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Group of open reading frames under the same regulation
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. The genes are transcribed together
Operon
Set genes encoding proteins and enzymes for lactose metabolism
The lactose operon (lac operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although
Lac_operon
Operon that codes for the components for production of tryptophan
trp operon is a group of genes that are transcribed together, encoding the enzymes that produce the amino acid tryptophan in bacteria. The trp operon was
Trp_operon
Gene regulation group
The L-arabinose operon, also called the ara or araBAD operon, is an operon required for the breakdown of the five-carbon sugar L-arabinose in Escherichia
L-arabinose_operon
Protein family
In molecular biology, the ars operon is an operon found in several bacterial taxon. It is required for the detoxification of arsenate, arsenite, and antimonite
Ars_operon
ODB (Operon DataBase) is a database of conserved operons in sequenced genomes. Operon Okuda, Shujiro; Yoshizawa Akiyasu C (Jan 2011). "ODB: a database
Operon_database
Protein family
the use of bioinformatics that linked capsid-like proteins to specific operons in bacterial and archaeal genomes. When protein nanocompartments were discovered
Encapsulin
Regulatory mechanism
In genetics, attenuation is a regulatory mechanism for some bacterial operons that results in premature termination of transcription. The canonical example
Attenuator_(genetics)
Region of non-coding DNA that regulates the transcription of neighboring genes
Operators are CREs in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes that exist within operons, where they can bind proteins called repressors to affect transcription
Cis-regulatory_element
RNA family
The threonine operon leader is an RNA element. Threonine is one of at least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation. In each a leader
Threonine_operon_leader
RNA family
The Tryptophan operon leader is an RNA element found at the 5′ of some bacterial tryptophan operons. The leader sequence can form two different structures
Tryptophan_operon_leader
The gua operon is responsible for regulating the synthesis of guanosine mono phosphate (GMP), a purine nucleotide, from inosine monophosphate (IMP or inosinate)
Gua_Operon
Operon
The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. Repression of gene expression for this operon works via
Gal_operon
Chemical compound
allows the transcription of the lac operon to proceed. Although lactose is often described as the inducer of the lac operon, studies measuring inducer activity
Allolactose
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Transcriptional regulation prokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon Gua Operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryotic
Transcription_(biology)
Sort of RNA-binding protein in molecular genetics
and the silencer region to come in proximity of each other. The lacZYA operon houses genes encoding proteins needed for lactose breakdown. The lacI gene
Repressor
Species of bacterium
carried out by a gene cluster known as the bile acid-inducible (bai) operon. The bai operon encodes the genes baiB, baiCD, baiE, baiA, baiF, baiG, baiH, and
Clostridium_scindens
Genes necessary for transfer of genetic material
Transfer genes or tra genes (also transfer operons or tra operons), are some genes necessary for non-sexual transfer of genetic material in both gram-positive
Transfer_gene
operon is a series of genes encoding the tRNA for tyrosine in Escherichia coli. It is activated in response to amino acid starvation. The tyrT operon
TyrT_operon
RNA family
The Histidine operon leader is an RNA element found in the bacterial histidine operon. At least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation
Histidine_operon_leader
The nik operon is an operon required for uptake of nickel ions into the cell. It is present in many bacteria, but has been extensively studied in Helicobacter
Nik_operon
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
of the operon, called the operator region, and represses transcription of the operon; when the repressor is inactive transcription of the operon can occur
Gene
RNA family
The Leucine operon leader is an RNA element found upstream of the first gene in the Leucine biosynthetic operon. The leader sequence can assume two different
Leucine_operon_leader
Transcription factor
dimeric protein that regulates transcription of the 5 genes in the tryptophan operon. When the amino acid tryptophan is plentiful in the cell, it binds to the
Tryptophan_repressor
Process of compacting DNA molecules
Element Genetic Heredity Promoter Pribnow box TATA box Operon gal operon lac operon trp operon Intron Exon Terminator Enhancer Repressor lac ribose trp
DNA_condensation
Set of biochemical processes
of argR, ArgR an aporepressor, and arginine as a corepressor affect the operon of arginine biosynthesis. The degree of repression is determined by the
Amino_acid_synthesis
Molecule that regulates gene expression
from binding to the operator. RNA polymerase can then begin to transcribe operon genes. By binding to activators. Activators generally bind poorly to activator
Inducer
Type of DNA sequence
transcription of the operon. The lac operon in the prokaryote E. coli consists of genes that produce enzymes to break down lactose. Its operon is an example
Silencer_(genetics)
Species of bacterium
squid. A. fischeri also has bioluminescent properties controlled by the lux operon. The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of bacterial-animal
Aliivibrio_fischeri
The glnALG operon is an operon that regulates the nitrogen content of a cell. It codes for the structural gene glnA the two regulatory genes glnL and
GlnALG_operon
Species of archaeon
operon showed that one of the genes of the operon, saci-1497, encodes an endonuclease III that nicks UV-damaged DNA; and another gene of the operon,
Sulfolobus_acidocaldarius
Bacterial toxin
biosynthetic operon (mbo), which were identified using random mini-Tn5 mutagenesis, and subsequent cloning, sequencing, and expression. The mbo operon consist
Mangotoxin
The capsule biosynthesis, or CPS operon, is a section of the genome present in some Escherichia coli, of which regulates the production of polysaccharides
CPS_operon
French biochemist (1910–1976)
synthesis" Monod and Jacob became famous for their work on the E. coli lac operon, which encodes proteins necessary for the transport and breakdown of the
Jacques_Monod
Organisation of elements within a gene
difference is that prokaryotic ORFs are often grouped into a polycistronic operon under the control of a shared set of regulatory sequences. These ORFs are
Gene_structure
RNA family
The alpha operon ribosome binding site in bacteria is surrounded by this complex pseudoknotted RNA structure. Translation of the mRNA produces 4 ribosomal
Alpha operon ribosome binding site
Alpha_operon_ribosome_binding_site
Genes coding for ribosomal RNA
present in prokaryotes, is of a similar size to eukaryotes. The form of rDNA operon most bacteria and archaea is "linked": from 3' to 5' one sees a continuous
Ribosomal_DNA
Class of enzymes
glucosides and lactosides. It is coded for by the lacA gene of the lac operon in E. coli. It catalyzes the following reaction: acetyl-CoA + beta-D-galactoside
Galactoside_acetyltransferase
The gab operon is responsible for the conversion of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) to succinate. The gab operon comprises three structural genes – gabD, gabT
Gab_operon
American science journalist and scientist
supervised by Paul Rainey. His doctoral thesis investigated the role of an operon in the adaptive evolution of populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens
John_Bohannon
Chemical compound
allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Isopropyl_β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Scientific investigative technique
Element Genetic Heredity Promoter Pribnow box TATA box Operon gal operon lac operon trp operon Intron Exon Terminator Enhancer Repressor lac ribose trp
Fluorescence in the life sciences
Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences
Chemical compound
pectin. The L-arabinose operon, also known as the araBAD operon, has been the subject of much biomolecular research. The operon directs the catabolism
Arabinose
Species of bacterium
analysis found that the mosquitocidal cry toxin is coded by four genes in an operon: cry16Aa, cry17Aa, cbm17.1, and cbm17.2. When the four genes were individually
Paraclostridium_bifermentans
Species of bacterium
regulate the expression of the anthrax toxin genes. pXO2 encodes a five-gene operon (capBCADE) which synthesizes a poly-γ-D-glutamic acid (polyglutamate) capsule
Bacillus_anthracis
genomes are often organized into operons; the genes contained within a regulon are usually organized into more than one operon at disparate locations on the
Regulon
the Shi-A operon of the bacterium. The nif regulon comprises 7 operons: nifRLA, nifJ, nifHDK, nifEN, nifUSVM, nifWF, nifBQ. nifRLA operon: The tight
Nif_regulon
Gene encoding a regulatory protein
and regulatory gene date back to the mid-1960s and the work on the lac operon and the synthesis of proteins in E. coli. In that system, a single regulatory
Structural_gene
American molecular geneticist and virologist
molecular genetics, where she worked with Jon Beckwith, focusing on the lactose operon E. coli. "Terri Grodzicker". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Retrieved July
Terri_Grodzicker
RNA family
IbpB thermometer is an RNA thermometer element found in the ibpAB operon. The operon contains two heat-shock genes, encoding inclusion body binding proteins
IbpB_thermometer
Cellular second messenger
the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate
Karyotype Kilobase Kin selection Kinetochore Klinefelter syndrome Knockout Lac operon Lagging strand Lambda phage Lateral inhibition Leader peptide gene Leader
Index_of_genetics_articles
Protein that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes
promoter site. In prokaryotes, multiple genes can be transcribed together (operon), and are thus controlled under the same regulatory sequence. In eukaryotes
Activator_(genetics)
Proteinaceous extracellular fiber produced by enteric bacteria
divergently-transcribed operons in E. coli: the csgBAC and csgDEFG operons. In total, these operons encode at least seven proteins. The agfBA and agfDEFG operons, which
Curli
DNA-binding protein
base-specifically to the major groove of the operator region of the lac operon, with base contacts also made by residues of symmetry-related alpha helices
Lac_repressor
Comparison of organism developmental processes
Jacques Monod, Jean-Pierre Changeux and François Jacob discovered the lac operon in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It was a cluster of genes, arranged in
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary_developmental_biology
RNA family
thought to negatively regulate the translation of the IF3-L35-L20 operon in E. coli. This operon encodes the translation initiation factor IF-3 and ribosomal
Long_range_pseudoknots
Disaccharide with β-1,4-linked glucosamine units
Escherichia coli, the chb operon is involved with the utilization of two β-glucosides, cellobiose and (GlcNAc)2. The chbG gene of the chb Operon encodes a chitin
Chitobiose
Bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli
the lamB gene) of E. coli, a porin molecule, which is part of the maltose operon. The linear phage genome is injected through the outer membrane. The DNA
Lambda_phage
French biologist
"L'opéron : groupe de gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur" [Operon: a group of genes with the expression coordinated by an operator] (PDF)
François_Jacob
Protein complexes in algae
Atlantic Ocean coastal margin. The two genes cpcA and cpcB, located in the cpc operon and translated from the same mRNA transcript, encode for the C-PC α- and
Phycocyanin
Cell response to DNA damage
SOS response, as described above. Taking advantage of an operon fusion placing the lac operon (responsible for producing beta-galactosidase, a protein
SOS_response
IIBGat and IIAGat. Nobelmann, Barbara (17 May 1995). "Sequence of the gat operon for galactitol utilization from a wild-type strain EC3132 of Escherichia
PTS_Galactitol_Family
parB genes are typically found in the same operon, with parS elements located within or adjacent to this operon. Collectively, these components function
ParABS_system
Genus of archaea
CRISPR locus in F. acidiphilum YT with one operon encoding the CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins (red arrows).
Ferroplasma
Bacteria that produce light through chemiluminescence
Photorhabdus operon type, all variants of the lux operon contain the flavin reductase-encoding luxG gene. Most of the Aliivibrio/Shewanella type operons contain
Bioluminescent_bacteria
American geneticist (1925–2018)
thus alters its binding ability for the regulatory region of a gene or operon. Charles Yanofsky was born on April 17, 1925, in New York. He was one of
Charles_Yanofsky
American-Canadian biochemist (born 1941)
chloroplasts Workplaces Dalhousie University Thesis Regulation of the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli (1968) Doctoral advisor Charles Yanofsky Doctoral students
Ford_Doolittle
components that are involved in sensing extracellular factors affect the srfA operon. The expression of srfA will bypass the need for transcription of DNA for
Competence_factor
Trans-acting transcriptional activator
lactose. The cAMP-CAP complex allows RNA polymerase to bind to the lac operon and transcribe its genes, which encode the proteins required for breaking
Catabolite_activator_protein
RNA processing within a biological cell
The structure of a prokaryotic operon of protein-coding genes. Regulatory sequence controls when expression occurs for the multiple protein coding regions
Post-transcriptional modification
Post-transcriptional_modification
became the first to explain enzyme induction, in the context of the lac operon of Escherichia coli. In the absence of lactose, the constitutively expressed
Enzyme induction and inhibition
Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition
Group of exotoxins from bacteria
proteins, which facilitate export by a dedicated T1SS encoded within the rtx operon. RTX proteins range from 40 to over 600 kDa in size and all contain C-terminally
RTX_toxin
RNA family
bacteria of the Pseudomonadaceae phylum. It is located upstream of the operon encoding ribosomal proteins S12 and S7 (rpsL and rpsG genes respectively)
Pseudomonas_rpsL_leader
Chemical compound
6-phosphate and lysine, a set of enzymes located on the frl (fructoselysine) operon. Wiame, E; Delpierre, G; Collard, F; Van Schaftingen, E (8 November 2002)
Fructoselysine
Chemical compound
hafniense. The other genes of the Pyl operon mediate pyrrolysine biosynthesis, leading to description of the operon as a "natural genetic code expansion
Pyrrolysine
Mechanism of gene expression regulation
biosynthetic operons. The term "attenuation" was introduced to describe the his operon. While it is typically used to describe biosynthesis operons of amino
Transcription-translation coupling
Transcription-translation_coupling
Genus of flowering plants
plumbizincicola Sheds Light on the Structural Evolution of Plastid rRNA Operon and Phylogenetic Implications within Saxifragales". Plants. 8 (10): 386
Sedum
Species of Alphaproteobacteria
pairs. Key genes related to cellulose production occur in the four-gene operon bcsABCD, which codes for the four subunits of the cellulose synthase enzyme
Komagataeibacter_xylinus
Bacterial system of proteins
complexes, inducing breaks into DNA and cell death. Regulation of the ccd operon by the CCdA/CCdB complex is dependent upon the ratio of the two molecules
CcdA–CcdB Type II Toxin–antitoxin system
CcdA–CcdB_Type_II_Toxin–antitoxin_system
RNA structure
occurs upstream of genes that appear to be organized into an operon. Commonly, these operons contain an sbcC gene, whose functional role relates to DNA
SbcC_RNA_motif
Chemical reaction
microorganisms are resistant to mercury ion due to an inducible mer operon. Translation of the operon results in the synthesis of mercuric reductase. Mercuric reductase
Mercury_methylation
Organism found in carbon-rich environments
ribosomal RNA operons than the oligotrophic genome. Ribosomal RNA operons are linearly related to growth rate. The ribosomal RNA operons are responsible
Copiotroph
Protein family
homeostasis. Czc confers resistance to Cobalt, Zinc, and Cadmium. The CzcCBA operon includes: CzcA (the RND family specific protein), the membrane fusion protein
Resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily
Resistance-nodulation-cell_division_superfamily
Cyrillic orthography of Polish used under the Russian Empire
on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2016-02-22. Źródło: Historia 2. Czasy nowożytne. Zakres podstawowy, Bogumiła Burda i inni, OPERON, 2003, zdjęcie na str. 337.
Cyrillization of Polish under the Russian Empire
Cyrillization_of_Polish_under_the_Russian_Empire
Family of heat shock proteins
"Cloning, sequencing, mapping, and transcriptional analysis of the groESL operon from Bacillus subtilis". Journal of Bacteriology. 174 (12): 3993–9. doi:10
Chaperonin
Gene involved in controlling expression of other genes
polymerase to continue transcription. Regulator genes can be located within an operon, adjacent to it, or far away from it. Other regulatory genes code for activator
Regulator_gene
Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium
annotated protein-coding genes (organized into 2584 operons), seven ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons, and 86 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Despite having been
Escherichia_coli
Monosaccharide sugar
enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli. In nature, lactose is found primarily in milk and milk
Galactose
Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology
few other members of the Enterobacteriales (Csg). The genetic elements (operons) encoding the curli system are phylogenetic widespread and can be found
Amyloid
Application of synthetic biology
functions. The first natural gene circuit studied in detail was the lac operon. In studies of diauxic growth of E. coli on two-sugar media, Jacques Monod
Synthetic_biological_circuit
Milk-sugar digesting enzyme
biotechnology also makes use of the E. coli lacZ β-galactosidase found in the lac operon. Biology portal MCM6 Lactase persistence Both the human and fungal "lactases"
Lactase
Chemical compound
activate a repressor protein, which binds to the trp operon. Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription of downstream DNA that
Tryptophan
Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
the lac operon will express enzymes for the digestion of lactose when it is present, but if both lactose and glucose are present, the lac operon is repressed
Carbohydrate
expression of genes related to bioluminescence is controlled by an operon called the lux operon. Some species of luminescent bacteria possess quorum sensing
Luminescent_bacteria
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
system is widely considered to be the identification in 1961 of the lac operon, discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, in which some enzymes involved
Regulation_of_gene_expression
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Resistance in VRSA is conferred by the plasmid-mediated vanA gene and operon. Although VRSA infections are uncommon, VRSA is often resistant to other
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not
Chromosome
Chemical compound
tyrocidine synthetases TycA, TycB, and TycC are encoded on the tyrocidine operon. This consists of the three genes encoding for the three synthetases as
Tyrocidine
Type of bacteriocin produced by and toxic to some strains of Escherichia coli
The larger plasmids carry other genes, as well as the colicin operon. The colicin operons are generally organized with several major genes. These include
Colicin
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