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Password-based cryptography is the study of password-based key encryption, decryption, and authorization. It generally refers two distinct classes of methods:
Password-based_cryptography
Key derivation function
In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used
PBKDF2
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend
Salt_(cryptography)
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a cryptographic hash function or block cipher)
Key_derivation_function
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from
Pepper_(cryptography)
Cryptographic protocol
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is a type of zero-knowledge proof that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party
Zero-knowledge_password_proof
Interactive key creation in cryptography
In cryptography, a password-authenticated key agreement (PAK) method is an interactive method for two or more parties to establish cryptographic keys
Password-authenticated key agreement
Password-authenticated_key_agreement
Group of public-key cryptography standards
Cryptography Standard". RSA Laboratories. "PKCS #3: Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Standard". RSA Laboratories. "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Standard"
PKCS
SPEKE (Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange) is a cryptographic method for password-authenticated key agreement. The protocol consists of little more
SPEKE
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
the cryptographic hash is used to create secure and efficient digital signature schemes. Password verification commonly relies on cryptographic hashes
Cryptographic_hash_function
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
Large collection of statistics about passwords Research Papers on Password-based Cryptography The international passwords conference Procedural Advice for
Password
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force
Key_stretching
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
file, which, when processed through a cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different
Key_(cryptography)
Recovering passwords stored by computer systems
guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. Another type of approach is password spraying, which
Password_cracking
Sequence of words used to gain access
[citation needed] Keyfile Password-based cryptography Password psychology Globytė, Ema (May 22, 2023). "Passphrase vs. password: How are they different
Passphrase
Program that generates password from random number generator
perform cryptographic functions without having to access raw keying material. The Web Crypto API provides a reliable way to generate passwords using the
Random_password_generator
Password that can only be used once
the user is required to carry. A one-time password is the only communication required in some cryptographic schemes for a user to safely send a static
One-time_password
Password-based authentication method
In cryptography, Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) is a password-based authentication and password-authenticated key agreement method. SAE is
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals
Simultaneous_Authentication_of_Equals
Security feature in Microsoft Office
Cryptography Structure" (PDF). Microsoft Corporation. 2021-10-05. pp. 60–65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-11. "How to Open a Password-Protected
Microsoft Office password protection
Microsoft_Office_password_protection
Password authentication algorithm
HMAC-based one-time password (HOTP) is a one-time password (OTP) algorithm based upon a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC). When a client attempts
HMAC-based_one-time_password
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
key exchange based on the client side having the user password and the server side having a cryptographic verifier derived from the password. The shared
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Application for storing and managing passwords
A password manager is a software program that prevents password fatigue by automatically generating, autofilling, and storing passwords. They are useful
Password_manager
Elliptic-curve cryptography Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman ECDSA Equihash Feistel cipher Hash chain HMAC HMAC-based one-time password Key schedule Key
List of cryptographic software
List_of_cryptographic_software
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
eight-character NTLM password combinations could be cycled through in 48 minutes. Various publications in the fields of cryptographic analysis have proved
Brute-force_attack
Cryptography standard
17487/RFC5208. RFC 5208. Kaliski, B. (September 2000). PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2898. RFC 2898
PKCS_8
Password cracking dataset
precomputed table for caching the outputs of a cryptographic hash function, usually for cracking password hashes. Passwords are typically stored not in plain text
Rainbow_table
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords and
Cryptography
Open competition to select password hash functions
The Password Hashing Competition was an open competition announced in 2013 to select one or more password hash functions that can be recognized as a recommended
Password_Hashing_Competition
IEEE standardization project for public-key cryptography
public-key cryptography (IEEE Std 1363.1-2008) Password-based public-key cryptography (IEEE Std 1363.2-2008) Identity-based public-key cryptography using pairings
IEEE_P1363
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
searches. See Password cracking. For a method to prevent the testing of short passwords see salt (cryptography). Birthday attack Cryptographic hash function
Preimage_attack
Type of authentication protocol
Many cryptographic solutions involve two-way authentication; both the user and the system must verify that they know the shared secret (the password), without
Challenge–response authentication
Challenge–response_authentication
Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Cryptographer Encryption/decryption Cryptographic key Cipher Ciphertext
Outline_of_cryptography
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel and was one of the first protocols as conceived
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
are generated with algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of public-key cryptography depends on keeping the private
Public-key_cryptography
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
key is generated from a password, guessing a weak password is easy and does not depend on the strength of the cryptographic primitives. A user can become
Strong_cryptography
Type of challenge–response authentication
In cryptography, the Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (SCRAM) is a family of modern, password-based challenge–response authentication
Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism
Salted_Challenge_Response_Authentication_Mechanism
Password-based key derivation function
yescrypt is a cryptographic key derivation function used for password hashing on Fedora Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, and Arch Linux. The function is more resistant
Yescrypt
Password authentication algorithm
Time-based one-time password (TOTP) is a computer algorithm that generates a one-time password (OTP) using the current time as a source of uniqueness
Time-based_one-time_password
Method of negotiating credentials between web server and browser
methods a web server can use to negotiate credentials, such as username or password, with a user's web browser. This can be used to confirm the identity of
Digest_access_authentication
2009 password-based key derivation function
In cryptography, scrypt (pronounced "ess crypt") is a password-based key derivation function created by Colin Percival in March 2009, originally for the
Scrypt
cryptography, cryptographic hash functions can be divided into two main categories. In the first category are those functions whose designs are based
Security of cryptographic hash functions
Security_of_cryptographic_hash_functions
Resistance of a password to being guessed
passwords. One way to reduce this risk is to store only a cryptographic hash of each password instead of the password itself. Standard cryptographic hashes
Password_strength
stronger challenges, whereas a static username/password may suffice for lower-risk profiles. Risk-based implementation allows the application to challenge
Risk-based_authentication
Number of standards related to cryptography
There are a number of standards related to cryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications
Cryptography_standards
Form of message tampering
another's identities. Password-authenticated key agreement – a protocol for establishing a key using a password. Quantum cryptography – the use of quantum
Man-in-the-middle_attack
2025 mobile operating system
Notes. Password History allows users to view previous passwords and password change dates. Export Passwords allows users to securely export passwords, passkeys
IOS_26
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
applications in cryptography and information security. These include password-based key derivation, password-based key agreement, password-hardening, untraceable
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
Web account authentication method
Self-service password reset (SSPR) is defined as any process or technology that allows users who have either forgotten their password or triggered an intruder
Self-service_password_reset
Identity authentication method
computer system without entering (and having to remember) a password or any other knowledge-based secret. In most common implementations, users are asked
Passwordless_authentication
Type of public-key encryption
Identity-based encryption (IBE), is an important primitive of identity-based cryptography. As such it is a type of public-key encryption in which the public
Identity-based_encryption
Computer communications authentication algorithm
In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific
HMAC
Method of producing many one-time keys from a single key
w o r d ) {\displaystyle h^{998}(\mathrm {password} )} . Due to the one-way property of cryptographically secure hash functions, it is infeasible for
Hash_chain
Password management software
LastPass is a password manager application. The standard version of LastPass comes with a web interface, but also includes a browser extension, an app
LastPass
Key derivation function of password hash
forms a password record, which is usually stored in a text file. More formally, crypt provides cryptographic key derivation functions for password validation
Crypt_(C)
Remote Password (TLS-SRP) ciphersuites are a set of cryptographic protocols that provide secure communication based on passwords, using an SRP password-authenticated
TLS-SRP
Data security technology
recover passwords (most importantly data) in case the user leaves the company without notice or forgets the password. Challenge–response password recovery
Disk_encryption
Open-source password management software
Bitwarden is a freemium open-source password management service that is used to store sensitive information, such as website credentials, in an encrypted
Bitwarden
Computer password or cryptographic key
In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data, known only to the parties involved, in a secure communication. This usually refers to the key of a
Shared_secret
Collection of cryptographic computer libraries
governs password-based cryptography, for example to encrypt private keys for storage. PKCS #7. RSA standard that governs the application of cryptography to
Network_Security_Services
Cryptographic hash function
applications that use cryptographic hashes, like password storage, are only minimally affected by a collision attack. Constructing a password that works for
SHA-1
Steganography software
second independent password 1. Choosing the cryptography algorithm for data block i f [ i ] = rand ( Oracle ) 2. Applying cryptography to data block i Cipher
OpenPuff
Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999.
Bcrypt
differential cryptanalysis • Hill cipher • History of cryptography • HMAC • HMAC-based One-time Password algorithm (HOTP) • Horst Feistel • Howard Heys • Https
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Theory of cryptography
In cryptography, a sponge function or sponge construction is any of a class of algorithms with finite internal state that take an input bit stream of any
Sponge_function
Standard in public cryptography
In cryptography, PKCS #11 is a Public-Key Cryptography Standard that defines a C programming interface to create and manipulate cryptographic tokens that
PKCS_11
Laws relating to encryption
"decontrolled password and authentication-only cryptography." Import controls, which is the restriction on using certain types of cryptography within a country
Cryptography_law
History of cryptography Alan Turing Cipher Cryptanalysis Cryptographic primitive Cryptographic Service Provider HMAC HMAC-based One-time Password algorithm
List of cybersecurity information technologies
List_of_cybersecurity_information_technologies
A cryptographic service provider (CSP) is a package that "provides a concrete implementation of certain cryptographic services." A CSP offers operations
Cryptographic Service Provider
Cryptographic_Service_Provider
Cryptographic network protocol
The Secure Shell Protocol (SSH Protocol) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. Its most
Secure_Shell
Means to confirm a user's identity
the password. In the special case of a password, the authenticator is the secret. A cryptographic authenticator is one that uses a cryptographic key.
Authenticator
Cryptographic hash function
BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Type of cryptographic protocol
Internet Cryptography. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 1–27. ISBN 0-201-92480-3. Halevi, Shai (1998). "Public-key cryptography and password protocols"
Authentication_protocol
Topics referred to by the same term
rupees, the currency of Pakistan Password Authenticated Key Retrieval Scheme, a type of password-based public-key cryptography. See IEEE P1363. Pusat Keamanan
PKRS
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical
History_of_cryptography
Type of data structure
In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data
Merkle_tree
Placeholder characters
fictional characters commonly used as placeholders in discussions about cryptographic systems and protocols, and in other science and engineering literature
Alice_and_Bob
Message-digest hashing algorithm
a cryptographic hash function; however it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It remains suitable for other non-cryptographic purposes
MD5
Study of what makes passwords easy to remember
Password psychology is the study of what makes passwords or cryptographic keys easy to remember or guess. The study lies in the intersection of cryptography
Password_psychology
Consumer security website and email alert system
k-anonymity and cryptographic hashing) to anonymously verify if a password was leaked without fully disclosing the searched password. This protocol was
Have_I_Been_Pwned?
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network, such as the Internet.
Transport_Layer_Security
Tool to change passwords on Unix-like OSes
to produce the same hash. However, cryptographic hash functions are designed in such a way that finding any password that produces the same hash is very
Passwd
public key cryptography, including Elliptic curve cryptography. Let s {\displaystyle s} be their shared (low-entropy) secret, which can be a password or a hash
Password Authenticated Key Exchange by Juggling
Password_Authenticated_Key_Exchange_by_Juggling
Set of cryptographic hash functions
applications that use cryptographic hashes, such as password storage, are only minimally affected by a collision attack. Constructing a password that works for
SHA-2
Multiparty cryptographic process
Distributed key generation (DKG) is a cryptographic process in which multiple parties contribute to the calculation of a shared public and private key
Distributed_key_generation
Public-key authentication standard
authenticators should do. It solves many of the issues of traditional password-based authentication by verifying the user's identity with digital signatures
WebAuthn
Computer authentication protocol
differs between server implementations. Password changes are described in RFC 3244. In case of symmetric cryptography adoption (Kerberos can work using symmetric
Kerberos_(protocol)
See one-time pad article. One time password (OTP) - One time password based on a prebuilt single use code list or based on a mathematical formula with a
Glossary of cryptographic keys
Glossary_of_cryptographic_keys
Device used to gain access to restricted resource
transfers. Security tokens can be used to store information such as passwords, cryptographic keys used to generate digital signatures, or biometric data (such
Security_token
Password management software
Dashlane is a subscription-based password manager and digital wallet application available on macOS, Windows, iOS and Android, founded in Paris. Dashlane
Dashlane
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Method of computer access control
include push-based authentication, QR code-based authentication, one-time password authentication (event-based and time-based), and SMS-based verification
Multi-factor_authentication
Two parties authenticating each other at the same time
password-based authentication is that password tables can take up a lot of memory space. One way around using a lot of memory during a password-based
Mutual_authentication
Publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions. Note that not all entries may be up to date. For a summary of other
Hash function security summary
Hash_function_security_summary
Single-use value in secure communications
In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number
Cryptographic_nonce
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
known to the recipient. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions
Digital_signature
Draft open standard for identity verification
rather than providing a user ID and password. This method is thought to be impervious to a brute-force password attack or data breach. It shifts the
SQRL
Set of cryptographic hash functions
MD5-like structure of SHA-1 and SHA-2. SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive family Keccak (/ˈkɛtʃæk/ or /ˈkɛtʃɑːk/), designed by Guido
SHA-3
French cryptographer
at CNRS, and the former head of the Computer Science Department and Cryptography Laboratory at the École normale supérieure. He is mainly known for his
David_Pointcheval
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
replacement for NSA Suite B Cryptography algorithms. It serves as the cryptographic base to protect US National Security Systems information up to the TOP
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
expansion, and key hierarchies in key wrapping, key exchange, PRNG, and password-based key derivation schemes. There are implementations of HKDF for C#, Go
HKDF
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Phonetic Name Based on Initials
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi
Joy; Solved; Based
Girl/Female
American, British, English
God is Gracious; Modern Name Based on Jane or Jean; Based on Janai
Boy/Male
Tamil
Base
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Smiling
Boy/Male
English
Phonetic name based on initials.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Brave
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly north Midlands)
English (chiefly north Midlands) : variant of Bassford.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bassford.
Girl/Female
British, English
Based
Boy/Male
English
Phonetic name based on initials.
Boy/Male
Afghan, African, Arabic, Australian, Chinese, Greek, Indian, Muslim
Brave
Boy/Male
Indian
Base
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Phonetic Name Based on Initials
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : from Middle English pass(en) ‘to pass or go across’ + more ‘marsh’, ‘fen’, a nickname, bestowed no doubt on someone who lived on the far side of a tract of moorland near the main settlement, or for someone who was familiar with the safe routes across a moor.English (chiefly Devon) : several early forms have -e- in place of -o- in the second syllable, and may have a different origin. They could derive from an Anglo-Norman French nickname for a seafarer, Passemer, from passe(r) ‘to cross’ (as above) + mer ‘sea’, ‘ocean’, or the second element could be from Old English mere ‘lake’, ‘marsh’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places called Basford, especially the one in Staffordshire. There are others in Nottinghamshire and Cheshire. All are named with a personal name (variously Old English Beorcol and Basa, and Old Norse Barkr) + Old English ford ‘ford’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Smiling
Girl/Female
English American
Based on Natasha meaning birthday.
Male
Egyptian
, the father of Hor-imhotep.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Smiling
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil, Traditional
Life; Goodness; Happy
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Lamp of the Holy Word
Boy/Male
Muslim
Beloved, Lover
Girl/Female
Scandinavian
Ing's abundance. Feminine of Ing who was Norse mythological god of the earth's fertility.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Walking Gently
Male
Czechoslovakian
, of Lucania.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Fire
Female
Greek
(Ἀλαλά) Greek name ALALA means "war-like." In mythology, this is the name of the sister of Ares and personification of the war cry. Compare with another form of Alala.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Golden Rays
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
PASSWORD BASED-CRYPTOGRAPHY
n.
Same as Prison base.
a.
Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.
a.
Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad.
n.
Wearing, or protected by, bases.
n.
The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue.
n.
A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars.
n.
To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon.
a.
Imperfectly baked; hence, not brought to perfection; unfinished; also, of weak or dull understanding.
a.
Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin.
n.
A word to be given before a person is allowed to pass; a watchword; a countersign.
a.
Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs.
a.
Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath.
n.
The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms.
n.
A pie; baked food.
a.
Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.
a.
Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations.
imp. & p. p.
of Base
n.
A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base.
a.
Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant.
n.
A pass; a passport; a safe-conduct.