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Cancelled NASA space exploration program
The Planetary Observer program is a cancelled space exploration program designed by NASA to provide cheaper planetary orbiters by using Earth-orbiting
Planetary_Observer_program
Failed NASA orbiter mission to Mars (1992–1993)
Climatology Orbiter. As the first and ultimately only mission in the Planetary Observer program, its design was based on earlier Earth-orbiting satellites, including
Mars_Observer
Division of NASA
The Planetary Missions Program Office is a division of NASA headquartered at the Marshall Space Flight Center, formed by the agency's Science Mission Directorate
Planetary Missions Program Office
Planetary_Missions_Program_Office
Planned family of uncrewed NASA spacecraft
Committee in 1983, the Planetary Observer program, and Mariner Mark II. The Observer program, starting with the Mars Observer, was envisioned as a series
Mariner_Mark_II
Sending probes to the solar system's smallest major planet
Frontiers program. If selected, it would launch in March 2035 and land in April 2045. Mercury Observer was a cancelled proposal in the Planetary Observer program
Exploration_of_Mercury
Publication of the United States National Research Council
The Planetary Science Decadal Survey is a serial publication of the United States National Research Council produced for NASA and other United States
Planetary Science Decadal Survey
Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey
Series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA
not a comet.) From Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022 Io Volcano Observer Lunar Geophysical Network Saturn Atmospheric
New_Frontiers_program
Rocket launch site in Florida, US
visited by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-49) and the failed Mars Observer in September 1992. Following the Commercial Titan III's retirement, LC-40
Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40
Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40
Solar system exploration program by NASA
Planetary Missions Program Office. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's New Frontiers or Flagship Programs.
Discovery_Program
International scientific and educational organization
The Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO or A.L.P.O.) is an international scientific and educational organization established in March 1947
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
Association_of_Lunar_and_Planetary_Observers
Proposed American mission to explore Jupiter's moon Io
Volcano Observer (IVO) was a proposal for a low-cost mission to explore Jupiter's moon Io to understand tidal heating as a fundamental planetary process
Io_Volcano_Observer
Sending a space probe past a planet or dwarf planet
A planetary flyby is the act of sending a space probe past a planet or a dwarf planet close enough to record scientific data. This is a subset of the
Planetary_flyby
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
the Moon Soviet crewed lunar programs Stolen and missing Moon rocks "How much did the Apollo program cost?". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original
Apollo_program
Prevention of interplanetary biological contamination
Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target
Planetary_protection
American space and aeronautics agency
candidate programs. Cost caps vary but recent mission selection processes were accomplished using a $500M cost cap for NASA. The Planetary Mission Program Office
NASA
Coordinate system for planets
A planetary coordinate system (also referred to as planetographic, planetodetic, or planetocentric) is a generalization of the geographic, geodetic, and
Planetary_coordinate_system
Uncrewed spaceflight program by NASA
ultimately chosen as the twelfth Discovery program mission. A significant budget cut of US$300 million to NASA's planetary science division occurred in FY2013
Mars_Exploration_Program
Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program
of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies. Constellation began in response to the goals laid out in the Vision
Constellation_program
Division of the US Geological Survey which studies planetary geology and cartography
United States Geological Survey concerned with the study of planetary geology and planetary cartography. It is housed in the Shoemaker Building in Flagstaff
Astrogeology_Research_Program
Phases of Earth as seen from the Moon
sometimes above it. An observer on the Moon sees Earth phases, just as an observer on the Earth sees lunar phases. (Both see planetary phases.) Earth phases
Earth_phase
American science journalist (born 1980)
of Directors as Observer". seti.org. August 20, 2024. Retrieved May 4, 2026. Reddy, Vishnu (May 10, 2016). "AAS Division For Planetary Sciences Announces
Nadia_Drake
NASA projects to test new space technologies
spacecraft in the New Millennium Program were originally named "Deep Space" (for missions demonstrating technology for planetary missions) and "Earth Observing"
New_Millennium_Program
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
National_Astronaut_Day
American engineer and planetary scientist (born 1957)
developed eight scientific instruments for planetary and near-space research missions and has been a guest observer on numerous NASA satellite observatories
Alan_Stern
Robotic spacecraft missions to the Moon by the Soviet Union (1958–1976)
Anatoly. "Planetary Spacecraft – Moon Missions". RussianSpaceWeb.com. "Comparison of US and Estimated Soviet Expenditures for Space Programs" (PDF). CIA
Luna_programme
Martian volcano, highest point on Mars
Phenomenon on Mars "Olympus Mons". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. (Center Latitude: 18.65°, Center Longitude: 226
Olympus_Mons
Chinese Solar System exploration program
The Planetary Exploration of China (PEC; Chinese: 中国行星探测; pinyin: Zhōngguó Xíngxīng Tàncè), is the robotic interplanetary spaceflight program conducted
Planetary Exploration of China
Planetary_Exploration_of_China
Proposed occulter
many spacecraft/starshades. This would allow observers to resolve the planet and obtain true planetary imaging.[citation needed] Aragoscope Coronagraph
New_Worlds_Mission
1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program
The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which
Space_Shuttle_program
NASA program designed to explore Mars
missions on Mars that would also set up a planetary network across Mars and work in conjunction with Mars Observer. The original plan was proposed by NASA
MESUR
Scientific instruments on board the Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft
The Mars Orbiter Camera and Mars Observer Camera (MOC) were scientific instruments on board the Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. The
Mars_Orbiter_Camera
NASA-led lunar exploration program
The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), aimed at returning humans
Artemis_program
Colombian planetary geologist (born 1955)
January 5, 1955) is a Colombian-Argentine-American planetary geologist and a former Science Program Manager at NASA Headquarters. In 1970, Ocampo emigrated
Adriana_Ocampo
Topics referred to by the same term
publication from the Minor Planet Center Minor Planet Observer, an astronomical computer program partially based on the work of Mikko Kaasalainen Macedonian
MPO
Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini
The Eskimo Nebula is a bipolar, double-shell planetary nebula (PN) in the northern constellation of Gemini. Alternatively, it is known as NGC 2392, Clown
Eskimo_Nebula
Series of NASA satellites
into safe-mode on January 30, 2020. The concept of a Great Observatory program was first proposed in the 1979 NRC report "A Strategy for Space Astronomy
Great_Observatories_program
Logo designs used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
"worm" logotype. In 1974, as part of the Federal Graphics Improvement Program of the National Endowment for the Arts, NASA commissioned Richard Danne
NASA_insignia
American planetary scientist
co-investigator of the Io Volcano Observer mission. Hörst was a graduate student on the team at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory that discovered that
Sarah_Hörst
Infrared telescope
imaging or photometry. SpeX is used for a wide array of planetary and astrophysical research programs and is the most requested instrument on IRTF. MORIS
NASA Infrared Telescope Facility
NASA_Infrared_Telescope_Facility
intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets. Flybys (such
List_of_Solar_System_probes
Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hits
"NEOShield" project. In November 2021, NASA launched a program with a different goal in terms of planetary defense. Many common methods previously in place
Asteroid_impact_avoidance
Natural satellites of the planet Mars
of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. "Voltaire". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. "Target:
Moons_of_Mars
NASA human spaceflight program for the International Space Station
Dreier, Casey (19 May 2020). "NASA's Commercial Crew Program is a Fantastic Deal". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020.
Commercial_Crew_Program
Ongoing space research program
The International Space Station program is the space program of the International Space Station. It is tied together by a complex set of legal, political
International Space Station program
International_Space_Station_program
2013–2017 proposed NASA space mission
spacecraft would have characterized the asteroid and demonstrated at least one planetary defense technique before transporting the boulder to a stable lunar orbit
Asteroid_Redirect_Mission
Series of NASA missions
and the habitability of planets are affected by solar variability and planetary magnetic fields. Develop the capability to predict the extreme and dynamic
Solar Terrestrial Probes program
Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program
Larger of the two moons of Mars
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program, Categories Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program, Craters
Phobos_(moon)
Pioneer of America's space program
17, 2001) was a pioneer of America's space program, first in Earth reconnaissance and later in planetary exploration and mapping. He graduated from Stanford
Merton_E._Davies
Pair of NASA landers and orbiters sent to Mars in 1976
deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. "The Viking Program". The Center for Planetary Science. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023.
Viking_program
Operator of US environmental satellite programs
(NOAA) to operate and manage the United States environmental satellite programs, and manage the data gathered by the National Weather Service and other
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service
NOAA laboratory and service center
Planetary Missions Discovery New Frontiers Solar System Exploration Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Vanguard Viking Voyager X-37 NASA Astronaut Corps
Space Weather Prediction Center
Space_Weather_Prediction_Center
American mechanical engineer
mechanical engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His work involves planetary sample acquisition and handling. He has worked on the Mars Science Laboratory
Aaron_Yazzie
NASA spacecraft communication system
Space Network (SN) is a NASA program that combines space and ground elements to support spacecraft communications in Earth vicinity. The SN Project Office
Space_Network
Non-profit interdisciplinary university
initiatives International meetings: Moon initiatives". The Planetary Society Blog. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 28 January 2018. "Moon Village Association"
International Space University
International_Space_University
The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2024-09-12. "Global Volcanism Program | Morne Diablotins". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved
List of highest points of North American countries
List_of_highest_points_of_North_American_countries
Astronomical observatory in China
project - Chinese Near Earth Object Survey (CNEOS)" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute: Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (2008 conference). Retrieved 26
Purple_Mountain_Observatory
Venture capital firm
health. IndieBio, a startup development program centered on life sciences and addressing human and planetary health, with offices in New York City and
SOSV
Crater on the Moon
ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3 "Linné (crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. "Linne: Simple Lunar Mare crater geometry from
Linné_(crater)
Series of five uncrewed lunar orbiter missions
Moon: Lunar Orbiter Program Lunar and Planetary Institute Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon Lunar and Planetary Institute Lunar Orbiter
Lunar_Orbiter_program
Budget allocated to American space agency NASA by the US Congress
earth science programs… that Reagan began. Ars Technica NASA - Budget Documents, Strategic Plans and Performance Reports The Planetary Society - What
Budget_of_NASA
1968 photograph of Earth from lunar orbit
were named Anders' Earthrise and 8 Homeward by the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) of the International Astronomical Union. The
Earthrise
American launch vehicle range
high-altitude, high-velocity test of the SpaceX reusable launch system development program. Eastern Range Missile Range Instrumentation Ship Federation of American
Western_Range_(USSF)
Office within NASA
The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program places the three prime NASA space communications networks, Space Network (SN), Near Earth Network
Space Communications and Navigation Program
Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program
The United States space programs include NASA for civil space, the United States Space Force for military space, and the National Reconnaissance Office
List of space programs of the United States
List_of_space_programs_of_the_United_States
Commercial orbital communications network
the Space Shuttle program. The NEN falls under NASA's SOMD (Space Operations Mission Directorate), interoperating with the SCaN Program offices. The Goddard
Near_Earth_Network
American businessman (born 1964)
preserve the natural resources of Earth by making the human species multi-planetary. He announced that New Shepard would begin transporting humans into sub-orbital
Jeff_Bezos
Division of NASA which trains astronauts
only a few are chosen for the intensive astronaut candidate training program. Including the "Original Seven", 339 candidates have been selected to date
NASA_Astronaut_Corps
Series of United States uncrewed lunar and planetary space probes (1958-60; 1965-92)
The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully
Pioneer_program
Chinese military initiative
anti-satellite (ASAT) program has been under development since 1964. The ASAT program has since been moved from Program 640 to Program 863, the General Armaments
ASAT_program_of_China
American planetary scientist
Carolyn C. Porco (born March 6, 1953) is an American planetary scientist who explores the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager
Carolyn_Porco
NASA and MTU website
"About APOD". APOD. Retrieved September 25, 2012. "AAS Meeting 187th Program". American Astronomical Society. 1996. Archived from the original on September
Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day
NASA space program partnership with space companies
Commercial Crew Program (CCDev) began in the second round of the program, which was rescoped from a smaller technology development program for human spaceflight
Development of the Commercial Crew Program
Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program
Italian astronomer (1812–1881)
22, 2012.[dead link] "Dembowski". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Retrieved 2026-08-11. Awarding of RAS gold medal:
Ercole_Dembowski
2021 NASA planetary defense mission
project was funded through NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, managed by NASA's Planetary Missions Program Office at the Marshall Space Flight
Double Asteroid Redirection Test
Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test
Proposed NASA Mars communications satellite
9, 2016). NASA Mars Exploration Program Update to the Planetary Science Subcommittee (PDF). Update to the Planetary Science Subcommittee. Brown, Dwayne;
Next_Mars_Orbiter
Lunar impact crater
that is closest to Boss. "Boss". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Whitaker, E. A.; et al. (1963). Rectified Lunar
Boss_(crater)
Small crater on the Moon
Lunar maps. The name was officially approved by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature on July 26, 2017. Neil Armstrong's tracks to the crater
Little_West_(lunar_crater)
Smaller and outer moon of Mars
doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.003. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Lakdawalla, Emily (9 March 2009). "Mars Reconnaissance
Deimos_(moon)
Program following the Mars Global Surveyor's pictures of Mars
a single member of the general public. One of the people wrote in the Planetary Report that working with MGS was as exciting as being a football fan able
MOC_Public_Targeting_Program
Largest dwarf planet in the Solar System
the Kuiper belt. It was immediately hailed as the ninth planet, but its planetary status was questioned when it was found to be much smaller than expected
Pluto
1960s NASA program to soft-land robotic probes on the Moon
Surveyor Program Details of Surveyor 1 launch, and also the entire program Digitizing the Surveyor Lander Imaging Dataset | Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
Surveyor_program
Planet outside of the Solar System
As of 1 October 2026, there are 6,375 confirmed exoplanets in 4,772 planetary systems, with 1,064 systems having more than one planet. There are many
Exoplanet
American planetary scientist
Jani Radebaugh (/ˈdʒeɪni ˈrædəbɔː/; JAY-nee RAD-ə-baw) is an American planetary scientist and professor of geology at Brigham Young University who specializes
Jani_Radebaugh
Failed NASA mission to Mars (1998–1999)
customary units by spacecraft builder Lockheed Martin. After the loss of Mars Observer and the onset of the rising costs associated with the future International
Mars_Climate_Orbiter
American scientist and science communicator (1934–1996)
and directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. He played an active role in the Mariner, Viking and Voyager programs. He published more than 600 scientific
Carl_Sagan
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
Cosmic Infrared Background ExpeRiment
Cosmic_Infrared_Background_ExpeRiment
Proposed crewed Venus flyby
and time. Definition of the planetary surface and its properties. Chemical composition of the low atmosphere and the planetary surface. Ionospheric data
Manned_Venus_flyby
Photograph of the Solar System taken by MESSENGER spacecraft
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)
Fifth planet from the Sun
moon was later named Amalthea. It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by a visual observer through a telescope. An additional eight satellites
Jupiter
1993–1998 collaborative Russia–US space program
The Shuttle–Mir program (Russian: Программа «Мир»–«Шаттл») was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States that involved American
Shuttle–Mir_program
Head of the US independent space agency
on the Apollo program, Webb ensured that NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the Mariner and Pioneer space programs. Webb was an early
Administrator_of_NASA
(2002). "1961" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History
List_of_missions_to_Venus
Country in East Asia
Chinese Lunar Exploration Program has sent multiple robotic landers to the Moon, the Planetary Exploration of China program has sent a lander and rover
China
Crater on the Moon
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Retrieved 2026-09-30. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge
Epimenides_(crater)
Crater on the Moon
Moon: Northern Bright Ray Craters" (PDF). The Lunar Observer. Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers: 77. Retrieved 2026-09-18. Dembowski, William M.
Egede_(crater)
American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer (1855–1916)
better for viewing fine planetary details. He was assisted in setting up his observatory by William H. Pickering, another observer of Mars who had noted
Percival_Lowell
Large, round non-stellar astronomical object
category; Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are in the category of dwarf planet. Many planetary scientists have nonetheless continued to apply the term planet more broadly
Planet
NASA scientist
subsequently returned to Brown where he earned his Masters of Science and PhD in planetary geological sciences 1984. He lives with his wife and two children in Columbia
James_B._Garvin
Facility at Kennedy Space Center honoring American astronauts
astronauts who flew in NASA's "pioneering" programs (which would include Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Apollo Applications Program (Skylab), and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project)
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame
Department of the United States government
Planetary Missions Discovery New Frontiers Solar System Exploration Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Vanguard Viking Voyager X-37 NASA Astronaut Corps
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy
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PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
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PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
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