Search references for PLANCK STAR. Phrases containing PLANCK STAR
See searches and references containing PLANCK STAR!PLANCK STAR
Hypothetical astronomical object
loop quantum gravity theory, a Planck star is a hypothetical astronomical object, theorized as a compact, exotic star, that exists within a black hole's
Planck_star
Hypothetical types of stars
gravity, a Planck star is a hypothetically possible astronomical object that is created when the energy density of a collapsing star reaches the Planck energy
Exotic_star
units Planck energy Planck length Planck mass Planck time Planck temperature Planck epoch Planck postulate Planck scale Planck star Trans-Planckian problem
List of things named after Max Planck
List_of_things_named_after_Max_Planck
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
density reaches the Planck energy density, causing a repulsive force that creates a star. Furthermore, the existence of such a star would resolve the black
Loop_quantum_gravity
Star types predicted by theory
ISBN 1-59454-641-X. Barrau, Aurélien; Rovelli, Carlo (December 2014). "Planck star phenomenology". Physics Letters B. 739: 405–409. arXiv:1404.5821. Bibcode:2014PhLB
Hypothetical_star
Association of German research institutes
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; MPG) is a formally independent
Max_Planck_Society
Space observatory
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. The project aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave
Planck_(spacecraft)
Hypothetical object of spacetime
singularity Negative energy Negative mass Planck star Q star Quantum mechanics Quasar Solar System Spacetime Star Wormhole Carroll, Sean M. (2003). "5.7:
White_hole
Compact exotic star which forms matter consisting mostly of quarks
descriptions of redirect targets Planck star – Hypothetical astronomical object Quark-nova – Hypothetical explosion of a neutron star Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff
Quark_star
Natural physical entity in space
substructures. Some examples of astronomical objects include planetary systems, star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies, while asteroids, moons, planets, and stars
Astronomical_object
Physical law for entropy and heat
positive work." Planck wrote: "The production of heat by friction is irreversible." Not mentioning entropy, this principle of Planck is stated in physical
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Hypothetical mechanism for extracting energy from rotating black holes
around a rotating black hole Hills mechanism – Black hole effect on a binary star Zeldovich amplification – Wave amplification in rotating objects Penrose
Penrose_process
Conjecture in physics
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis
German research institute
The Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie) is located in Bonn, Germany. It is one of 80 institutes
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy
Large self-illuminated object in space
for the star does not conflict with the age of the universe, determined by the Planck satellite as 13.799 ± 0.021). The more massive the star, the shorter
Star
Israeli-American theoretical physicist (born 1962)
Little". Time. September 5, 2013. Trivedi, Oem; Loeb, Avi (2025). "Could Planck Star Remnants Be Dark Matter?". Physics of the Dark Universe. 44 102003. arXiv:2506
Avi_Loeb
Region outside of a rotating black hole's event horizon
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
Ergosphere
Contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its gravity
occurs at this point. For example loop quantum gravity predicts that a Planck star would form. Regardless, it is argued that gravitational collapse ceases
Gravitational_collapse
Physical effect when superradiant modes are confined around a rotating black hole
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
Black_hole_bomb
Small number of stars that orbit each other
single star. A large group of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a star cluster or galaxy, although, broadly speaking, they are also star systems
Star_system
Models of black holes without gravitational singularities
comprise all of the dark matter in the observable universe today. Exotic star Planck star Fuzzball (string theory) Zhang, Shuang Nan; Tang, Sumin (2007-07-06)
Nonsingular_black_hole_models
Hypothetical early-universe star with a black hole core
A quasi-star or quasistar (QS), also called a black hole star, is a hypothetical type of extremely massive and luminous star that may have existed early
Quasi-star
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
2007. Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved February
Wikipedia
Collapsed core of a massive star
stars Neutronium Planck star Preon-degenerate matter Rotating radio transient 3.7×1017 kg/m3 derives from mass 2.68×1030 kg / volume of star of radius 12 km;
Neutron_star
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic black-body radiation. The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature
Black_body
Visible star that is nearly aligned with Earth's axis of rotation
A pole star is a visible star that is approximately aligned with the axis of rotation of an astronomical body; that is, a star whose apparent position
Pole_star
Japanese idol girl group
Planck Stars (プランクスターズ), stylized as PLANCK STARS, is a Japanese idol girl group, originally from Hiroshima, but relocated to Tokyo in October 2025. They
Planck_Stars
Star not gravitationally bound to any galaxy
An intergalactic star, also known as an intracluster star or a rogue star, is a star not gravitationally bound to any galaxy. Although a source of much
Intergalactic_star
Gravitational process studied in astronomy
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming
Star_formation
Star at the centre of the Solar System
The Sun is the star located at the centre of the Solar System. It is a massive sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions
Sun
Changes to stars over their lifespans
Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of time. Depending on the mass of the star, its lifetime can range from a few million
Stellar_evolution
Cosmological time duration
27±0.80 billion years (Methuselah star) and 13.8±4 billion years (BD +17°3248). Both values are compatible with the Planck 2018 number. The discovery of cosmic
Age_of_the_universe
Star in the constellation Libra
value, this age for the star would possibly conflict with the calculated age of the Universe as determined by the final 2018 Planck satellite results of
HD_140283
Type of luminous supergiant star
A post-AGB star (pAGB, abbreviation of post-asymptotic giant branch) is a type of luminous low-mass supergiant star of intermediate mass in a very late
Post-AGB_star
Stellar classification
A G-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence star of spectral type G. The spectral luminosity class is V. Such a star has about 0.9 to 1.1 solar masses
G-type_main-sequence_star
Young stars of spectral types A and B
A Herbig Ae/Be star (HAeBe) is a pre-main-sequence star – a young (<10 Myr) star of spectral types A or B. These stars are still embedded in gas-dust
Herbig_Ae/Be_star
Spanish astrophysicist (born 1973)
cluster caustics to study the nature of dark matter. He is a member of the Planck collaboration and of the Euclid and J-PAS collaborations, and a member of
Jose_Diego
Hypothetical star heated by dark-matter annihilation
A dark star is a hypothetical type of star that may have existed early in the universe before conventional stars were able to form and thrive. The dark
Dark_star_(dark_matter)
Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way
Reinhard Genzel at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics reported the observation of the motion of the star S2 near Sagittarius A* throughout
Sagittarius_A*
Fast-growing quasar
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planck star Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical
SMSS_J215728.21–360215.1
Stellar classification
A K-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type K. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars are intermediate
K-type_main-sequence_star
Blue star with strong helium lines
A helium star is a class O or B star (blue), which has extraordinarily strong helium lines and weaker than normal hydrogen lines, indicating strong stellar
Helium_star
Intelligence in machines
Mellon) and Sam Corbett-Davis (Stanford) Moritz Hardt (a director at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems) argues that machine learning "is fundamentally
Artificial_intelligence
Hypothetical star which gave life to the Sun
Coatlicue is a hypothetical star proposed to have induced the formation of the Sun, then exploded as a supernova, seeding the Solar System with short-lived
Coatlicue_(star)
Bookkeeping survey of stars
Star counts are census counts of stars and the statistical and geometrical methods used to correct the corresponding data for bias.[citation needed] The
Star_count
Type of star, larger and brighter than the Sun
absolute magni- tude (MV) A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature
Giant_star
Space research institute in Germany
The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (abbreviation: MPS; German: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung) is a research institute
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research
Alternative model for black holes
independent of the definition of "velocity". Apparent horizon Firewall paradox Planck star No-hair theorem Mitra, Abhas (1998). "Final state of spherical gravitational
Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object
Although red supergiants are often considered the largest stars, some other star types have been found to temporarily increase significantly in radius, such
List_of_largest_stars
Stellar classification
An F-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence, core-hydrogen-fusing star of spectral type F. The spectral luminosity class is V. They have from around
F-type_main-sequence_star
Magnitude or dimension of a thing
by physicist Max Planck. The Planck length is defined in terms of three fundamental physical constants: the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the
Size
Star orbiting close to Sagittarius A*
position has been monitored since 1995 by two groups (at UCLA and at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics) as part of the effort to gather
S2_(star)
This is a list of Arabic star names. In Western astronomy, most of the accepted star names are Arabic, a few are Greek and some are of unknown origin
List_of_Arabic_star_names
Compact astronomical body
Various models predict the creation of primordial black holes ranging from a Planck mass (~2.2×10−8 kg) to hundreds of thousands of solar masses. Primordial
Black_hole
Star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence
A pre-main-sequence star (also known as a PMS star and PMS object) is a star in the stage when it has not yet reached the main sequence. Earlier in its
Pre-main-sequence_star
System of two stars orbiting each other
A binary star or binary star system is a system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other. Binary stars are among
Binary_star
Type of star with a prominent spectral line due to absorption from ionized mercury
A mercury–manganese star (also HgMn star) is a type of chemically peculiar star with a prominent spectral line at 398.4 nm, due to absorption from ionized
Mercury–manganese_star
Star whose brightness fluctuates, as seen from Earth
A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) changes systematically with time. This variation may be caused by
Variable_star
Heterogeneous class of stars with unusual spectra
star, not just the normal background nebulosity associated with any massive star forming region, and not a planetary nebula formed by a post-AGB star
Wolf–Rayet_star
Star of relatively small size and low luminosity
A dwarf star is a star of relatively small size and low luminosity. All main-sequence stars are dwarf stars. The meaning of the word "dwarf" has been extended
Dwarf_star
American cinematographer
Robert Herbert Planck (August 19, 1902 – October 31, 1971) was an American cinematographer. He was nominated for four Academy Awards in the category Best
Robert_Planck
Non-singular black hole metric
Carlo; Speziale, Simone (1 April 2015). "On the Effective Metric of a Planck Star". General Relativity and Gravitation. 47 (4): 41. arXiv:1412.6015. Bibcode:2015GReGr
Hayward_metric
Type of chemically peculiar star
An Am star or metallic-line star is a type of chemically peculiar star of spectral type A whose spectrum has strong and often variable absorption lines
Am_star
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum
Stellar_classification
Theoretical stellar remnant
like neon and magnesium. A white dwarf is what remains of a main-sequence star of low or medium mass (below approximately 9 to 10 solar masses (M☉)) after
Black_dwarf
Stellar classification
An O-type star is a hot, blue star of spectral type O in the Yerkes classification system employed by astronomers. They have surface temperatures in excess
O-type_star
Class of young variable stars
old. This class is named after the prototype, T Tauri, a young star in the Taurus star-forming region. They are found near molecular clouds and identified
T_Tauri_star
Stellar core remnant
A white dwarf is a very dense type of star: in an Earth-sized volume, it packs a mass that is comparable to the Sun. A white dwarf radiates light from
White_dwarf
Type of neutron star with beams of radiation
A pulsar (pulsating star, on the model of quasar) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its
Pulsar
Star whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen
A carbon star (C-type star) is typically an asymptotic giant branch star, a luminous red giant, whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen. The
Carbon_star
B-type star with emission lines
also included. The first star recognized as a Be star was Gamma Cassiopeiae, observed 1866 by Angelo Secchi, the first star ever observed with emission
Be_star
Hypothetical star
Hawking Stars: What Happens if You Put a Black Hole Into the Sun? By Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, January 2, 2024 Formation of Sub-Chandrasekhar-mass
Hawking_star
B-type star with forbidden emission lines
A B[e] star, frequently called a B[e]-type star, is a B-type star with distinctive forbidden neutral or low ionisation emission lines in its spectrum.
B(e)_star
Relation between peak wavelengths of black body radiation and temperature
the temperature. The shift of that peak is a direct consequence of the Planck radiation law, which describes the spectral brightness or intensity of black-body
Wien's_displacement_law
that are separately known, resolved as individual stars, or as multiple star systems. It is not a list of sources that should contain stars that are distant
List_of_most_distant_stars
Peculiar star with unusually low amount of iron
A Lambda Boötis star is a type of chemically peculiar star which has an unusually low abundance of iron peak elements in its surface layers. One possible
Lambda_Boötis_star
Continuous band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness
gradient that counters the star's collapse under gravity, maintaining the star in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium. The star's position on the main sequence
Main_sequence
Type of star
A shell star is a star having a spectrum that shows extremely broad absorption lines, plus some very narrow absorption lines. They typically also show
Shell_star
Classification in astronomy
In astronomy, the term compact object (or compact star) refers collectively to white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. It could also include exotic
Compact_object
Star that never sets due to its apparent proximity to a celestial pole
A circumpolar star is a star that, as viewed from a given latitude on Earth, never sets below the horizon due to its apparent proximity to one of the celestial
Circumpolar_star
Early stage in the process of star formation
star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud. It is the earliest phase in the process of stellar evolution. For a low-mass star (i
Protostar
approval comes mostly from its Working Group on Star Names, which has been publishing a "List of IAU-approved Star Names" since 2016. As of September 2026, the
List_of_proper_names_of_stars
Stellar classification distinguished by bright blue luminosity
absolute magni- tude (MV) A B-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type B. The spectral luminosity class
B-type_main-sequence_star
Type of celestial body
A technetium star, or more properly a Tc-rich star, is a star whose stellar spectrum contains absorption lines of the radioactive metal technetium. The
Technetium_star
Austrian metallurgist (1927–2019)
Planck Society and director of the Institute of Materials Sciences at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart (now the Max Planck Institute
Hellmut_Fischmeister
Object with escape velocity exceeding the speed of light
A dark star is a theoretical object compatible with Newtonian mechanics that, due to its large mass, has a surface escape velocity that equals or exceeds
Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)
Dark_star_(Newtonian_mechanics)
English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)
model, known as the Hartle–Hawking state. It proposed that prior to the Planck epoch, the universe had no boundary in spacetime; before the Big Bang, time
Stephen_Hawking
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
spectrum that depends only on the body's temperature, called the Planck spectrum or Planck's law. The spectrum is peaked at a characteristic frequency that
Black-body_radiation
Type of neutron star with a strong magnetic field
A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field (~109 to 1011 T, ~1013 to 1015 G). The magnetic-field decay (or dissipation)
Magnetar
Stars that host planetary systems
A planet-hosting star is a star that gravitationally binds planets and other celestial bodies (planetary mass or not) to orbit around itself, therefore
Planet-hosting_star
Country in Europe
Index in 2023. Well-known research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, the Fraunhofer Society, and the Leibniz
Germany
Physics Institute in Potsdam and Hanover
The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) is a Max Planck Institute whose research is aimed at investigating Einstein's
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Gravitational_Physics
Astronomical category of stars
In astronomy, the term iron star has been used for two observed types of star: Binary stars with highly variable emission and stellar spectral type Fe
Iron_star
President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
1996, pp. 444–447. Labuda, Patryk (September 2014). "Lieber Code". Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law. Guelzo 1999, pp. 290–291. "The United
Abraham_Lincoln
Low-mass supergiant that is almost devoid of hydrogen
An extreme helium star (abbreviated EHe) is a low-mass supergiant that is almost devoid of hydrogen, the most common chemical element of the Universe.
Extreme_helium_star
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
has a lower atomic number. The Danish physicist Niels Bohr applied Max Planck's idea of quantization to the atom. He concluded that the energy levels of
Periodic_table
Type of large cool star
supergiant Hypergiants absolute magni- tude (MV) A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses (M☉)) in a late phase
Red_giant
Dim, low mass stars on the main sequence
least luminous, and coolest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of fusing star in the Milky Way, at least in the
Red_dwarf
gender Peter Toennies 1952, physical chemist, former director of the Max Planck Institute for Flow Research; recipient, inter alia, of Physics Award of
List of Amherst College people
List_of_Amherst_College_people
Main-sequence star of spectral type O
absolute magni- tude (MV) An O-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence—core hydrogen-burning—star of spectral type O. The spectral luminosity class
O-type_main-sequence_star
travel, tourism, insurance
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : nickname for an idle person, from Middle Dutch slac, Middle English slack, ‘lazy’, ‘careless’.English : topographic name from northern Middle English slack ‘shallow valley’ (Old Norse slakki), or a habitational name from one of the places named with this word, for example near Stainland and near Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire.Scottish (Dumfriesshire) : habitational name, maybe from Slake or Slack in Roberton, Roxburghshire (now part of Borders region).It may also be an Americanized spelling of Slovenian Slak, a nickname from slak ‘bindweed’.
Male
French
French form of Latin Franciscus, FRANCK means "French."
Surname or Lastname
French (Planté)
French (Planté) : topographic name for someone living by an area of planted ground, a herb garden, shrubbery, or more specifically a vineyard.English : variant of Plant.
Boy/Male
Spanish
White; blond.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably from Middle English flack, flak ‘turf’, ‘sod’ (as found in the place name Flatmoor, in Cambridgeshire), and hence perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a turf cutter.North German : topographic name probably derived from a lost word denoting stagnant water.
Boy/Male
Irish
The red-haired soldier's son; ruddy warrior.
Female
Spanish
Spanish form of French Blanche, BLANCA means "white."
Male
French
 Old French form of German Lanzo, LANCE means "land." Compare with another form of Lance.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Jamaican, Latin
Land; A Lance; A Light Spear
Female
English
English variant spelling of French Blanche, BLANCH means "white."
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from Old French blanche ‘fair’, ‘white’, feminine form of blanc (see Blanc). The surname may have arisen from a nickname or from a personal name derived from this word.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Panther
Boy/Male
Indian
Panther
Girl/Female
French American Shakespearean
White.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Berkshire)
English (chiefly Berkshire) : from Middle English planke ‘plank’ (Late Latin planca). It is not clear how this word was applied as a surname: it may be a topographic name for someone who lived near a plank bridge over a stream, a metonymic occupational name for a carpenter, or a nickname for a thin person.North German : nickname for a cantankerous person, from Middle Low German plank ‘quarrel’, ‘discord’.North German : metonymic occupational name from Middle Low German plank ‘measure for liquids’.South German : topographic name from Middle High German plank ‘plank’, ‘palisade’.South German : nickname for a fair-haired person, from a variant of Middle High German blanc ‘light’, ‘shining’.
Boy/Male
Native American
Stars.
Male
English
 English name derived from the Old French word lance, LANCE means "lance (the weapon)." Compare with another form of Lance.
Girl/Female
Italian Spanish American
White; shining. AFrench Blanche.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Germanic personal name Lanzo, originally a short form of various compound names with the first element land ‘land’, ‘territory’ (for example, Lambert), but later used as an independent name. It was introduced to England by the Normans, for whom it was a popular name among the ruling classes, perhaps partly because of association with Old French lance ‘lance’, ‘spear’ (see 2).French : metonymic name for a soldier who carried a lance, or a nickname for a skilled fighter, from Old French lance.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : metonymic occupational name for a gardener, in particular someone with a herb garden, from Middle English plant (Old English plante), Old French plante ‘herb’, ‘shrub’, ‘young tree’. In English it may also be a nickname for a tender or delicate individual, from the same word in a transferred sense.French : topographic name for a planted area, in particular one planted with herbs or vines. Compare Plantier.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
PLANCK STAR
n.
A plank.
n.
One of the separate articles in a declaration of the principles of a party or cause; as, a plank in the national platform.
v. t.
To make or cover with planks or boards; to plank.
v. t.
To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse.
a.
To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as, to plane a plank.
a.
Alt. of Plano-
v. t.
To cover or lay with planks; as, to plank a floor or a ship.
a.
Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, plano-concave.
v. t.
To cause to sound with a clank; as, the prisoners clank their chains.
a.
Eating, or subsisting on, plants; as, a plant-eating beetle.
n.
A black garment or dress; as, she wears black
n.
To set firmly; to fix; to set and direct, or point; as, to plant cannon against a fort; to plant a standard in any place; to plant one's feet on solid ground; to plant one's fist in another's face.
imp. & p. p.
of Plane
v. t.
To lay down, as on a plank or table; to stake or pay cash; as, to plank money in a wager.
v. i.
To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant.
v. t.
To throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch.
n.
To furnish, or fit out, with plants; as, to plant a garden, an orchard, or a forest.
a.
Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as, a blank space; a blank day.
a.
Lacking characteristics which give variety; as, a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as, to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as, blank unconsciousness.
travel, tourism, insurance