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British physicist (1902–1984)
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (/dɪˈræk/ dih-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who is considered to be one of the
Paul_Dirac
Relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including
Dirac_equation
Generalized function whose value is zero everywhere except at zero
theory of distributions. The delta function is named after physicist Paul Dirac, and has been applied routinely in physics and engineering to model point
Dirac_delta_function
Theoretical model of the vacuum
British physicist Paul Dirac in 1930 to explain the anomalous negative-energy quantum states predicted by the relativistically correct Dirac equation for electrons
Dirac_sea
2009 biography by Graham Farmelo
The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Quantum Genius is a 2009 biography of quantum physicist Paul Dirac written by British physicist and author
The_Strangest_Man
Generators of the Clifford algebra for relativistic quantum mechanics
to the Dirac equation for relativistic spin 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\ 1\ }{2}}} particles. Gamma matrices were introduced by Paul Dirac in 1928
Gamma_matrices
Statistical description for the behavior of fermions
principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each of whom derived the
Fermi–Dirac_statistics
Prize awarded by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics
The Dirac Medal of the ICTP is given each year by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in honour of physicist Paul Dirac. The award
Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)
UK supercomputing research facilities
supercomputer) "DiRAC" is a backronym which honours the theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Paul Dirac. "Mark Wilkinson". DiRAC. Retrieved 13 October
DiRAC
Topics referred to by the same term
The Dirac Medal or Dirac prize can refer to different awards named in honour of the physics Nobel Laureate Paul Dirac. Dirac Medal (ICTP), awarded by the
Dirac_Medal
Prize awarded by the Institute of Physics
The Paul Dirac Medal and Prize is a gold medal awarded annually by the Institute of Physics (Britain's and Ireland's main professional body for physicists)
Dirac_Medal_(IOP)
First-order differential linear operator on spinor bundle, whose square is the Laplacian
introduced in 1847 by William Hamilton and in 1928 by Paul Dirac. The question which concerned Dirac was to factorise formally the Laplace operator of the
Dirac_operator
Mathematic demonstration of rotations in 3-dimensions
mathematics and physics, the plate trick, also known as Dirac's string trick (after Paul Dirac, who introduced and popularized it), the belt trick, or
Plate_trick
Interpretation of solutions to Dirac's equation
Dirac hole theory is a theory in quantum mechanics, named after English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, who introduced it in 1929. The theory poses that
Dirac_hole_theory
Quantum effect in some non-metals
of Dirac cone comes from the Dirac equation that can describe relativistic particles in quantum mechanics, proposed by Paul Dirac. Isotropic Dirac cones
Dirac_cone
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac and others. The modern theory is formulated in various specially developed
Quantum_mechanics
Hungarian-British mathematician (1925-1984)
Gabriel Andrew Dirac (13 March 1925 – 20 July 1984) was a Hungarian-British mathematician who mainly worked in graph theory. He served as Erasmus Smith's
Gabriel_Andrew_Dirac
Formulation of quantum mechanics on a Hilbert Space
Dirac–von Neumann axioms give a mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of operators on a Hilbert space. They were introduced by Paul Dirac
Dirac–von_Neumann_axioms
Type of subatomic particle
particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-integer spin (spin 1/2, spin 3/2, etc
Fermion
Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants
The Dirac large numbers hypothesis (LNH) is an observation made by Paul Dirac in 1937 relating ratios of size scales in the Universe to that of force
Dirac large numbers hypothesis
Dirac_large_numbers_hypothesis
Video compression format
libschrodinger and dirac-research, were developed. The format implementations were named in honour of the theoretical physicists Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger
Dirac (video compression format)
Dirac_(video_compression_format)
Textbook by Paul Dirac
influential monograph written by Paul Dirac and first published by Oxford University Press in 1930. In this book, Dirac presents quantum mechanics in a
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics
The_Principles_of_Quantum_Mechanics
Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
magnetic charge started with a paper by the physicist Paul Dirac in 1931. In this paper, Dirac showed that if any magnetic monopoles exist in the universe
Magnetic_monopole
Clifford algebra in 4 dimensions
In mathematical physics, the Dirac algebra is the Clifford algebra Cl 1 , 3 ( C ) {\displaystyle {\text{Cl}}_{1,3}(\mathbb {C} )} . This was introduced
Dirac_algebra
Class of subatomic particle
). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Paul Dirac coined the term boson to classify the fundamental particles that obey
Boson
Austrian theoretical physicist (1880–1933)
"Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933)". KNAW Past Members. Retrieved 27 February 2020. Farmelo, Graham (2009). The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac,
Paul_Ehrenfest
British mathematical physicist (1889–1944)
Chandrasekhar, Paul Dirac, Homi J. Bhabha, and Sir William McCrea. It was Fowler who introduced Dirac to quantum theory in 1923. Fowler also put Dirac and Werner
Ralph_Fowler
Notation for quantum states
of ubiquitous usage in that subject. Bra–ket notation was created by Paul Dirac in his monograph, "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" published by Oxford
Bra–ket_notation
Non-mathematical introduction
rings, independently discovered matter wave nature of electrons. In 1928 Paul Dirac published his relativistic wave equation simultaneously incorporating
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
Mathematics professorship in the University of Cambridge, England
others, Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage, George Stokes, Joseph Larmor, Paul Dirac and Stephen Hawking. Henry Lucas, in his will, bequeathed his library
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
Lucasian_Professor_of_Mathematics
Quantization method for constrained Hamiltonian systems with second-class constraints
The Dirac bracket is a generalization of the Poisson bracket developed by Paul Dirac to treat classical systems with second class constraints in Hamiltonian
Dirac_bracket
Indian theoretical physicist (1894–1974)
particles class described by Bose's statistics, bosons, were named by Paul Dirac. A polymath, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including
Satyendra_Nath_Bose
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Dirac in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Paul Dirac (1902–1984) was a Swiss-British theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate, and a founder of the
Dirac_(disambiguation)
Unobservable spacetime curves needed to describe Dirac monopoles
physics, a Dirac string is a one-dimensional curve in space, conceived of by the physicist Paul Dirac, stretching between two hypothetical Dirac monopoles
Dirac_string
Material composed of antiparticles
gravity. The modern theory of antimatter began in 1928, with a paper by Paul Dirac. Dirac realised that his relativistic version of the Schrödinger wave equation
Antimatter
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
derivative in space, and therefore space and time are not on equal footing. Paul Dirac incorporated special relativity and quantum mechanics into a single formulation
Schrödinger_equation
Biographer and science writer (born 1953)
Strangest Man, a prize-winning biography of the theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. He lives in London. In Farmelo's first book, It Must be Beautiful: Great
Graham_Farmelo
Collision of a particle and its antiparticle
process in which a high-energy photon converts its energy into mass. Paul Dirac introduced annihilation in 1931. His paper was named "On the Annihilation
Annihilation
Geometric construct
applications to mechanics. It is based on the notion of the Dirac bracket constraint introduced by Paul Dirac and was first introduced by Ted Courant and Alan Weinstein
Dirac_structure
Dual to the Dirac spinor
In quantum field theory, the Dirac adjoint defines the dual operation of a Dirac spinor. The Dirac adjoint is motivated by the need to form well-behaved
Dirac_adjoint
Particle with opposite charges
antineutron are distinct. In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl D. Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles
Antiparticle
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Bose–Einstein statistics. The photon is a massless boson of spin 1. In 1927, Paul Dirac quantized the electromagnetic field. Pascual Jordan and Vladimir Fock
Light
Austrian physicist (1887–1961)
entanglement" in 1935. Schrödinger shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Paul Dirac "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". In addition
Erwin_Schrödinger
honour of Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. Dirac large numbers hypothesis Dirac monopole Dirac string Dirac's string trick Dirac–Born–Infeld action Dirac path integral
List of things named after Paul Dirac
List_of_things_named_after_Paul_Dirac
Process in quantum mechanical theories
not quite Werner Heisenberg's route to obtaining quantum mechanics, but Paul Dirac introduced it in his 1926 doctoral thesis, the "method of classical analogy"
Canonical_quantization
View of quantum mechanics
interaction picture (also known as the interaction representation or Dirac picture after Paul Dirac, who introduced it) is an intermediate representation between
Interaction_picture
expansion by many others triggers the "modern" era beginning around 1925. Paul Dirac's relativistic quantum theory work led him to explore quantum theories
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Antiparticle of the electron
In 1928, Paul Dirac published a paper proposing that electrons can have both a positive and negative charge. This paper introduced the Dirac equation
Positron
Cohort born from 1946 to 1964
mechanics, academia subsequently went the other way. British physicist Paul Dirac, who had relocated to the United States in the 1970s, opined to his colleagues
Baby_boomers
Mathematical integral
In mathematics, the complete Fermi–Dirac integral, named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, for an index j is defined by F j ( x ) = 1 Γ ( j + 1 ) ∫
Complete_Fermi–Dirac_integral
Subatomic particle
was predicted by Paul Dirac in his 1933 Nobel Prize lecture. Dirac received the Nobel Prize for his 1928 publication of his Dirac equation that predicted
Antiproton
1843 book by John Stuart Mill
Emergentism Farmelo, Graham (2009). The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Quantum Genius. Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571222780. Cassidy, David C
A_System_of_Logic
British physicist (1926–1999)
Sciama earned his PhD in 1953 at the University of Cambridge supervised by Paul Dirac, with a dissertation on Mach's principle and inertia. His work later influenced
Dennis_W._Sciama
British scientist
number of facts assembled from the works of great physicists, such as Paul Dirac and Arthur Eddington. Barrow's approach to philosophical issues posed
John_D._Barrow
Concept in quantum mechanics of perfectly substitutable particles
quantum statistics. They were first discussed by Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac in 1926. There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons
Indistinguishable_particles
Hypothetical physical concept
theory of relativity explained how they are connected. By the 1930s, Paul Dirac combined relativity and quantum mechanics and, working with other physicists
Theory_of_everything
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
fields of physics and mathematics. Despite his later skepticism, it was Paul Dirac who pioneered renormalization. Today, on the basis of the breakthrough
Renormalization
Ab initio quantum chemistry program
Dirac (named after Paul Dirac; own notation DIRAC) is a relativistic ab initio quantum chemistry program. The full name is Program for Atomic and Molecular
Dirac_(software)
Type of fermion
neutrinos) and hence are Dirac fermions. They are named after Paul Dirac, and can be modeled with the Dirac equation. A Dirac fermion is equivalent to
Dirac_fermion
American theoretical physicist (1918–1988)
time, puzzled the audience. Feynman failed to get his point across, and Paul Dirac, Edward Teller and Niels Bohr all raised objections. To Freeman Dyson
Richard_Feynman
Particle smaller than an atom
over Gravitational Waves". Scientific American. Retrieved 2022-08-22. Dirac, Paul A. M. (1931). "Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field"
Subatomic_particle
It was first introduced independently by John G. Kirkwood and later by Paul Dirac as an attempt to describe quantum states in phase space using a joint
Kirkwood-Dirac quasiprobability
Kirkwood-Dirac_quasiprobability
Diffraction of matter by light
predicted as the diffraction of electrons from a standing wave of light by Paul Dirac and Pyotr Kapitsa (or Peter Kapitza) in 1933. The effect relies on the
Kapitsa–Dirac_effect
Quantum mechanical state change
spontaneous emission was accurately described from first principles by Paul Dirac in his quantum theory of radiation, the precursor to the theory which
Spontaneous_emission
Research university in England
Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the university as a students' union. Paul Dirac graduated from Bristol in 1921 with a degree in engineering, before obtaining
University_of_Bristol
Model of nonlinear electrodynamics
introduced by Max Born and Leopold Infeld in 1934, with further work by Paul Dirac in 1962. Born–Infeld electrodynamics is named after physicists Max Born
Born–Infeld_model
Formulation of the quantum many-body problem
quantization. The key ideas of this method were introduced in 1927 by Paul Dirac, and were later developed, most notably, by Pascual Jordan and Vladimir
Second_quantization
Secondary academy in Bristol, England
one of the few schools in the UK to have educated two Nobel laureates: Paul Dirac, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933, and Peter Higgs, who
Cotham_School
Quantum field theory of electromagnetism
quantum theory describing radiation and matter interaction is attributed to Paul Dirac, who during the 1920s computed the coefficient of spontaneous emission
Quantum_electrodynamics
1988 book by Stephen Hawking
Hawking describes the development by Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Dirac of quantum mechanics, a theory which introduced an irreducible element
A_Brief_History_of_Time
Encyclopædia Britannica articles: on Paul Dirac and antimatter, and on blood chemistry. A version of the former, titled "Paul Dirac, Antimatter, and You", was published
Robert A. Heinlein bibliography
Robert_A._Heinlein_bibliography
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
1934 by Soviet physicists Dmitry Blokhintsev and Fyodor Galperin [ru]. Paul Dirac reintroduced the term in a number of lectures in 1959, noting that the
Graviton
Fundamental mechanical principles
Schwinger developed quantum action principles based on early work by Paul Dirac. Feynman's integral method was not a variational principle but reduces
Action_principles
Austrian physicist (1900–1958)
sometimes said to have influenced Paul Dirac in his creation of the Dirac equation for the relativistic electron, though Dirac said that he invented these same
Wolfgang_Pauli
Coordinate system in special relativity
special relativity, light-cone coordinates, introduced by Paul Dirac and also known as Dirac coordinates, are a special coordinate system where two coordinate
Light-cone_coordinates
(PDF). fsu.edu. Florida State University. Retrieved September 13, 2025. "Dirac Science library". fsu.edu. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015
List of buildings at Florida State University
List_of_buildings_at_Florida_State_University
Gathering of Cambridge physicists
founding of the Kapitza Club in The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom: "In setting up the Kapitza Club in October 1922,
Kapitza_Club
Spectrum of eigenvalues
In mathematics, a Dirac spectrum, named after Paul Dirac, is the spectrum of eigenvalues of a Dirac operator on a Riemannian manifold with a spin structure
Dirac_spectrum
Chinese-American physicist (1922–2025)
pre-eminent stylist" of 20th-century physics alongside Albert Einstein and Paul Dirac, citing how Yang "turns his least important calculations into miniature
Yang_Chen-Ning
Idea of connecting all of physics into one set of equations
and of mass and energy through his theory of special relativity. Later, Paul Dirac developed quantum field theory, placing quantum mechanics within the framework
Unification of theories in physics
Unification_of_theories_in_physics
Complete absence of anything; the opposite of everything
zero-point energy, the lowest possible energy state. First proposed by Paul Dirac in 1927, the lowest energy state has constant random vacuum fluctuations
Nothing
Amount of separation done by a uranium enrichment process
contracts which averaged $97/SWU in 2024. The unit was introduced by Paul Dirac in 1941. The work W S W U {\displaystyle W_{\mathrm {SWU} }} necessary
Separative_work_units
1932 book by John von Neumann
acknowledged the previous work by Paul Dirac on the mathematical formalization of quantum mechanics, but was skeptical of Dirac's use of delta functions. He
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics
Hypothetical conflict with the laws of physics as currently known
any "physical constant" is thus subject to experimental verification. Paul Dirac in 1937 speculated that physical constants such as the gravitational constant
Time-variation of fundamental constants
Time-variation_of_fundamental_constants
Concept in physics
positive and negative energy. According to the theory of the Dirac sea, developed by Paul Dirac in 1930, the vacuum of space is full of negative energy. This
Negative_energy
1982 declaration of freedom and scientific responsibility for peace and ethics
Statement is a declaration drafted in 1982 in Erice, Italy, by physicists Paul Dirac, Pyotr Kapitza, and Antonino Zichichi, addressing the responsibilities
Erice_statement
Complex four-component spinor
plane-wave solutions to the Dirac equation, are standard basis solutions to the Dirac equation describing the propagation of Dirac spinors. These are spinors
Plane-wave solutions to the Dirac equation
Plane-wave_solutions_to_the_Dirac_equation
Suitably normalized antisymmetrization of the phase-space star product
succeeded in publishing his work in 1949 after a lengthy dispute with Paul Dirac. In the meantime this idea was independently introduced in 1946 by Hip
Moyal_bracket
Certain periods of progress in physics
instead, regard it to be the dawning days of "the New Physics". When Paul Dirac received the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1969, said I can
Golden_age_of_physics
For the cross section for scattering of a photon by an atomic electron
dispersion formula for light. The quantum mechanical derivation was given by Paul Dirac in 1927. The Kramers–Heisenberg formula was an important achievement when
Kramers–Heisenberg_formula
Formulation of quantum mechanics
idea was extended to the use of the Lagrangian in quantum mechanics by Paul Dirac, whose 1933 paper gave birth to path-integral formulation. The complete
Path-integral_formulation
Unique extension of pure states in Hilbert spaces
statement arose from work on the foundations of quantum mechanics done by Paul Dirac in the 1940s and was formalized in 1959 by Richard Kadison and Isadore
Kadison–Singer_problem
Quantum mechanical effect
effects were discovered independently by physicists Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac in 1926. Quantum particles are fundamentally indistinguishable. Wolfgang
Exchange_interaction
Recoil force on accelerating charged particle
the relativistic version is called the Lorentz–Dirac force or collectively known as Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force. The equations are in the domain of classical
Abraham–Lorentz_force
Branch of applied mathematics
(1882–1970), Louis de Broglie (1892–1987), Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976), Paul Dirac (1902–1984), Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961), Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974)
Mathematical_physics
Hungarian-American physicist and mathematician (1902–1995)
Margit, known as Manci, who later married British theoretical physicist Paul Dirac. He was home schooled by a professional teacher until the age of nine
Eugene_Wigner
Soviet physicist (1895–1971)
1928, he spent a few months with Paul Ehrenfest at the University of Leiden and made a life-long friendship with Paul Dirac. From 1934 until his death in
Igor_Tamm
Fields giving rise to fermionic particles
The prominent example of a spin-1/2 fermion field is the Dirac field (named after Paul Dirac), and denoted by ψ ( x ) {\displaystyle \psi (x)} . The equation
Fermionic_field
Topics referred to by the same term
Andrew Dirac (1925–1984), a graph theorist after whom these three theorems were named Paul Dirac (1902–1984), a mathematical physicist Dirac equation
Dirac's_theorem
Procedure in quantum mechanics
term transformation theory refers to a procedure and a "picture" used by Paul Dirac in his early formulation of quantum theory, from around 1927. This "transformation"
Transformation theory (quantum mechanics)
Transformation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)
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