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Basic unit of phonology
contain phonemes (or the spatial–gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes. Phonemes are
Phoneme
The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source, licensed under
PhoneME
Orthography in which the graphemes correspond to the phonemes of the language
orthography in which the graphemes correspond consistently to the language's phonemes, or more generally to the language's diaphonemes. Phonemic orthographies
Phonemic_orthography
Phonology of the English language
only a limited guide to the phonology of other dialects of English. A phoneme of a language or dialect is an abstraction of a speech sound or of a group
English_phonology
Phone used to pronounce a single phoneme
(as in top [ˈtʰɒp]) are allophones for the phoneme /t/, while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as Central Thai. Similarly
Allophone
Term used in phonetics and phonology
articulatory level. That is the term's primary use in phonology: to describe phonemes; while in phonetics its primary use is to describe phones. For example
Voice_(phonetics)
The Phonemes were a Canadian indie pop band from Toronto, Ontario, active in the 2000s. A trio whose core members were vocalist and songwriter Magali Meagher
The_Phonemes
Study of sound organization in languages
foundational elements that make their words. In spoken languages, these are phonemes like vowel and consonant sounds that affect meaning. Examples of this effect
Phonology
Distinct unit of speech
speech into phonemes (or segmental phonemes), which correspond fairly well to phonetic segments of the analysed speech. The segmental phonemes of sign language
Segment_(linguistics)
Romance language
on (1) the phoneme /θ/, (2) the debuccalization of syllable-final /s/, (3) the sound of the spelled ⟨s⟩, (4) and the phoneme /ʎ/. The phoneme /θ/ (spelled
Spanish_language
Rune of the Elder Futhark alphabet
Elder Futhark runic alphabet. Its transliteration is z, understood as a phoneme of the Proto-Germanic language, the terminal *z continuing Proto-Indo-European
Algiz
Phenomenon in linguistics
In phonology, assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds
Assimilation_(phonology)
Los Angeles-based nonprofit publishing house
Phoneme Media is a Los Angeles–based nonprofit publishing house sponsored by PEN Center USA. Phoneme was founded in 2013 by translators Brian Hewes and
Phoneme_Media
Set of letters used to write a given language
sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to phonemes as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another
Alphabet
Sounds allowed in a language (phonetics)
deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters
Phonotactics
West Germanic language
inventory of phonemes (speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. This overview
English_language
Smallest functional written unit
(more accurately phonemes). In this concept, the sh in the written English word shake would be a grapheme because it represents the phoneme /ʃ/. This referential
Grapheme
Eighth letter of the Latin alphabet
Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, almost all Romance languages lost the sound—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic
H
Speech sounds in several African languages
a t in all neighbouring languages. It has also been argued that click phonemes have been adopted into some languages through the process of hlonipha,
Click_consonant
Automatic conversion of spoken language into text
speech recognition systems), each phoneme, has a different output distribution; an HMM for a sequence of words or phonemes is made by concatenating the individual
Speech_recognition
Phenomenon in phonology
in which the distribution of phonemes changes by either addition of new phonemes or a reorganization of existing phonemes. Mergers and splits are types
Phonological_change
Distinct speech sound or gesture
words. If a phoneme is swapped with another phoneme inside a word, it can change the meaning of that word. Said another way, switching one phoneme to another
Phone_(phonetics)
Topics referred to by the same term
priest or Priestess (meaning "lord", or "priest") En (digraph) /‹en›/, a phoneme En (Cyrillic), 15th letter of the Cyrillic alphabet En (typography), a
EN
Absence in linguistics
expected. There are several kinds of zero: In phonetics and phonology, a null phoneme or zero phone indicates that no phone is produced where one might be expected
Zero_(linguistics)
Scientific technique used in historical linguistics
a phonological change in one phoneme could depend on other factors within the same word (such as neighbouring phonemes and the position of the accent)
Comparative_method
of numerous types. Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes, with four "emphatic" (pharyngealized) consonants that contrast
Standard_Arabic_phonology
count of phonemes (generally ignoring tone, stress, and diphthongs). Languages in this list cannot be directly compared: Counts of the phonemes in the inventory
List of languages by number of phonemes
List_of_languages_by_number_of_phonemes
Vedic era study of phonetics and phonology, one of six Vedangas
Shiksha is one of the six Vedangas, or limbs of Vedic studies, dealing with phonetics and phonology in Sanskrit. The Sanskrit word IAST: śikṣā (Sanskrit:
Shiksha
Hebrew niqqud vowel sign
⟨ ָ ⟩ underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it usually indicates the phoneme /a/ which is the "a" sound in the word spa and is transliterated as a.
Kamatz
Phonemes of American Sign Language
spoken languages. Phonemes serve the same role between spoken and sign languages: the main difference is spoken language phonemes are based on sound
American Sign Language phonology
American_Sign_Language_phonology
Classical spelling, individual letters mainly corresponded to individual phonemes (alphabetic principle). Exceptions include: The letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩,
Latin phonology and orthography
Latin_phonology_and_orthography
Phonetic symbol chart
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
International Phonetic Alphabet chart
International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart
Endangered language of the Plains peoples
any movement. A phoneme cannot occur in isolation, although a morpheme may consist of only one phoneme. There are twelve dynamic phonemes, working similarly
Plains_Indian_Sign_Language
Czech language. The following chart shows a complete list of the consonant phonemes of Czech: Phonetic notes: Sibilants /ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ are laminal post-alveolars
Czech_phonology
Grapheme
particular language, like a phoneme or syllable. For example, in the English word high, ⟨igh⟩ is a grapheme representing the phoneme /aɪ/—while ⟨igh⟩ is written
Phonogram_(linguistics)
Nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
tooth (שנא) and represented the phoneme /ʃ/ via the acrophonic principle. Ancient Greek did not have a /ʃ/ "sh" phoneme, so the derived Greek letter Sigma
S
Consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative
decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, generally spelled ch and
Affricate
Character in alphabet writing systems
writing system, a letter is a grapheme that generally corresponds to a phoneme—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one
Letter_(alphabet)
Scientific study of language
sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning (phonemes) Morphology, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words
Linguistics
Medical condition
disorders and phonemic disorders, the latter referring to some sounds (phonemes) not being produced or used correctly. The term "protracted phonological
Speech_sound_disorder
Abstract object analyzed in linguistics
emic units are generally denoted by terms with the suffix -eme, such as phoneme, grapheme, and morpheme. The term "emic unit" is defined by Nöth (1995)
Emic_and_etic_units
Phonological system of the Japanese language
is no overall consensus on the number of contrastive individual sounds (phonemes). Common approaches recognize at least 12 distinct consonants (as many
Japanese_phonology
Consonant which either forms a syllable by itself or is the nucleus of a syllable
consonant is the standard colloquial realization of combinations of the phoneme schwa /ə/ and a sonorant, generally referred to as schwa-assimilation,
Syllabic_consonant
Artificial production of human speech
assigning phonetic transcriptions to words is called text-to-phoneme or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. Phonetic transcriptions and prosody information
Speech_synthesis
Convention of symbols representing language
Alphabets use graphemes called letters that generally correspond to spoken phonemes. They are typically divided into three sub-types: Pure alphabets use letters
Writing_system
Digraph
published by the Academy of the Asturian Language in 1981, ⟨ll⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/ (palatal lateral approximant). A variation of this digraph, ⟨l-l⟩,
Ll
Cyrillic letter
Serbo-Croatian. Due to these reflexes, yat no longer represented an independent phoneme but an already existing one, represented by another Cyrillic letter. As
Yat
Thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
Pronunciation of ⟨m⟩ by language Orthography Phonemes Catalan /m/ Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /m/ English /m/, silent French /m/, /◌̃/ German /m/ Portuguese
M
Latin letter G with breve
Turkic languages, Turkish used to have a /ɣ/ phoneme which could occur in all positions. However, the phoneme was gradually lost as it fortified to a /g/
Ğ
Sounds and pronunciation of the Romanian language
Romanian language has a phoneme inventory of seven vowels, two or four semivowels (disputed), and twenty consonants. Other phonemes are found in interjections
Romanian_phonology
Sounds spelled with the digraph ⟨th⟩
represents either the voiced dental fricative phoneme /ð/ (as in this) or the voiceless dental fricative phoneme /θ/ (as in think). Occasionally, it stands
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨th⟩
Educational method
for each sound or phoneme. To use Elkonin boxes, a child listens to a word and moves a token into a box for each sound or phoneme. In some cases different
Elkonin_boxes
Overview of the English /r/
IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The pronunciation of the phoneme /r/ in the English language has many variations in different dialects.
Pronunciation_of_English_/r/
Central Semitic language
since it preserves as contrastive 28 out of the evident 29 consonantal phonemes. Arabic is usually classified as a Central Semitic language. Linguists
Arabic
Hebrew niqqud vowel sign
the phoneme /i/ which is similar to the "ee" sound in the English word deep and is transliterated with "i". In Yiddish, it indicates the phoneme /ɪ/ which
Hiriq
Persian letter
Že or Zhe (ژ), used to represent the phoneme /ʒ/ , is a letter in the Persian alphabet, based on Zāy (ز) with two additional diacritic dots. It is one
Že_(Persian_letter)
Subset of phonological awareness
awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest mental units of sound that help to differentiate units of
Phonemic_awareness
Phonetic rule in Scots and Scottish English
for particular vowel phonemes, dialects, words, etc., some of which are discussed in greater detail below. The underlying phonemes of the Scottish vowel
Scottish_vowel_length_rule
Phonetic representation for Cantonese
phonemic transcription system based on IPA and its analysis of Cantonese phonemes is grounded in the theories of Y. R. Chao. Other than the phonemic transcription
S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA
Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme. The sound further occurs as an allophone
Voiceless_palatal_fricative
Set of conventions to represent words in writing
and etymological, that is why there are several letters with identical phonemes. Beginning from the 17th century, various options for orthographic reforms
Spelling
Consonant change in Japanese compound words
analyzed as allophones of a single phoneme /ɡ/ (although some phonologists have argued they are distinct phonemes for the minority of speakers who consistently
Rendaku
Reconstructed sound system of a proto-language
Proto-Indo-European is reconstructed as having the following phonemes. Note that the phonemes are marked with asterisks to show that they are from a reconstructed
Proto-Indo-European_phonology
Fictional language conceptualized by Robert A. Heinlein
logic-based language with complex syntax, minimal vocabulary, and a rich phoneme inventory (written with letters such as œ, ħ, ø, and ʉ); it would make
Speedtalk
Romance language derived from Old Spanish
represent one phoneme, (/b/), realised as [b] or as [β] according to its position. In Judaeo-Spanish, /b/ and /v/ are different phonemes: boz /bɔs/ 'voice'
Judaeo-Spanish
Micronesian language of the Marshall Islands
[zʲ] as voiceless and voiced allophones of the same phoneme. Marshallese has no distinct /tʷ/ phoneme. The dorsal consonants /k ŋ kʷ ŋʷ/ are usually velar
Marshallese_language
Latin letter S with acute accent
reconstructed voiceless lateral fricative phoneme /ɬ/, the parent phoneme of Ge'ez Śawt ሠ. a sibilant phoneme of the earliest phase of the Sumerian language
Ś
Language in Maluku
front vowels /i ≈ e/, where /u/ is seen as a heavy phoneme, /o/ as the basic phoneme and [relative phoneme] is the optional feature. The following examples
Ambonese_Malay
World Wide Web Consortium recommendation
<grapheme>fiance</grapheme> <phoneme>fiˈɒns.eɪ</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: "fiˈɒns.eɪ" --> <phoneme>ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ</phoneme> <!-- IPA string is: "ˌfiː.ɑːnˈseɪ"
Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
phonemically contrasts 14 consonants and 5 vowels, /i e a o u/. These 19 phonemes form the smallest phonemic inventory among the Torres-Banks languages,
Mota_language
Type of website edited collaboratively
education The realization of the Hawaiian /w/ phoneme varies between [w] and [v], and the realization of the /k/ phoneme varies between [k] and [t], among other
Wiki
distinction between the phonemes /θ/ and /s/ (distinción vs. seseo and ceceo); the maintenance or loss of distinction between phonemes represented orthographically
Spanish dialects and varieties
Spanish_dialects_and_varieties
Sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
Proto-Indo-European initial *b, which is so rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputed. However, native English words with non-initial ⟨p⟩ are quite
P
Stage of development of English, starting late 15th century
rarely in Irish English. During the 17th century, the phoneme variably merged with the phoneme [ɛj] as in day, weigh, and the merger survived into standard
Early_Modern_English
Writing system of the Assamese language
Assamese alphabet has an additional "matra" (ʼ) that is used to represent the phonemes অʼ and এʼ. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on
Assamese_alphabet
Awareness of the sound structure of words
levels of sound structure: (1) syllables, (2) onsets and rimes, and (3) phonemes. Awareness of these sounds is demonstrated through a variety of tasks (see
Phonological_awareness
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʈ⟩ in IPA
consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia
Voiceless_retroflex_plosive
Abugida used for writing Burmese
indirect spelling-sound correspondence between graphemes (letters) and phonemes (sounds), due to its long and conservative written history and voicing
Burmese_alphabet
Systems for transcribing the Old Norse language
matched. Where the table lists a long-or-short phoneme /(ː)/, a specifically short // or long /ː/ phoneme represents additional spellings not covered by
Old_Norse_orthography
Pronunciation of Hejazi Arabic
speaker. Most speakers use 26 to 28 consonant phonemes in addition to the marginal phoneme /ɫ/, with the phonemes /θ/ ⟨ث⟩ and /ð/ ⟨ذ⟩ being used partially
Hejazi_Arabic_phonology
Sound system of Australian English
[ben]. /æ/ is pronounced as open front [a] by many younger speakers. The phoneme /ɜː/ of NURSE may be pronounced at least as high as [ɘː], and has a lowered
Australian_English_phonology
System of runes for Proto-Germanic
Norwegian scholar Sophus Bugge. The Elder Futhark is named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: /f/, /u/, /ð/, /ɑ/, /r/, and /k/ corresponding
Elder_Futhark
Twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet
script ℓ is the norm. In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ usually represents the phoneme /l/, which can have several sound values, depending on the speaker's accent
L
Group of words that fall under a single category
is a group of words that share a particular vowel or consonant sound. A phoneme is a basic unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from
Lexical_set
Phonetic sound change
is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs). This type of assimilation is called progressive
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨l⟩ in IPA
[ɬ]. In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme /l/ becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. By contrast, the
Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants
Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_approximants
Japonic language
The survey was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes, which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners
Japanese_language
Latin letter N with tilde above
Turkic Alphabet, Nauruan, and romanized Quenya, where it represents the phoneme [ŋ] (like the ⟨ng⟩ in wing). It has also been adopted in both Breton and
Ñ
14 verses organizing the phonemes of Sanskrit
pa Y śa ṣa sa R ha L Each verse consists of a group of basic Sanskrit phonemes (i.e. open syllables consisting either of initial vowels or consonants
Shiva_Sutras
Writing system
Semitic. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language
Arabic_script
Delateralization feature of Spanish dialects
traditional palatal lateral approximant phoneme /ʎ/ (written ⟨ll⟩) and its merger into the voiced palatal fricative phoneme /ʝ/ (written ⟨y⟩). It is an example
Yeísmo
Process of not pronouncing an "h" sound
voiceless fricatives) are taken to be allophones of a single phoneme /h/. This phoneme occurred at the start of syllables, alone or clustered with an
H-dropping
Finnic language
spelling than is used today. Though Agricola's intention was that each phoneme (and allophone under qualitative consonant gradation) should correspond
Finnish_language
System of phonetic notation
principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (phoneme). This means that: It does not use combinations of letters to represent
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Phonological system of the Hawaiian language
total of vowel phonemes is five. However, if the long vowels and diphthongs are treated as separate, unit phonemes, there are 25 vowel phonemes. The short
Hawaiian_phonology
Latin-script digraph
used to transcribe the phoneme /tʰ/ in Southern Bantu languages, such as Zulu and Tswana. During late antiquity, the Greek phoneme represented by the letter
Th_(digraph)
Latin letter S with caron
/t͡ʃ/, and (based on Akkadian orthography) the Hittite /s/ phoneme, as well as the /ʃ/ phoneme of Semitic languages, transliterating shin (Phoenician and
Š
Latin-script letter (Ð ð)
International Phonetic Alphabet. In Faroese, ⟨ð⟩ is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most glides
Eth
Series of obstruent consonants in Semitic languages
common source. Five such "emphatic" phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic: An additional emphatic phoneme /ʃʼ/ (/çʼ/ in Central Jibbali) occurs
Emphatic_consonant
Elder Futhark rune
and to the Younger Futhark ár rune ᛅ, which stands for /a/, as the /j/ phoneme disappears in late Proto-Norse. Note that ᛆ also can be a variation of
Jēran
PHONEME
PHONEME
PHONEME
PHONEME
Boy/Male
Muslim
Rebellious
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Guru's Forehead
Girl/Female
Muslim
Of good and honorable character
Boy/Male
Indian, Jain
Obliged
Girl/Female
British, English
Broad Field
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Praised.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Thulasitharan | தà¯à®²à®¸à¯€à®¤à®°à®£
The Moon
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old English personal name Tæppa, of uncertain origin and meaning.German : from a short form of the Germanic name Theudobrand, composed of the elements theodo- ‘people’ + brand ‘sword’.North German : nickname for a clumsy person or a simpleton, from Middle Low German tappe ‘oaf’.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Sun
PHONEME
PHONEME
PHONEME
PHONEME
PHONEME