMS, often referred to as just VMS, is a multi-user, multiprocessing and virtual memory-based operating system. It is designed to support time-sharing
OpenVMS
Member of a population who is at risk of becoming infected by a disease
immune system, or abortive measures taken by intrinsic cell defenses. Look up susceptible in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Mathematical modelling in epidemiology
Susceptible_individual
machine learning OpenCV — computer vision library with machine learning functions ONNX — open format for representing machine learning models pandas — data
Comparison of machine learning software
Comparison_of_machine_learning_software
Set of software frameworks for robot software development
Robot Operating System (ROS or ros) is an open-source robotics middleware suite. Although ROS is not an operating system (OS) but a set of software frameworks
Robot_Operating_System
Simulation of a roundworm
be able to model other biological systems (like digestion) which the team will tackle at a later time. The team also built an environment called NeuroConstruct
OpenWorm
Dialect of the BASIC programming language
BASIC/WS". BASIC/WS ran stand-alone. It provided operating system (OS), integrated development environment (editor and debugger), and the language interpreter
Rocky_Mountain_BASIC
network environment, focusing on semantic interoperability. indecs was built from a simple generic model of commerce (the "model of making"): a model of the
Indecs_Content_Model
Frame in which the architecture of a company is defined
Enterprise Architecture Model. This was a five-layer reference model that illustrates the interrelationship of business, information system, and technology domains
Enterprise architecture framework
Enterprise_architecture_framework
Type of mathematical model used for infectious diseases
mobility patterns in complex real world environments such as cities, streets, and transportation networks. This model captures the class of vector transmitted
Compartmental models (epidemiology)
Compartmental_models_(epidemiology)
Legal action depends terminology grounds for dynamic range of directors
“bioecological” model. Bronfenbrenner made his Ecological systems theory to explain how everything in a child and the child's environment affects how a
Social_ecological_model
Linux distribution
GTK and HTML technologies, even when the system was idle. After switching to the Qt-based desktop environment, performance improved, as was noted by Linux
Deepin
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. R. Bush; D. Meyer (December 2002). Some
Internet_protocol_suite
Software development methodology
from Sparx Systems eTrice an open source implementation of the Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling standard Generic Eclipse Modeling System (GEMS) GeneXus
Model-driven_engineering
Programming language for statistics
transforming, and modelling data, as well as improves the ease of programming (according to the authors and users). R is free and open-source software distributed
R_(programming_language)
Conformance of AI to intended objectives
configured to accomplish. Such a system later populates a (possibly implicit) internal "model" of its environment. This model encapsulates all the agent's
AI_alignment
Psychological theory
physical properties of the environment. In engineering control theory, reference values are set by a user outside the system. An example is a thermostat
Perceptual_control_theory
Model of quantum optics
described as a set of two-level systems. When the coupling between the light and matter crosses a critical value, the Dicke model shows a mean-field phase transition
Dicke_model
Satisfaction with the thermal environment
model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically interact with their environment.
Thermal_comfort
Open standard for parallelizing
library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior. OpenMP is managed by the nonprofit technology consortium OpenMP Architecture Review
OpenMP
printer language switching, job separation, environment, status readback, device attendance and file system commands. "PJL offers application programs
Printer_Job_Language
Unix: What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from
History_of_Unix
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
Male
Swedish
Norwegian and Swedish form of Old Norse Óðinn, ODEN means "poetry, song" and "eager, frenzied, raging."
Boy/Male
English French
Open.
Female
English
English short form of Latin Penelope, PEN means "weaver of cunning."
Male
Welsh
Variant form of Welsh Owen, possibly OUEN means "born of yew."
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Eóghan, OWEN means "born of yew." Compare with another form of Owen.
Boy/Male
English French
Open.
Female
Thai/Siamese
Thai name PEN-CHAN means "full moon."
Girl/Female
Arabic
Environment
Boy/Male
English French
Open.
Boy/Male
Celtic Welsh
Son of Owen.
Boy/Male
English French
Open.
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Near; Environment
Boy/Male
English
Open.
Boy/Male
Welsh
Son of Owen.
Boy/Male
English French
Open.
Male
Welsh
 Modern Welsh form of Old Welsh Owain, OWEN means "born of yew." Compare with another form of Owen.
Boy/Male
English French
Open.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Penn.Dutch : metonymic occupational name for a clerk or penman, from Dutch pen ‘pen’.Cambodian : unexplained.
Boy/Male
English French American
Open.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Sky; Enviroment
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Sweet Boy
Girl/Female
Tamil
Aaradhita | ஆராதீதா
Worshipped
Boy/Male
African, American, British, English, Latin
Prince's Town; Principal One
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Park 2.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Finnish, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Swedish
Ghost; Night Demon; Storm Goddess; Spirit of the Night; Lily
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cornish, from Old French corneis.Americanized form of Dutch Korns.
Girl/Female
Portuguese
Vine branch.
Male
Egyptian
, a priest and prophet of Pthah of Memphis.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Celebrity, Indian
Victory on the World
Girl/Female
Hindu
A crescent of the Moon, A royal piece
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
OPEN SYSTEM-ENVIRONMENT-REFERENCE-MODEL
a.
Open.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
n.
An assemblage of objects arranged in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, usually logical or scientific; a complete whole of objects related by some common law, principle, or end; a complete exhibition of essential principles or facts, arranged in a rational dependence or connection; a regular union of principles or parts forming one entire thing; as, a system of philosophy; a system of government; a system of divinity; a system of botany or chemistry; a military system; the solar system.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
a.
Not concealed or secret; not hidden or disguised; exposed to view or to knowledge; revealed; apparent; as, open schemes or plans; open shame or guilt.
n.
Regular method or order; formal arrangement; plan; as, to have a system in one's business.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
Open or unobstructed space; clear land, without trees or obstructions; open ocean; open water.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
a.
Of or relating to a system; common to a system; as, the systemic circulation of the blood.
v. t.
To spread; to expand; as, to open the hand.
v. t.
To enter upon; to begin; as, to open a discussion; to open fire upon an enemy; to open trade, or correspondence; to open a case in court, or a meeting.
a.
Not drawn together, closed, or contracted; extended; expanded; as, an open hand; open arms; an open flower; an open prospect.
v. t. & i.
To open.
a.
Free or cleared of obstruction to progress or to view; accessible; as, an open tract; the open sea.
a.
Not settled or adjusted; not decided or determined; not closed or withdrawn from consideration; as, an open account; an open question; to keep an offer or opportunity open.
a.
Produced by an open string; as, an open tone.
v. t.
To make or set open; to render free of access; to unclose; to unbar; to unlock; to remove any fastening or covering from; as, to open a door; to open a box; to open a room; to open a letter.
a.
Free; disengaged; unappropriated; as, to keep a day open for any purpose; to be open for an engagement.