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Type of subatomic particle
In particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-integer spin (spin 1/2, spin 3/2
Fermion
Fermion that is its own antiparticle
In particle physics a Majorana fermion (/maɪəˈrɑːnə/) or Majorana particle is a fermion that is its own antiparticle. They were hypothesised by Ettore
Majorana_fermion
Quasiparticle in the fractional quantum Hall effect
Composite fermions are electrons dressed with an even number of quantum vortices, often pictured as electrons dressed with an even number of magnetic flux
Composite_fermion
Type of fermion
In physics, a Dirac fermion is a spin-½ particle (a fermion) which is different from its antiparticle. A vast majority of fermions fall under this category
Dirac_fermion
Type of dense exotic matter in physics
usually modelled as an ideal Fermi gas, an ensemble of non-interacting fermions. In a quantum mechanical description, particles limited to a finite volume
Degenerate_matter
Candidate unified theory of physics
The theory of causal fermion systems is an approach to describe fundamental physics. It provides a unification of the weak, the strong and the electromagnetic
Causal_fermion_systems
Non-tensorial representation of the spin group
In geometry and physics, spinors (pronounced "spinner"; /spɪnər/) are elements of a complex vector space that can be associated with Euclidean space. Spinors
Spinor
Lattice fermion discretisation
In lattice field theory, Wilson fermions are a fermion discretization that allows to avoid the fermion doubling problem proposed by Kenneth Wilson in 1974
Wilson_fermion
Relativistic wave equation describing massless fermions
called Weyl fermions. The equation is named after Hermann Weyl. The Weyl fermions are one of the three possible types of elementary fermions, the other
Weyl_equation
Point interactions with four fermions
In quantum field theory, fermions are described by anticommuting spinor fields. A four-fermion interaction describes a local interaction between four
Four-fermion_interactions
Subatomic particle having no substructure
distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bosons are known to
Elementary_particle
Particle whose invariant mass is zero
perhaps be Weyl fermions, but when they were discovered to have mass, that left no fundamental particles of the Weyl type. The Weyl fermions discovered in
Massless_particle
Intermetallic compound with 4f and 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands
In materials science, heavy fermion materials are a specific type of intermetallic compound, containing elements with 4f or 5f electrons in unfilled electron
Heavy_fermion_material
Formulation of the quantum many-body problem
identical fermions can not occupy the same state simultaneously. Nevertheless, the fermion can be removed from the occupied state by the fermion annihilation
Second_quantization
Comprehensive physical model
(Minimal) SO(10) does not contain any exotic fermions (i.e. additional fermions besides the Standard Model fermions and the right-handed neutrino), and it unifies
Grand_Unified_Theory
Putting fermions on a lattice with chiral symmetry results in more fermions than expected
In lattice field theory, fermion doubling occurs when naively putting fermionic fields on a lattice, resulting in more fermionic states than expected
Fermion_doubling
Class of subatomic particle
other being fermions, which have half odd-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ...). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion. Paul Dirac
Boson
Class of fermionic quasiparticles
In condensed matter physics, semi-Dirac fermions are a class of quasiparticles that can exhibit both massless (like light) and massive (like conventional
Semi-Dirac_fermion
Fields giving rise to fermionic particles
quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermionic fields obey canonical
Fermionic_field
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
nuclei. Fermions have half-integer spin; for all known elementary fermions this is 1/2ħ. All known fermions except neutrinos, are also Dirac fermions; that
List_of_particles
State of matter
not fermions. It is far more difficult to produce a fermionic superfluid than a bosonic one, because the Pauli exclusion principle prohibits fermions from
Fermionic_condensate
Scalar–fermion interaction
lepton fields (i.e., the fundamental fermion particles). Through spontaneous symmetry breaking, these fermions acquire a mass proportional to the vacuum
Yukawa_coupling
Quantum mechanics principle
states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e., fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that
Pauli_exclusion_principle
Interaction between subatomic particles
but not necessarily, half-integer spin fermions) exchange integer-spin, force-carrying bosons. The fermions involved in such exchanges can be either
Weak_interaction
Lattice fermion discretisation
field theory, twisted mass fermions are a fermion discretization that extends Wilson fermions for two mass-degenerate fermions. They are well established
Twisted_mass_fermion
Lattice fermion discretisation
overlap fermions are a fermion discretization that allows to avoid the fermion doubling problem. They are a realisation of Ginsparg–Wilson fermions. Initially
Overlap_fermion
Division of elementary particles
field theory, under certain assumptions, a single fermion field can give rise to multiple fermion poles with mass ratios of around eπ ≈ 23 and e2π ≈
Generation_(particle_physics)
Notion in statistical mechanics
In quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, parastatistics is a hypothetical alternative to the established particle statistics models (Bose–Einstein
Parastatistics
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
particles of spin 1/2, known as fermions. Fermions respect the Pauli exclusion principle, meaning that two identical fermions cannot simultaneously occupy
Standard_Model
Gauge theory where some left-handed and right-handed Weyl fermions have different charges
gauge theory is a quantum field theory with charged chiral (i.e. Weyl) fermions. For instance, the Standard Model, specifically the electroweak interaction
Chiral_gauge_theory
Heavy fermion superconductors are a type of unconventional superconductor. The first heavy fermion superconductor, CeCu2Si2, was discovered by Frank Steglich
Heavy_fermion_superconductor
Mathematics of a particle physics model
fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are the fermion fields, ψ, which account for "matter particles"; the electroweak boson
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Physical model of non-interacting fermions
Fermi gas is an idealized model, an ensemble of many non-interacting fermions. Fermions are particles that obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, like electrons, protons
Fermi_gas
Type of two-dimensional quasiparticle
elementary particles are seen: fermions and bosons. Anyons have statistical properties intermediate between fermions and bosons. In general, the operation
Anyon
Something that has mass and volume
zero temperature, the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommodate all the available fermions—and in the case of many fermions, the maximum kinetic
Matter
Fermion discretization with four doublers
theory, staggered fermions (also known as Kogut–Susskind fermions) are a fermion discretization that reduces the number of fermion doublers from sixteen
Staggered_fermion
Concept in quantum physics
VILE) are semimetals or metals whose quasiparticle excitation is the Weyl fermion, a particle that played a crucial role in quantum field theory but has
Weyl_semimetal
Quantum chromodynamics on a lattice
fields representing quarks are defined at lattice sites (which leads to fermion doubling), while the gluon fields are defined on the links connecting neighboring
Lattice_QCD
2022 studio album by Loop
Halo, released on 18 November 2021. The second single from Sonancy, was Fermion, released a month prior to the album release. "Loop Announce First New
Sonancy
Mathematical operation in quantum optics, general relativity and other areas of physics
implemented (1) for a Dirac fermion, where particle and antiparticle are distinct (as opposed to a Majorana fermion or chiral fermion), or (2) for multi-fermionic
Bogoliubov_transformation
Type of quark
DØ experiments at Fermilab. Like all other quarks, the top quark is a fermion with spin-1/2 and participates in all four fundamental interactions: gravitation
Top_quark
Indian-American physicist (born 1960)
systems, most notably for postulating particles known as the composite fermions. Jain received his primary, middle and high school education in a government
Jainendra_K._Jain
Hypothetical particle that interacts only via gravity
because the known active neutrinos are left-handed and all other known fermions have been observed with both left and right chirality. They could also
Sterile_neutrino
Highest particle energy in a Fermi gas at absolute zero
occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature. In a Fermi gas, the lowest occupied state
Fermi_energy
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
fermion–antifermion pair. As general rule, the Higgs is more likely to decay into heavy fermions than light fermions, because the mass of a fermion is
Higgs_boson
Branch of particle physics concerning interactions between two photons
fluctuate into a virtual charged fermion–antifermion pair, to either of which the other photon can couple. This fermion pair can be leptons or quarks. Thus
Two-photon_physics
Transient quantum fluctuation (physics)
example above; they may also be fermions. However, in order to preserve quantum numbers, most simple diagrams involving fermion exchange are prohibited. The
Virtual_particle
Hypothetical elementary particle
supersymmetry theory, each fermion should have a partner boson, the fermion's superpartner, and each boson should have a partner fermion. Exact unbroken supersymmetry
Superpartner
Quantum number related to the weak interaction
positive chirality ("right-handed" fermions) and anti-fermions with negative chirality ("left-handed" anti-fermions) have T = T 3 = 0 {\displaystyle
Weak_isospin
Concept in condensed matter physics
These phenomena are typically called quasiparticles if they are related to fermions, and called collective excitations if they are related to bosons, although
Quasiparticle
Theoretical model in physics
as Landau's Fermi-liquid theory) is a theoretical model of interacting fermions that describes the normal state of the conduction electrons in most metals
Fermi_liquid_theory
Used to understand the Dirac equation
rather simply by Ĥ′0 = βE. Now consider a fermion at rest, which we may define in this context as a fermion for which |p| = 0. From 6 or 8, this means
Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation
Foldy–Wouthuysen_transformation
Hamiltonian used in quantum physics
applied to the description of Kondo effect-type problems, such as heavy fermion systems and Kondo insulators. In its simplest form, the model contains
Anderson_impurity_model
Lattice fermion discretisation
wall (DW) fermions are a fermion discretization avoiding the fermion doubling problem. They are a realisation of Ginsparg–Wilson fermions in the infinite
Domain_wall_fermion
Type of quark
of 2.2+0.5 −0.4 MeV/c2. Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin 1/2, and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation
Up_quark
Concept in mathematics
generalized Walsh system is Fermion Walsh system in non-commutative Lp spaces associated with hyperfinite type II factor. The Fermion Walsh system is a non-commutative
Walsh_function
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). It proposes that for every known particle, there exists a partner particle
Supersymmetry
Unsolved problem in physics
f {\displaystyle \lambda _{f}} . The coupling with the Higgs field for fermions gives an interaction term L Yukawa = − λ f ψ ¯ H ψ {\displaystyle {\mathcal
Hierarchy_problem
Type of quark
of 95+9 −3 MeV/c2. Like all quarks, the strange quark is an elementary fermion with spin 1⁄2, and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation
Strange_quark
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
and an upper limit on the mass of the electron neutrino. Neutrinos are fermions, which have spin of 1/2ħ. For each neutrino, there also exists a corresponding
Neutrino
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
the weak isospin of the fermion (the "charge" for the weak force), Q {\displaystyle Q} is the electric charge of the fermion (in units of the elementary
W_and_Z_bosons
Phase of matter
field. This scaling is seen in certain quantum antiferromagnets, heavy-fermion metals, and two-dimensional 3He as a signature of proximity to a quantum
Quantum_spin_liquid
Statistical description for the behavior of fermions
indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc.), called fermions, in thermodynamic equilibrium. For the case of negligible interaction between
Fermi–Dirac_statistics
Particle with opposite charges
antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle (only fermions do), hole theory does not work for them. A unified interpretation of antiparticles
Antiparticle
A Helical Dirac fermion is a charge carrier that behaves as a massless relativistic particle with its intrinsic spin locked to its translational momentum
Helical_Dirac_fermion
Composite subatomic particle
exist. Because baryons have an odd number of quarks, they are also all fermions, i.e., they have half-integer spin. As quarks possess baryon number B = 1/3
Hadron
Most basic type of physical force
fields—interact with matter particles, called fermions. Everyday matter is atoms, composed of three fermion types: up-quarks and down-quarks constituting
Fundamental_interaction
Study of subatomic particles and forces
the Standard Model as fermions (matter particles) and bosons (force-carrying particles). There are three generations of fermions, although ordinary matter
Particle_physics
Theorem in quantum mechanics
most one fermion – controls the formation of matter. The basic building blocks of matter such as protons, neutrons, and electrons are all fermions. Conversely
Spin–statistics_theorem
Chemical compound
exhibit low-temperature transport behaviour characteristic of a heavy fermion system. Bulk samarium monoxide can be prepared by reaction of samarium
Samarium_monoxide
Phase of matter in superconductors
first in thin films and later in more exotic superconductors such as heavy-fermion and organic superconductors. Good evidence for the existence of the FFLO
Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov phase
Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov_phase
Bosonic superpartner of a fermion
particle (sparticle) of its associated fermion. Each particle has a superpartner with spin that differs by 1/2. Fermions in the SM have spin-1/2 and, therefore
Sfermion
UPd2Al3 is a heavy-fermion superconductor with a hexagonal crystal structure and critical temperature Tc=2.0K that was discovered in 1991. Furthermore
UPd2Al3
Type of quark
4.7+0.5 −0.3 MeV/c2. Like all quarks, the down quark is an elementary fermion with spin 1/2, and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation
Down_quark
Problem in applied mathematics
number of strongly interacting fermions, or in field theories involving a non-zero density of strongly interacting fermions. In physics the sign problem
Numerical_sign_problem
Violation of charge-parity symmetry in particle physics and cosmology
generations of fermions. If fewer generations are present, the complex phase parameter can be absorbed into redefinitions of the fermion fields. A popular
CP_violation
Mechanism of beta decay proposed in 1933
the Fermi four-fermion interaction) is an explanation of the beta decay, proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1933. The theory posits four fermions directly interacting
Fermi's_interaction
Type of topological solutions in non-linear sigma models
Cat model) of the nucleon. The exact results for the duality between the fermion spectrum and the topological winding number of the non-linear sigma model
Skyrmion
Number-state in quantum mechanics
bosons and by Pascual Jordan and Eugene Wigner for fermions. The Fock states of bosons and fermions obey useful relations with respect to the Fock space
Fock_state
Particle effect
In physics, the Zitterbewegung (German pronunciation: [ˈtsɪtɐ.bəˌveːɡʊŋ], from German zittern 'to tremble, jitter' and Bewegung 'motion') is the theoretical
Zitterbewegung
Particle smaller than an atom
80 GeV/c2, 90 GeV/c2, and 125 GeV/c2 respectively). This contrasts with fermions, which are matter particles that possess rest mass and obey the Pauli exclusion
Subatomic_particle
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
reduce electrostatic repulsion inside the nucleus. Protons and neutrons are fermions, with different values of the strong isospin quantum number, so two protons
Atomic_nucleus
Unit of length
themselves), such as hadrons and the upper limits of possible size for fermion point particles. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) probe is
Picometre
Property of particles related to spin
parity transformation. Invariance under parity transformation by a Dirac fermion is called chiral symmetry. The helicity of a particle is positive ("right-handed")
Chirality_(physics)
Lattice fermion discretisation
continuum limit. The class of fermions whose Dirac operators satisfy this equation are known as Ginsparg–Wilson fermions, with notable examples being overlap
Ginsparg–Wilson_equation
Nambu–Goldstone fermion
The goldstino is the Nambu–Goldstone fermion emerging in the spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry. It is the close fermionic analog of the Nambu–Goldstone
Goldstino
Hypothetical superpartner of the photon
A photino is a hypothetical subatomic particle, the fermion WIMP superpartner of the photon predicted by supersymmetry. It is an example of a gaugino
Photino
Concept in quantum mechanics of perfectly substitutable particles
categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which cannot (as described by the Pauli exclusion principle). Examples
Indistinguishable_particles
Hypothetical superpartner to the graviton
gauge fermion supersymmetric partner of the hypothesized graviton. It has been suggested as a candidate for dark matter. If it exists, it is a fermion of
Gravitino
Function that can be used to build the wave function of a multi-fermionic system
consequently the Pauli principle, by changing sign upon exchange of two fermions. Only a small subset of all possible many-body fermionic wave functions
Slater_determinant
Relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation
function describing the state of a Dirac fermion. Its position probability density, the probability of finding the fermion in a region of space, is described
Dirac_equation
Geometric analogue of the Dirac equation
the staggered fermion formalism in lattice field theory, making Dirac–Kähler fermions the formal continuum limit of staggered fermions. The equation was
Dirac–Kähler_equation
Breakdown of parity at the quantum level
This kind of anomaly can occur in odd-dimensional gauge theories with fermions whose gauge groups have odd dual Coxeter numbers. They were first introduced
Parity_anomaly
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons are also classified as fermions because they have half-integer spin. The name "baryon", introduced by Abraham
Baryon
Subatomic particle
[citation needed] If so, they would be Majorana fermions, whereas if not, they would be Dirac fermions. They are produced in beta decay and other types
Electron_neutrino
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
positronium. Excitons are composite bosons since they are formed from two fermions which are the electron and the hole. Excitons are often treated in two
Exciton
Hypothetical particle in particle physics
eigenstates of a charged superpartner, i.e. any new electrically charged fermion (with spin 1/2) predicted by supersymmetry. They are linear combinations
Chargino
Italian physicist (born 1906, disappeared 1938)
physicist who worked on neutrino masses. The Majorana equation, Majorana fermions, and Microsoft's device attempting to create topological qubits, Majorana
Ettore_Majorana
Type of operator expectation value
needed] Thus, fermion condensates must be of the form ⟨ ψ ¯ ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle {\overline {\psi }}\psi \rangle } , where ψ is the fermion field. Similarly
Vacuum_expectation_value
Small localized object
v t e Particles in physics Elementary Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top
Particle
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