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Countries that primarily produce oil or natural gas
A petrostate, oil state or petrocracy is a polity whose economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and export of oil or natural gas. Petrostates are
Petrostate
1870s–1914 European colonisation of Africa
the era of globalization, several African countries have emerged as petrostates (for example Angola, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Sudan). These are nations
Scramble_for_Africa
Country in South America
Diana; Cheatham, Amelia (31 July 2024). "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 8 August
Venezuela
President of Russia from 2008 to 2012
Russian). President of Russia. 17 January 2000. Goldmann, Marshall (2008). Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142
Dmitry_Medvedev
Senegalese-born artist (born 1983)
and Palais de Tokyo in Paris. Recurring themes in Al Qadiri's work are petrostates and gender identity. Al Qadiri was born in Senegal, where her father
Monira_Al_Qadiri
Country that uses electricity as its primary energy source
engaged in rapid domestic electrification, effectively replacing the "petrostate" model with an electron-driven geopolitical, financial, and industrial
Electrostate
1965 science fiction novel by Frank Herbert
particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a desertified petrostate area. The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by the Bedouin tribes
Dune_(novel)
Country exporting lots of energy
A petrostate, oil state or petrocracy is a polity whose economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and export of oil or natural gas. Petrostates are
Energy_superpower
President of Venezuela from 2013 to 2026
Labrador, Rocio (24 February 2019). "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 1 March
Nicolás_Maduro
Theory that resource wealth slows growth
argues that petrostates may be emboldened to act more aggressively because of the inability of allied great powers to punish the petrostate. The great
Resource_curse
crucial role in its energy self-sufficiency and exports. The country is a petrostate, with it having the largest natural gas reserves in the world, the second-largest
Economy_of_Russia
Energy collected from renewable resources
oil producers. The proliferation of renewable energy could also weaken petrostates' trading power and their global influence. As the world becomes more
Renewable_energy
American economist and writer
Opportunity: What Has Made Economic Reform in Russia So Difficult, and Petrostate. Goldman was a 1952 graduate of the Wharton School of the University of
Marshall_Goldman
Chemical product derived from petroleum
export revenuesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Petrostate – Countries that primarily produce oil or natural gas Instrumentation
Petrochemical
International petroleum organization
Petr; Nazarov, Vladimir; Lazaryan, Samvel (17 May 2016). "Twilight of the Petrostate". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved
OPEC
Airstrikes and capture of Nicolás Maduro
Diana; Cheatham, Amelia (31 July 2024). "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 3 January
2026 United States intervention in Venezuela
2026_United_States_intervention_in_Venezuela
Federal region in Iraq
large public sector, leading it to be described as a rentier state or petrostate similar to those in the Gulf countries. Strong economic growth occurred
Kurdistan_Region
Naturally occurring combustible liquid
Second Industrial Revolution. Some petroleum-rich countries, known as petrostates, gained significant economic and international influence during the latter
Petroleum
1975 novel by James Clavell
like Heinz Baked Beans." He reported that the ruler of a Middle Eastern petrostate offered him a full oil tanker for a novel that would do for his country
Shōgun_(novel)
Russian–Israeli billionaire businessman and oligarch (born 1964)
bne IntelliNews. Retrieved 5 April 2018. Goldman, Marshall I. (2010). Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–67
Mikhail_Fridman
Sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia
that oversaw the Saudi state's equity in listed firms. When neighboring petrostates began using their sovereign wealth funds for influence, Saudi Arabia
Public_Investment_Fund
Russian organized crime boss (born 1946)
ISBN 978-1-4000-4411-5. OCLC 162501937. Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). Petrostate : Putin, power, and the new Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Semion_Mogilevich
Autocratic form of government
GDP per capita vs type of political regime.[needs update] Most countries with dictatorships are poor except for some petrostates.
Dictatorship
2023 Hong Kong film by Felix Chong
for Musharra Hafa, a corrupt banker representing the Southeast Asian petrostate "Timurlaysia". With Hafa's testimony and other evidence against Henry
The_Goldfinger
Government which derives all or most of its income from foreigners
and Giacomo Luciani on the development of oil-rich countries, known as petrostates, in the Persian Gulf. They show that rentier states receive income without
Rentier_state
Beginning of the 1990–1991 Gulf War
Prices and International Conflict: Why Low Oil Revenue May Not Pacify Petrostates". International Interactions. 50 (3): 478–505. doi:10.1080/03050629.2024
Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait
Russian oil and gas company
European gas. Goldman, p.7-9 Goldman, p.60 Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). "5". Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534073-0
Gazprom
Russian businessman (1946–2013)
Working Paper No. 15819. doi:10.3386/w15819. Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-534073-0
Boris Berezovsky (businessman)
Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)
country can control the global oil price, boosting China's power in the petrostate system, and weakened the leverage held by traditional oil producers. As
China_in_the_2026_Iran_war
Government of Russia since 1999
in early 2008 professor Marshall I. Goldman coined the term "petrostate" in Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia, where he inter alia argued
Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin
Socioeconomic and political conjuncture in 21st century Venezuela
March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020. "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate". Council on Foreign Relations. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 19 February
Crisis_in_Venezuela
CIA: The World Factbook (2009–2014) "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate". CFR. Retrieved 28 June 2024. US Energy Information Administration, "Country
History of the Venezuelan oil industry
History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry
Fictional desert planet featured in the Dune series
of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a generic desertified petrostate. The Zensunni wanderers, driven from planet to planet, eventually found
Arrakis
Strategic framework in Saudi Arabia
of oil price shocks: analyzing women's labor force participation in petrostates". Energy Research & Social Science. 126 104134. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025
Saudi_Vision_2030
Russian politician (1938–2010)
January 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009. Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). "5". Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534073-0
Viktor_Chernomyrdin
Diana; Cheatham, Amelia (31 July 2024). "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2025-03-24. "Venezuela Oil"
United States involvement in the Venezuelan oil industry
United_States_involvement_in_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry
Term used for any conflict about petroleum resources
g. Iraqi conquest of Kuwait led to the Gulf War) Foreign workers in petrostates may motivate grievances (e.g. Al-Qaeda terrorism) Oil wealth makes leaders
Oil_war
Left-wing political ideology
Venezuelanalysis. Retrieved 14 August 2026. "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate | Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August
Chavismo
Retrieved 1 August 2010.[citation not found] Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). Petrostate: Putin, power, and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982–1991)
Type of corporation
champions" (PDF). Paris: OECD. 2009. Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). "Chapter 5". Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534073-0
National_champions
Significant structural change in an energy system
oil prices are associated with higher rates of conflict initiation by petrostates. Consequently, the global energy transition may inadvertently increase
Energy_transition
of the world to pursue a fossil fuel phase-out to "deny authoritarian petrostates the revenues they require to survive". In February 2025, Sanders condemned
Political positions of Bernie Sanders
Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders
Era from 1945–present
of oil. The value of oil has spilled over into politics as well, as "petrostates" with access to oil found a source of vast revenue that did not require
Contemporary_history
President of Gabon from 1967 to 2009
Pierre Debizet [fr]. Nicholas Shaxson, a political analyst on African petrostates, noted that Bongo had profited from Gabon's status as "a source of offshore
Omar_Bongo
for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 10 May 2024. "28 petrostates risk losing half their fossil fuel income by 2040". euronews. 1 December
Economy of the United Arab Emirates
Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates
Idea that China may dominate the 21st century
weakness of the Chinese economy and national power. These exporting petrostates could significantly influence the price on global markets or by withholding
Chinese_Century
Kuwaiti CEO and member of royal family
the Public Authority for Industry. Cornish, Chloe (2025-03-28). "Gulf petrostate Kuwait tries to kick-start diversification from oil". Financial Times
Nawaf_Saud_Al_Sabah
Neologism
Knaur. ISBN 978-3-426-27899-4. Putinism Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195340730
Putinland
21st-century political process in Venezuela
160 percent became the standard image of a country long considered a "petrostate". But with the price of oil as low as $35 a barrel recently, it's long
Bolivarian_Revolution
British Conservative politician
(7 February 2024). "UK government comms chief quits to spin for Gulf petrostate". Politico. Retrieved 28 February 2024. "Executive Director, Government
Nickie_Aiken
Special tactical police of Venezuela
32992/erlacs.10557. Mijares, Victor M (2022). "Venezuela: A revolutionary petrostate under stress". In Wade, Christine J.; Kline, Harvey F. (eds.). Latin American
Special_Action_Forces
Emigration of millions of Venezuelans during the Bolivarian Revolution
2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019. "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org. Retrieved September 20,
Venezuelan_refugee_crisis
Conflict in Venezuela
ISBN 9781000434576. Mijares, Victor M (2022). "Venezuela: A revolutionary petrostate under stress". In Wade, Christine J.; Kline, Harvey F. (eds.). Latin American
Operation_Gideon_(2020)
Yearly conference held for climate change treaty negotiations
abuses. She called it "absurd" to hold climate talks in an "authoritarian petrostate" amid rising emissions and a climate crisis. Azerbaijani President Ilham
2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2024_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
Sanctions during the crisis in Venezuela
Council on Foreign Relations called Venezuela "the archetype of a failed petrostate", and said that "oil continues to play the dominant role in the country's
Sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis
Sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis
Boycotts following the Russian invasion of Ukraine
influence energy policy more broadly in order to deter "authoritarian petrostates". While Shell plc has been noted for relinquishing its stake in Gazprom
Boycott_of_Russia_and_Belarus
2016 documentary film
arrival in power and the achievements and mistakes of his administration (Petrostate and magical socialism). Américo Martín in El Nuevo Herald described it
El ocaso del socialismo mágico
El_ocaso_del_socialismo_mágico
Policies. Washington D.C.: V. H. Winston. Goldman, Marshall I. (2010). Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Energy policy of the Soviet Union
Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union
Pastoral lease in the Northern Territory
Northern Territory’s dependence on the oil and gas sector, reinforcing a petrostate-like economic structure and limiting the growth of other industries. It
Beetaloo
American print and radio journalist
2023 with the Centre for Climate Reporting on an investigation into petrostates and the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) in the
Amy_Westervelt
Act of Piracy relating to Petroleum
to several sources of oil along the coast. Piracy in the 21st century Petrostate Petro-aggression Maritime terrorism in Southeast Asia Resource curse Petro-piracy
Petrol_piracy
British Bangladeshi writer (born 1974)
Islam (2018), tracks the misgivings of the modern Salafist movement in petrostates across the Middle East that, in the words of The Times, makes "a plea
Ed_Husain
How a government collects money other than through compulsory levies
31 percent. Twenty-first century studies show that non-tax revenue in petrostates can reach up to 80 percent of Gross Domestic Product and over 90 percent
Non-tax_revenue
Canadian conservative advocacy organization
Centre for Public Policy. Neubauer, Joseph R. (2018). "Moving beyond the petrostate: northern gateway, extractivism, and the Canadian petrobloc". Studies
Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation
British environmental lawyer
Australia, Norway and Britain – are as culpable for climate damage as the petrostates by refusing to end oil and gas production. In 2025, Uplift and Greenpeace
Tessa_Khan
individual country except Brazil. Negotiations came close to collapse and petrostates blocked measures for transition away from fossil fuels, though there
2025_in_climate_change
cost of solar projects decreased by roughly 90 percent in the 2010s, petrostates in the Middle East have raised their ambitions. Saudi Arabia had about
Solar_power_in_Saudi_Arabia
Shortages due to the economic crisis in Venezuela
egyr.2022.03.165. ISSN 2352-4847. "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org. 2024-07-31. Retrieved 2026-03-11
Fuel_shortages_in_Venezuela
Political controversy over tax revenue in Australia
be calculated according to a per capita formula, and likened WA to a "petrostate". Eslake and Barnett appeared together at the National Press Club in May
GST_distribution_dispute
Non-profit investigative journalism outlet
collaborated with Amy Westervelt and Drilled on an investigation into "petrostates". With The Guardian, it exposed a pattern of Wikipedia editing to cover
Centre_for_Climate_Reporting
Aspect of Canadian politics
sustainability solutions locally. Ling, Justin (March 21, 2021). "Alberta's Petrostate Propaganda Has Turned Conspiratorial". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March
Premiership_of_Jason_Kenney
journal requires |journal= (help) Goldman, Marshall I. (2008). "Chapter 5". Petrostate: Putin, Power and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534073-0
Domestic policy of Vladimir Putin
Domestic_policy_of_Vladimir_Putin
Bilateral relations
January 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019. "Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org. Retrieved 25 March 2025
France–Venezuela_relations
Azerbaijani-American history professor (born 1947)
empires in history. 3) Azerbaijan, in his view, is a classic Middle Eastern petrostate, which will eventually sink into its legitimate place among the impoverished
Alec_Rasizade
uncertainty. Energy justice considerations may be particularly significant in petrostates, where national economies are strongly dependent on fossil fuel revenues
Energy_justice
ISBN 9781000434576. Mijares, Victor M (2022). "Venezuela: A revolutionary petrostate under stress". In Wade, Christine J.; Kline, Harvey F. (eds.). Latin American
Guaidó administration–Silvercorp agreement
Guaidó_administration–Silvercorp_agreement
UK climate campaign organisation
Retrieved 8 June 2026. Khan, Tessa (24 July 2024). "It's easy to blame petrostates – but self-proclaimed 'climate leaders' like the US and UK are driving
Uplift (campaign organisation)
Uplift_(campaign_organisation)
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