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Group of open reading frames under the same regulation
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. The genes are transcribed together
Operon
Set genes encoding proteins and enzymes for lactose metabolism
The lactose operon (lac operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although
Lac_operon
Gene regulation group
The L-arabinose operon, also called the ara or araBAD operon, is an operon required for the breakdown of the five-carbon sugar L-arabinose in Escherichia
L-arabinose_operon
Operon that codes for the components for production of tryptophan
trp operon is a group of genes that are transcribed together, encoding the enzymes that produce the amino acid tryptophan in bacteria. The trp operon was
Trp_operon
Regulatory mechanism
In genetics, attenuation is a regulatory mechanism for some bacterial operons that results in premature termination of transcription. The canonical example
Attenuator_(genetics)
RNA family
The Tryptophan operon leader is an RNA element found at the 5′ of some bacterial tryptophan operons. The leader sequence can form two different structures
Tryptophan_operon_leader
RNA family
The threonine operon leader is an RNA element. Threonine is one of at least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation. In each a leader
Threonine_operon_leader
ODB (Operon DataBase) is a database of conserved operons in sequenced genomes. Operon Okuda, Shujiro; Yoshizawa Akiyasu C (Jan 2011). "ODB: a database
Operon_database
Chemical compound
allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Isopropyl_β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Species of bacterium
carried out by a gene cluster known as the bile acid-inducible (bai) operon. The bai operon encodes the genes baiB, baiCD, baiE, baiA, baiF, baiG, baiH, and
Clostridium_scindens
Sort of RNA-binding protein in molecular genetics
and the silencer region to come in proximity of each other. The lacZYA operon houses genes encoding proteins needed for lactose breakdown. The lacI gene
Repressor
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
Transcriptional regulation prokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon Gua Operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryotic
Transcription_(biology)
Chemical compound
allows the transcription of the lac operon to proceed. Although lactose is often described as the inducer of the lac operon, studies measuring inducer activity
Allolactose
Class of enzymes
glucosides and lactosides. It is coded for by the lacA gene of the lac operon in E. coli. It catalyzes the following reaction: acetyl-CoA + beta-D-galactoside
Galactoside_acetyltransferase
Protein family
the use of bioinformatics that linked capsid-like proteins to specific operons in bacterial and archaeal genomes. When protein nanocompartments were discovered
Encapsulin
French biochemist (1910–1976)
synthesis" Monod and Jacob became famous for their work on the E. coli lac operon, which encodes proteins necessary for the transport and breakdown of the
Jacques_Monod
Species of bacterium
squid. A. fischeri also has bioluminescent properties controlled by the lux operon. The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of bacterial-animal
Aliivibrio_fischeri
Bacterial toxin
biosynthetic operon (mbo), which were identified using random mini-Tn5 mutagenesis, and subsequent cloning, sequencing, and expression. The mbo operon consist
Mangotoxin
Protein family
In molecular biology, the ars operon is an operon found in several bacterial taxon. It is required for the detoxification of arsenate, arsenite, and antimonite
Ars_operon
Region of non-coding DNA that regulates the transcription of neighboring genes
Operators are CREs in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes that exist within operons, where they can bind proteins called repressors to affect transcription
Cis-regulatory_element
Set of biochemical processes
of argR, ArgR an aporepressor, and arginine as a corepressor affect the operon of arginine biosynthesis. The degree of repression is determined by the
Amino_acid_synthesis
Genes coding for ribosomal RNA
present in prokaryotes, is of a similar size to eukaryotes. The form of rDNA operon most bacteria and archaea is "linked": from 3' to 5' one sees a continuous
Ribosomal_DNA
Organisation of elements within a gene
difference is that prokaryotic ORFs are often grouped into a polycistronic operon under the control of a shared set of regulatory sequences. These ORFs are
Gene_structure
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
of the operon, called the operator region, and represses transcription of the operon; when the repressor is inactive transcription of the operon can occur
Gene
The gua operon is responsible for regulating the synthesis of guanosine mono phosphate (GMP), a purine nucleotide, from inosine monophosphate (IMP or inosinate)
Gua_Operon
RNA family
The Leucine operon leader is an RNA element found upstream of the first gene in the Leucine biosynthetic operon. The leader sequence can assume two different
Leucine_operon_leader
RNA family
The Histidine operon leader is an RNA element found in the bacterial histidine operon. At least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation
Histidine_operon_leader
The gab operon is responsible for the conversion of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) to succinate. The gab operon comprises three structural genes – gabD, gabT
Gab_operon
Transcription factor
dimeric protein that regulates transcription of the 5 genes in the tryptophan operon. When the amino acid tryptophan is plentiful in the cell, it binds to the
Tryptophan_repressor
Operon
The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism. Repression of gene expression for this operon works via
Gal_operon
The capsule biosynthesis, or CPS operon, is a section of the genome present in some Escherichia coli, of which regulates the production of polysaccharides
CPS_operon
Molecule that regulates gene expression
from binding to the operator. RNA polymerase can then begin to transcribe operon genes. By binding to activators. Activators generally bind poorly to activator
Inducer
The nik operon is an operon required for uptake of nickel ions into the cell. It is present in many bacteria, but has been extensively studied in Helicobacter
Nik_operon
Genes necessary for transfer of genetic material
Transfer genes or tra genes (also transfer operons or tra operons), are some genes necessary for non-sexual transfer of genetic material in both gram-positive
Transfer_gene
Species of archaeon
operon showed that one of the genes of the operon, saci-1497, encodes an endonuclease III that nicks UV-damaged DNA; and another gene of the operon,
Sulfolobus_acidocaldarius
Type of DNA sequence
transcription of the operon. The lac operon in the prokaryote E. coli consists of genes that produce enzymes to break down lactose. Its operon is an example
Silencer_(genetics)
Species of bacterium
regulate the expression of the anthrax toxin genes. pXO2 encodes a five-gene operon (capBCADE) which synthesizes a poly-γ-D-glutamic acid (polyglutamate) capsule
Bacillus_anthracis
Chemical compound
pectin. The L-arabinose operon, also known as the araBAD operon, has been the subject of much biomolecular research. The operon directs the catabolism
Arabinose
operon is a series of genes encoding the tRNA for tyrosine in Escherichia coli. It is activated in response to amino acid starvation. The tyrT operon
TyrT_operon
The glnALG operon is an operon that regulates the nitrogen content of a cell. It codes for the structural gene glnA the two regulatory genes glnL and
GlnALG_operon
Mechanism of gene expression regulation
biosynthetic operons. The term "attenuation" was introduced to describe the his operon. While it is typically used to describe biosynthesis operons of amino
Transcription-translation coupling
Transcription-translation_coupling
RNA family
upstream of an operon of two genes called hopC and hopB (also called alpa and alpB). Experiments on the start of transcription for the hopCB operon indicate
HopC_RNA_motif
genomes are often organized into operons; the genes contained within a regulon are usually organized into more than one operon at disparate locations on the
Regulon
RNA family
The alpha operon ribosome binding site in bacteria is surrounded by this complex pseudoknotted RNA structure. Translation of the mRNA produces 4 ribosomal
Alpha operon ribosome binding site
Alpha_operon_ribosome_binding_site
Protein that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes
promoter site. In prokaryotes, multiple genes can be transcribed together (operon), and are thus controlled under the same regulatory sequence. In eukaryotes
Activator_(genetics)
Species of bacterium
analysis found that the mosquitocidal cry toxin is coded by four genes in an operon: cry16Aa, cry17Aa, cbm17.1, and cbm17.2. When the four genes were individually
Paraclostridium_bifermentans
Group of exotoxins from bacteria
proteins, which facilitate export by a dedicated T1SS encoded within the rtx operon. RTX proteins range from 40 to over 600 kDa in size and all contain C-terminally
RTX_toxin
Protein complexes in algae
Atlantic Ocean coastal margin. The two genes cpcA and cpcB, located in the cpc operon and translated from the same mRNA transcript, encode for the C-PC α- and
Phycocyanin
expression of genes related to bioluminescence is controlled by an operon called the lux operon. Some species of luminescent bacteria possess quorum sensing
Luminescent_bacteria
and regulatory gene date back to the mid-1960s and the work on the lac operon and the synthesis of proteins in E. coli. In that system, a single regulatory
Structural_gene
Process of compacting DNA molecules
Element Genetic Heredity Promoter Pribnow box TATA box Operon gal operon lac operon trp operon Intron Exon Terminator Enhancer Repressor lac ribose trp
DNA_condensation
Scientific investigative technique
Element Genetic Heredity Promoter Pribnow box TATA box Operon gal operon lac operon trp operon Intron Exon Terminator Enhancer Repressor lac ribose trp
Fluorescence in the life sciences
Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences
Bacteria that produce light through chemiluminescence
Photorhabdus operon type, all variants of the lux operon contain the flavin reductase-encoding luxG gene. Most of the Aliivibrio/Shewanella type operons contain
Bioluminescent_bacteria
American geneticist (1925–2018)
thus alters its binding ability for the regulatory region of a gene or operon. Charles Yanofsky was born on April 17, 1925, in New York. He was one of
Charles_Yanofsky
American science journalist and scientist
supervised by Paul Rainey. His doctoral thesis investigated the role of an operon in the adaptive evolution of populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens
John_Bohannon
Karyotype Kilobase Kin selection Kinetochore Klinefelter syndrome Knockout Lac operon Lagging strand Lambda phage Lateral inhibition Leader peptide gene Leader
Index_of_genetics_articles
RNA processing within a biological cell
The structure of a prokaryotic operon of protein-coding genes. Regulatory sequence controls when expression occurs for the multiple protein coding regions
Post-transcriptional modification
Post-transcriptional_modification
RegulonDB also models the organization of the genes in transcription units, operons and regulons. A total of 120 sRNAs with 231 total interactions which all
RegulonDB
plasmids used in laboratory studies. The promoter is a part of the arabinose operon whose name derives from the genes it regulates transcription of: araB, araA
PBAD_promoter
Comparison of organism developmental processes
Jacques Monod, Jean-Pierre Changeux and François Jacob discovered the lac operon in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It was a cluster of genes, arranged in
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary_developmental_biology
the Shi-A operon of the bacterium. The nif regulon comprises 7 operons: nifRLA, nifJ, nifHDK, nifEN, nifUSVM, nifWF, nifBQ. nifRLA operon: The tight
Nif_regulon
Cell response to DNA damage
SOS response, as described above. Taking advantage of an operon fusion placing the lac operon (responsible for producing beta-galactosidase, a protein
SOS_response
French microbiologist (1927–2019)
her pioneering work in understanding the regulation of gene expression in operon systems. Agnes Ullmann was born on 14 April 1927 in Satu Mare, Transylvania
Agnes_Ullmann
French biologist
"L'opéron : groupe de gènes à expression coordonnée par un opérateur" [Operon: a group of genes with the expression coordinated by an operator] (PDF)
François_Jacob
Type of cellular growth
and proposed the lac operon model of gene expression, which led to a Nobel prize. Diauxie occurs because organisms use operons or multiple sets of genes
Diauxic_growth
Proteinaceous extracellular fiber produced by enteric bacteria
divergently-transcribed operons in E. coli: the csgBAC and csgDEFG operons. In total, these operons encode at least seven proteins. The agfBA and agfDEFG operons, which
Curli
Trans-acting transcriptional activator
lactose. The cAMP-CAP complex allows RNA polymerase to bind to the lac operon and transcribe its genes, which encode the proteins required for breaking
Catabolite_activator_protein
Chemical compound
activate a repressor protein, which binds to the trp operon. Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription of downstream DNA that
Tryptophan
RNA family
thought to negatively regulate the translation of the IF3-L35-L20 operon in E. coli. This operon encodes the translation initiation factor IF-3 and ribosomal
Long_range_pseudoknots
components that are involved in sensing extracellular factors affect the srfA operon. The expression of srfA will bypass the need for transcription of DNA for
Competence_factor
A polar mutation affects expression of downstream genes or operons. It can also affect the expression of the gene in which it occurs, if it occurs in
Polar_mutation
Gene involved in controlling expression of other genes
polymerase to continue transcription. Regulator genes can be located within an operon, adjacent to it, or far away from it. Other regulatory genes code for activator
Regulator_gene
parB genes are typically found in the same operon, with parS elements located within or adjacent to this operon. Collectively, these components function
ParABS_system
Enzyme catalyzing biotin metabolism
repressor, controlling the expression of the biotin biosynthesis (bio-)operon. Due to the high specificity of its ligase activity and the exceptional
Biotin—(acetyl-CoA-carboxylase) ligase
Biotin—(acetyl-CoA-carboxylase)_ligase
Cellular second messenger
the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate
Protein domain
proteins found in prokaryotes are the toxic components of toxin-antitoxin operons. These loci provide a control mechanism that helps free-living prokaryotes
PIN_domain
Milk-sugar digesting enzyme
biotechnology also makes use of the E. coli lacZ β-galactosidase found in the lac operon. Biology portal MCM6 Lactase persistence Both the human and fungal "lactases"
Lactase
Bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli
the lamB gene) of E. coli, a porin molecule, which is part of the maltose operon. The linear phage genome is injected through the outer membrane. The DNA
Lambda_phage
Cellular process
takes place in the cytoplasm with the transcription of many ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, it takes place both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus
Ribosome_biogenesis
American microbiologist
arabinose operon. Previous studies had only shown success in the lac operon, but the lambda phage was successful for the arabinose operon in her testing
Susan_Gottesman
Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology
few other members of the Enterobacteriales (Csg). The genetic elements (operons) encoding the curli system are phylogenetic widespread and can be found
Amyloid
RNA family
of the α-proteobacterial genus Rickettsia. It is located upstream of the operon encoding ribosomal proteins S12 and S7 (rpsL and rpsG genes respectively)
Rickettsia_rpsL_leader
The lacUV5 promoter is a mutated promoter from the Escherichia coli lac operon which is used in molecular biology to drive gene expression on a plasmid
LacUV5
Genus of flowering plants
plumbizincicola Sheds Light on the Structural Evolution of Plastid rRNA Operon and Phylogenetic Implications within Saxifragales". Plants. 8 (10): 386
Sedum
Chemical compound
extraordinary amounts, and the closely related A. tumefaciens. A putative operon contains crdS (Q9X2V0, family GT2, Pfam PF13632), encoding β-(1,3)-glucan
Curdlan
American molecular geneticist and virologist
molecular genetics, where she worked with Jon Beckwith, focusing on the lactose operon E. coli. "Terri Grodzicker". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Retrieved July
Terri_Grodzicker
RNA family
flg-Rhizobiales RNAs are located in the presumptive 5' untranslated regions of operons that contain genes whose functions relate to the creation of flagellar
Flg-Rhizobiales_RNA_motif
Monosaccharide sugar
enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli. In nature, lactose is found primarily in milk and milk
Galactose
Bacterial system of proteins
complexes, inducing breaks into DNA and cell death. Regulation of the ccd operon by the CCdA/CCdB complex is dependent upon the ratio of the two molecules
CcdA/CcdB Type II Toxin-antitoxin system
CcdA/CcdB_Type_II_Toxin-antitoxin_system
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
multiple replication origins. The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not
Chromosome
RNA family
guanosine residue. Retron elements are about 2 kb long. They contain a single operon controlling the synthesis of an RNA transcript carrying three loci, msr
Retron
Region of DNA equaling a gene as defined by complementation test
an operon is a stretch of DNA that is transcribed to create a contiguous segment of RNA, but contains more than one cistron / gene. The operon is said
Cistron
RNA family
association to sodium is at least not direct. A DUF1646 RNA occurs upstream of an operon in Enterococcus hirae that was shown to regulate the downstream genes based
DUF1646_RNA_motif
Topics referred to by the same term
noble family Lac repressor (LacI), a DNA-binding protein Lac I, a lactose operon Lacunar stroke or lacunar cerebral infarct (LACI), a type of stroke LA Cleantech
Laci
Topics referred to by the same term
Licensed Acupuncturist, see Regulation of acupuncture Lac operon, abbreviated Lac, operon controlling the metabolism of lactose in bacteria such as E
Lac
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
system is widely considered to be the identification in 1961 of the lac operon, discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, in which some enzymes involved
Regulation_of_gene_expression
RNA family
Marinomonas. All known nqrA-Marinomonas RNAs are found upstream of "nqr" operons whose genes encode subunits of the sodium-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase
NqrA-Marinomonas_RNA_motif
Polypeptide antibiotic
ribosomes are not directly involved in its synthesis. The three-enzyme operon is called BacABC, not to be confused with BacABCDE of bacilycin synthesis
Bacitracin
DNA-binding protein
base-specifically to the major groove of the operator region of the lac operon, with base contacts also made by residues of symmetry-related alpha helices
Lac_repressor
Disaccharide with β-1,4-linked glucosamine units
Escherichia coli, the chb operon is involved with the utilization of two β-glucosides, cellobiose and (GlcNAc)2. The chbG gene of the chb Operon encodes a chitin
Chitobiose
OPERON
OPERON
OPERON
OPERON
Female
Hungarian
Pet form of Hungarian Zsófia, ZSÓFIKA means "wisdom."
Girl/Female
English
Mirthful; joyous. Also an abbreviation of Meredith.
Boy/Male
British, English
Old Leader
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Be Loved; Peace
Girl/Female
Indian
Kindness
Boy/Male
Scottish Celtic Greek Irish English
Youth.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
God of Truth
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
An Epithet of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Spanish, Teutonic
Speaker of Truth; Feminine of Alvaro
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Friend
OPERON
OPERON
OPERON
OPERON
OPERON