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Type of location test in statistical analysis
A paired difference test, better known as a paired comparison, is a type of location test that is used when comparing two sets of paired measurements to
Paired_difference_test
Statistical hypothesis test
Two-sample t-tests for a difference in means involve independent samples (unpaired samples) or paired samples. Paired t-tests are a form of blocking, and
Student's_t-test
Statistical hypothesis test
Student's t-test. For two matched samples, it is a paired difference test like the paired Student's t-test (also known as the "t-test for matched pairs" or "t-test
Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test
Statistic used in statistical hypothesis testing
scenario for when a paired difference test is appropriate is when a single set of test subjects has something applied to them and the test is intended to check
Test_statistic
unpaired data include Pearson's chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. Paired difference test Variance reduction Randomized block design Gosall, Narinder Kaur
Paired_data
Exact statistical hypothesis test
exploit variance reduction with paired samples, a paired permutation test must be applied, see paired difference test. This is equivalent to performing
Permutation_test
Statistical test
Z-test procedure. Other location tests that can be performed as Z-tests are the two-sample location test and the paired difference test. For the Z-test
Z-test
Statistical hypothesis test
variants thereof. Pearson's chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and
Chi-squared_test
Statistical test with teststatistic the number of signs of one type
the pair (such as post-treatment). The paired observations may be designated x and y. For comparisons of paired observations (x,y), the sign test is most
Sign_test
variable. Others compare two or more paired or unpaired samples. Unpaired samples are also called independent samples. Paired samples are also called dependent
List_of_statistical_tests
Ways of computing statistical significance
regions (of half the size) at both ends of the sampling distribution. Paired difference test, when two samples are being compared Magalhães, Marcos Nascimento;
One-_and_two-tailed_tests
Statistical test for multiple comparisons
range test, also known as Tukey's test, Tukey method, Tukey's honest significance test, or Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) test, is a single-step
Tukey's_range_test
Formula on random variables
theorem Panjer recursion Inverse-variance weighting Donsker's theorem Paired difference test Klenke, Achim (2013). Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. p. 106. doi:10
Bienaymé's_identity
Statistical method
covariates. In particular cases, simpler tests like paired difference test, McNemar test and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test are available. When the outcome of
Matching_(statistics)
Statistical test used on paired nominal data
McNemar's test is a statistical test used on paired nominal data. It is applied to 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects
McNemar's_test
Statistical hypothesis test
Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test, Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test, Newman Keuls test, Ducan's test "a posteriori comparisons"/
F-test
Topics referred to by the same term
Pairwise testing may refer to: All-pairs testing Pairwise comparison Paired difference test This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the
Pairwise_testing
Statistical methods for comparing samples
The test is related to other well known tests such as Pearson's chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test for small samples, and McNemar's test for paired binary
Two-proportion_Z-test
students with a 1-to-3.8 student instructor ratio A one-tailed paired-difference test showed that the increase in salary was statistically significant
SwitchUp
Statistical technique
0.14. A paired difference test can test the association between a binary outcome and a continuous predictor while taking into account pairing. A Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
Conditional logistic regression
Conditional_logistic_regression
Double-blind audio quality testing method
An ABX test is a method of comparing two choices of sensory stimuli to identify detectable differences between them. A subject is presented with two known
ABX_test
Design of experiments to collect similar contexts together
experimental design Optimal design Paired difference test Dependent and independent variables Blockmodeling Paired data Block bootstrap Controlling for
Blocking_(statistics)
Nonparametric test of the null hypothesis
two-sample, paired, or one-sample test. SAS implements the test in its PROC NPAR1WAY procedure. Python has an implementation of this test provided by
Mann–Whitney_U_test
shopper. The shoppers in each pair perform the same inquiry and ask for the same information. The only difference is the test treatment, for example, the
Matched_pair_testing
Non-parametric method for testing whether samples originate from the same distribution
significantly skewed, the Kruskal–Wallis test is more powerful at detecting differences among treatments than ANOVA F-test. On the other hand, if the population
Kruskal–Wallis_test
Technique employed in sensory analysis
Discrimination testing is a technique employed in sensory analysis to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products. The test uses
Discrimination_testing
Difference between males and females
sex differences in human psychology investigates cognitive and behavioral differences between men and women. This research employs experimental tests of
Sex_differences_in_humans
Data visualization
the differences are said to be heteroscedastic, which has further implications. Statistical tests such as the Breusch–Pagan test or the White test can
Bland–Altman_plot
p-chart p-rep P-value P–P plot Page's trend test Paid survey Paired comparison analysis Paired difference test Pairwise comparison Pairwise independence
List_of_statistics_articles
Statistical measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon
correlation between paired measurements. Given the same sample size, the higher r, the higher the power for a test of paired difference. Since d' depends
Effect_size
Aspect of learning procedure
involves two phases. A CS (CS1) is paired with a US. A compound CS (CS1+CS2) is paired with a US. A separate test for each CS (CS1 and CS2) is performed
Classical_conditioning
Test of a machine's ability to imitate human intelligence
ISBN 978-1-60566-354-8 Shah, Huma; Warwick, Kevin (April 2010a), "Testing Turing's five minutes, parallel-paired imitation game", Kybernetes, 4 (3): 449–465, doi:10
Turing_test
Statistical measure of effect size
to obtain paired observations from the two groups and then to estimate SSMD based on the paired observations. Based on a paired difference D {\displaystyle
Strictly standardized mean difference
Strictly_standardized_mean_difference
Discussions and claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines
IQ testing in the early 20th century, differences in average test performance between racial groups have been observed, though these differences have
Race_and_intelligence
original (PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2009. "The difference between Test and one-day cricket". BBC Sport. 6 September 2005. Archived from
List_of_Test_cricket_records
constant, whereas in a two-sided test, a difference in either direction is of interest. The two-sample location test compares the location parameters
Location_test
Standardized test used for U.S. college admissions
some test questions function differently based on the racial group of the test taker, reflecting differences in ability to understand certain test questions
SAT
Projective psychological test created in 1921
The Rorschach test is a projective psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation
Rorschach_test
Statistical test of equal group variances
rejected and it is concluded that there is a difference between the variances in the population. Levene's test has been used in the past before a comparison
Levene's_test
Immunochromatographic testing devices
A lateral flow test (LFT), is an assay also known as a lateral flow immunochromatographic test (ICT). It is a simple device intended to detect the presence
Lateral_flow_test
DNA-based genetic test
A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based genetic test used in genetic genealogy that looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to find or
Genealogical_DNA_test
Statistical interpretation with many tests
multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when many statistical tests are performed on the same dataset. Each test has its own chance of a Type
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Type of wiring used for communications
identify the pair it was twisted with without stripping back a large amount of sheath. To solve this problem. CW1308 has narrow rings of the paired color printed
Twisted_pair
Psychological experiment
categorize more quickly when Black and Pleasant are paired together than when White and Pleasant are paired if they have more positive associations with Black
Implicit-association_test
Evaluates how likely it is that any difference between data sets arose by chance
observed difference between the sets arose by chance. It is the most widely used of many chi-squared tests (e.g., Yates, likelihood ratio, portmanteau test in
Pearson's_chi-squared_test
Post-hoc statistical test for pairwise comparisons
Omnibus test: an F-test is performed via ANOVA to determine if there are any statistically significant differences among the group means. If the F-test is
Fisher's least significant difference
Fisher's_least_significant_difference
Two words that differ in only one element of their pronunciation
minimal pair was an essential tool in the discovery process and was found by substitution or commutation tests. As an example for English vowels, the pair "let"
Minimal_pair
Statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen
unless corrected. Post hoc tests are follow-up tests performed after a significant ANOVA result to identify where the differences lie (which specific groups
Post_hoc_analysis
al., there was a paired associates test where after studying word pairs the participants were presented with one word from the pair and required to recall
Pair_by_association
Historical intelligence test
alternative to measure the difference between normal and abnormal children. There have been three versions of the Binet–Simon Intelligence Test. The first, designed
Binet–Simon_Intelligence_Test
Process of comparing two entities to determine preference
block designs, I. the method of paired comparisons. Biometrika, 39, 324–345. David, H.A. (1988). The Method of Paired Comparisons. New York: Oxford University
Pairwise comparison (psychology)
Pairwise_comparison_(psychology)
Statistical test
ANOVA. It is the condition of equal variances among the differences between all possible pairs of within-subject conditions (i.e., levels of the independent
Mauchly's_sphericity_test
outperform males in verbal learning especially on tests such as Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Verbal Paired Associates. It has also been found that the
Sex_differences_in_cognition
Longest and original form of cricket
cricket, where the follow-on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or more. If the Test is two days or fewer then the "follow-on" value is 100
Test_cricket
Animal self-awareness test
The mirror test—sometimes called the mark test, mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, red spot technique, or rouge test—is a behavioral technique developed
Mirror_test
Psychometric measurement scale
assumed for a comparison of two groups, the paired samples t-test is not inappropriate. If non-parametric tests are to be performed, the Pratt (1959) modification
Likert_scale
Multiple comparison procedure
freedom, independently of sample means). The exact definition of the test is: The difference between any two means in a set of n means is significant provided
Duncan's new multiple range test
Duncan's_new_multiple_range_test
Type of human genetic study conducted on twins
unaware of the difference between identical and DZ twins. This factor was still not understood when the first study using psychological tests was conducted
Twin_study
Categorisation of people's intelligence based on IQ
higher or lower for each standard deviation difference higher or lower in the test-taker's performance on the test item content. The Wechsler intelligence
IQ_classification
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
calculating a test statistic (such as a t-statistic) for the dataset, which has a known theoretical probability distribution if there is no difference (the so-called
Power_(statistics)
Oligonucleotide or peptide molecules that bind specific targets
the amino acid-based structure of antibodies, which are proteins. This difference can make aptamers a better choice than antibodies for some purposes (see
Aptamer
Statistical test for multiple comparisons
and M. Keuls. This procedure is often used as a post-hoc test whenever a significant difference between three or more sample means has been revealed by
Newman–Keuls_method
Type of microbiology test
the purpose of dereplication though. This is achieved by testing each extract against paired strains of bacteria (e.g. streptomycin-susceptible and -resistant
Disk_diffusion_test
Statistical test of variance
significant difference) is a very strong test in detecting pairs of means differences, it is applied only when the F test is significant, and it is mostly less
Omnibus_test
Statistical procedure
In statistics, Dunnett's test is a multiple comparison procedure developed by Canadian statistician Charles Dunnett to compare each of a number of treatments
Dunnett's_test
Sex-specific adaptations
most dioecious species, which consist of most animals and some plants. Differences may include secondary sex characteristics, size, weight, color, markings
Sexual_dimorphism
Test administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner
multiple-choice test provides the test taker with questions paired with a pre-determined list of possible answers. It is a type of closed-ended question. The test taker
Standardized_test
Pseudoscientific personality questionnaire
into 16 distinct psychological types (often called personality types). The test assigns a binary letter value to each of four dichotomous categories: introversion
Myers–Briggs_Type_Indicator
U.S. Air Force facility in Nevada
highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range in southern Nevada, 83 miles (134 km) north-northwest
Area_51
Tasks in machine learning
ISBN 978-0521717700. Brownlee, Jason (2017-07-13). "What is the Difference Between Test and Validation Datasets?". Retrieved 2017-10-12. Prechelt, Lutz;
Training, validation, and test data sets
Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
The findings indicated gender differences in that women with lower levels of Openness to Experience were often paired with partners who scored higher
Big_Five_personality_traits
Population genetic test statistic
population genetic test statistic created by and named after the Japanese researcher Fumio Tajima. Tajima's D is computed as the difference between two measures
Tajima's_D
Comparative statistical test
one or more observations are "off the scale." Sign test – a paired alternative to the median test. Brown, GW; Mood, AM (June 1948). "Homogeneity of several
Median_test
Auditory test to assess selective attention
words. Each word varies in the initial consonant. The significant difference in this test is "the stimuli are constructed and aligned in such a way that
Dichotic_listening
Statistical test
the genetic distances (i.e., the amount of difference between two different genomes) between all possible pairs of species in the study, obtained by the
Mantel_test
Differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes
ability tests and found no overall sex difference. Although most of the tests showed no difference, there were some that did. For example, some tests found
Sex_differences_in_psychology
performance levels on tests of verbal fluency. This may be because the female auditory cortex is denser than that of the male. This difference and other sensory
Sexual dimorphism in human physiology
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_physiology
Technique in user-centered interaction design
data, lack of willing participants, or needing to be paired with other methods of usability testing to produce more detailed results. In a scenario where
Usability_testing
Hypothesis that human males have more variance in certain traits compared to females
either very high or very low IQ test scores. In this context, there is controversy over whether such sex-based differences in the variability of intelligence
Variability_hypothesis
June 2026. "Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures". Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex Differences in Human Mate
Age disparity in sexual relationships
Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships
1935 discredited psychological test
projective personality test, the same category of the most-known Rorschach test, but with the crucial difference of being nonverbal. The test consists in showing
Szondi_test
1963 international agreement
The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), formally known as the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, prohibited
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty
1954 U.S. thermonuclear weapon test in the Marshall Islands
Bravo was the first in a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapon design tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, as part
Castle_Bravo
Device to estimate blood alcohol concentration
Borkenstein in the 1950s. Research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as 1874, when Francis E
Breathalyzer
Internal organ in the male reproductive system
deferens. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the testes and scrotum are distinct: The paired testicular arteries arise directly from the abdominal
Testicle
Mathematical problem
Fisher, is the problem of interval estimation and hypothesis testing concerning the difference between the means of two normally distributed populations
Behrens–Fisher_problem
Memory effect in educational psychology
"Optimal potentiating effects and forgetting-prevention effects of tests in paired-associate learning". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 83 (2, Pt
Testing_effect
Study of collection and analysis of data
usually associated with this framework (See criticism of hypothesis testing): A difference that is highly statistically significant can still be of no practical
Statistics
English cricketer (born 1968)
fielder well in advance, making a real difference to his team. Hussain has the record of the most consecutive Test tosses lost as captain, losing 10 in
Nasser_Hussain
Mental connection between ideas or mental states
green and brown) that were paired with the same color (i.e., yellow or white) with which the first colors were also paired (i.e., red and blue), which
Association_(psychology)
Measure of linear correlation
the difference between standardized scores Estimated from the balloon rule Related to the bivariate ellipses of isoconcentration Function of test statistics
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
this, in terms of pairs randomly chosen from the population. Kerby (2014) notes that a pair, defined as a score in one group paired with a score in another
Probability_of_superiority
Paired structure within the brain temporal lobe
amygdalae /əˈmɪɡdəli, -laɪ/ or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum) is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates. It is
Amygdala
Nonparametric measure of rank correlation
d_{i}\equiv \operatorname {R} [X_{i}]-\operatorname {R} [Y_{i}]\ } is the difference between the two ranks of each observation, n {\displaystyle \ n\ }
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Spearman's_rank_correlation_coefficient
1887 investigation of the speed of light
result was negative, in that Michelson and Morley found no significant difference between the speed of light in the direction of movement through the presumed
Michelson–Morley_experiment
System for rating game players
model predicts. In paired comparison data, there is often very little practical difference in whether it is assumed that the differences in players' strengths
Elo_rating_system
Psychological behavior
"yoked pairs". Dogs in Group 2 were given electric shocks at random times, which the dog could end by pressing a lever. Each dog in Group 3 was paired with
Learned_helplessness
Cognitive bias about one's own skill
(mostly) a statistical artefact: Valid approaches to testing the hypothesis with individual differences data". Intelligence. 80 101449. doi:10.1016/j.intell
Dunning–Kruger_effect
Statistic for rank correlation
ordinal association between two measured quantities. A τ test is a non-parametric hypothesis test for statistical dependence based on the τ coefficient.
Kendall rank correlation coefficient
Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient
Scholastic performance study by the OECD
next round of tests. The United Kingdom had a greater gap between high- and low-scoring students than the average. There was little difference between public
Programme for International Student Assessment
Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment
PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Difference
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, German, Jamaican, Welsh
Gray; Sacred; Grey Haired
Boy/Male
Irish
daire “â€fruitful, fertile.â€â€ The Brown Bull of Cooley (read the legend) was owned by Daire Mac Fiachna, and his refusal to sell his bull to Queen Maebh was part of the reason for the fight between the provinces of Ulster and Connacht. At present it is a very popular name in Ireland with all four spellings and it is often used as a girl’s name with the spellings Daire and Dara.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Jared, JARRED means "descent."
Boy/Male
English American Hebrew
French name Gervaise 'spearman.
Female
English
Feminine form of English unisex Page, PAIGE means "page; young servant."
Female
Welsh
Welsh form of Greek Margarites, MARED means "pearl."
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Kent and Sussex)
English (mainly Kent and Sussex) : from the Middle English personal name Pain(e), Payn(e) (Old French Paien, from Latin Paganus), introduced to Britain by the Normans. The Latin name is a derivative of pagus ‘outlying village’, and meant at first a person who lived in the country (as opposed to Urbanus ‘city dweller’), then a civilian as opposed to a soldier, and eventually a heathen (one not enrolled in the army of Christ). This remained a popular name throughout the Middle Ages, but it died out in the 16th century.Thomas Payne, who was a freeman of the Plymouth Colony in 1639, was the founder of a large American family, which included Robert Treat Paine (1731–1814), one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The author of the republican treatise The Rights of Man, Thomas Paine (1737–1809), left England for North America in the mid 1770s, where he became involved in the movement that led to independence. His pamphlet of 1776, Common Sense, influenced the Declaration of Independence and furnished some of the arguments justifying it.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English fair eie ‘fair eye’, Old English fæger ēage.English : habitational name from Fairy Farm in Wethersfield, Essex, or from Fairyhall in Felsted, Essex, both probably so named from Old English fearh ‘pig’, ‘hog’ + (ge)hæg ‘enclosure’.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Celtic, Christian, English, Irish, Welsh
White Haired; The Hollow; Flood; Gray-haired; Gray; Sacred; Gray Haired
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Garrett.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Greek Iaret (Hebrew Yered), JARED means "descent." In the bible, this is the name of the father of Enoch and a descendant of Judah. Also spelled Jered.
Male
Hebrew
(יֶרֶד) Variant spelling of Hebrew Yered, YARED means "descent." The English form is Jared.
Male
Italian
Italian form of Greek Paris, probably PARIDE means "wager."Â
Boy/Male
English
from Gerald 'rules by the spear.
Girl/Female
Irish
The name that was used in Ireland for Our Lady was Muire and interestingly, her name was so honored that it was rarely used as a first name until the end of the fifteenth century. Then Maire became acceptable as a given name but the spelling Muire was reserved for the Blessed Mother.
Male
Scottish
Scottish name LAIRD means "landowner."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Fair.
Female
Scottish
Scottish form of Greek Margarites, MAIREAD means "pearl."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Distinction; Difference; Manner
PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
Girl/Female
Spanish
Help.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Son of Parvathi; Uma
Girl/Female
Greek American English Latin
Christian.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Related, Said of
Girl/Female
Indian
Prayer
Male
Greek
(ΚαίσαÏ) Greek form of Latin Cæsar, KAISAR means "severed." In the bible, this is the surname of Julius Caesar, which adopted by Octavius Augustus and his successors afterwards became a title, and was appointed by the Roman emperors as part of their title.
Girl/Female
Celtic
Renowned friend. Feminine of Marvin: Lives by the Sea.
Surname or Lastname
Reduced form of the Dutch surname van Galen, a habitational name, probably from Gaal in the province of North Brabant, or perhaps from the German town of Gahlen in North Rhine-Westphalia.English
Reduced form of the Dutch surname van Galen, a habitational name, probably from Gaal in the province of North Brabant, or perhaps from the German town of Gahlen in North Rhine-Westphalia.English : variant of Galyon.
Girl/Female
Latin
From Rome.
PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
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PAIRED DIFFERENCE-TEST
a.
Cleft so that the divisions reach nearly, but not quite, to the midrib, or the base of the blade; -- said of a leaf, and used chiefly in composition; as, three-parted, five-parted, etc.
n.
The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance.
a.
Marked with bright colors; as, the painted turtle; painted bunting.
imp. & p. p.
of Pair
n.
Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs.
n.
Estimation of difference; regard to differences or distinguishing circumstance.
n.
The act of differing; the state or measure of being different or unlike; distinction; dissimilarity; unlikeness; variation; as, a difference of quality in paper; a difference in degrees of heat, or of light; what is the difference between the innocent and the guilty?
a.
In composition: Having (such) hair; as, red-haired.
n.
An addition to a coat of arms to distinguish the bearings of two persons, which would otherwise be the same. See Augmentation, and Marks of cadency, under Cadency.
v. t.
To cause to differ; to make different; to mark as different; to distinguish.
n.
The quality or attribute which is added to those of the genus to constitute a species; a differentia.
a.
Having (such) a gait; -- used in composition; as, slow-gaited; heavy-gaited.
a.
Of various or contrary nature, form, or quality; partially or totally unlike; dissimilar; as, different kinds of food or drink; different states of health; different shapes; different degrees of excellence.
n.
Choice; preference.
imp. & p. p.
of Difference
a.
Coupled; paired.
n.
Difference of quality or property in different directions.
n.
The quantity by which one quantity differs from another, or the remainder left after subtracting the one from the other.
n.
That by which one thing differs from another; that which distinguishes or causes to differ; mark of distinction; characteristic quality; specific attribute.
a.
Firmly barred or closed.