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Thermodynamic process
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation: p V n = C {\displaystyle pV^{n}=C} where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is
Polytropic_process
Thermodynamic concept imporant in astrophysics
leaving only one independent state variable. A polytropic process is intermediate between an isothermal process and adiabatic one. The dependence of pressure
Polytrope
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
capacity at polytropic process. {\displaystyle C_{i,m}=\left({\frac {\partial C}{\partial n}}\right)={\text{molar heat capacity at polytropic process.}}} The
Specific_heat_capacity
Machine to increase pressure of gas by reducing its volume
(adiabatic) vs. actual (polytropic). Polytropic compression will use a value of n {\displaystyle n} between 0 (a constant-pressure process) and infinity (a constant
Compressor
Parameter used in engineering
to the polytropic index for a polytropic process. Futamura, Shingo (1 March 1991). "Deformation Index—Concept for Hysteretic Energy-Loss Process". Rubber
Deformation_index
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
reversible (i.e., no entropy generation) adiabatic process can be represented by the polytropic process equation P V γ = c o n s t a n t , {\displaystyle
Adiabatic_process
Thermodynamic process of a closed system in which volume remains constant
meaning "space." Isobaric process Adiabatic process Cyclic process Incompressible flow Isothermal process Polytropic process Ansermet, J.-P., Brechet,
Isochoric_process
Series of activities
temperature stays constant Polytropic process, which obeys the equation p v n = C {\displaystyle pv^{\,n}=C} Quasistatic process, which occurs infinitely
Process
Passage of a system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium
during a process. For example: An isenthalpic process introduces no change in enthalpy in the system. A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that
Thermodynamic_process
Thermodynamic process
{V_{2}}{V_{1}}}} Polytropic processes, W 1 − 2 = P 1 V 1 − P 2 V 2 n − 1 {\displaystyle W_{1-2}={\frac {P_{1}V_{1}-P_{2}V_{2}}{n-1}}} Entropy Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Quasistatic_process
Thermodynamic process in which temperature remains constant
free expansion) Adiabatic process Cyclic process Isobaric process Isochoric process Polytropic process Spontaneous process Keenan, J. H. (1970). "Chapter
Isothermal_process
Set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow
molecular mass, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } here is considered a constant (polytropic process), and can be shown to correspond to the heat capacity ratio. This
Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
Euler_equations_(fluid_dynamics)
Thermodynamic process that is reversible and adiabatic
heat at constant volume. Gas laws Adiabatic process Isenthalpic process Isentropic analysis Polytropic process Partington, J. R. (1949), An Advanced Treatise
Isentropic_process
Equation of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas
thermodynamic processes are defined such that one of the gas properties (P, V, T, S, or H) is constant throughout the process. For a given thermodynamic process, in
Ideal_gas_law
Extensive parameter used to describe a thermodynamic system's state
the polytropic index, a constant). Note that for specific polytropic indexes, a polytropic process will be equivalent to a constant-property process. For
Volume_(thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
meaning "weight." Adiabatic process Cyclic process Isochoric process Isothermal process Polytropic process Isenthalpic process "First Law of Thermodynamics"
Isobaric_process
Process that cannot be undone or reversed
In thermodynamics, an irreversible process is a process impossible to reverse or undo. All complex natural processes are irreversible, although a phase
Irreversible_process
Cognitive strategy in autism
Since the amount of attention available to a person is limited, cognitive processes are forced to compete. In the monotropic mind, interests that are active
Monotropism
Observational basis of thermodynamics
thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between
Laws_of_thermodynamics
in the recognition of words encoded self-referentially—that is, words processed in relation to oneself, such as judging whether a word describes one's
Autism_and_memory
Concept in physics
{\displaystyle c_{p}/c_{v}} . This quantity also appears as the polytropic exponent of the polytropic process described by For an extensive list of compressible flow
Rankine–Hugoniot_conditions
Thermodynamic process with no change in enthalpy
An isenthalpic process or isoenthalpic process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, H; or specific enthalpy, h. If a steady-state
Isenthalpic_process
Type of wave in plasma
p_{s}} . We assume the pressure perturbations for each species are a Polytropic process, namely p s 1 = γ s T s 0 n s 1 {\displaystyle p_{s1}=\gamma _{s}T_{s0}n_{s1}}
Ion_acoustic_wave
Type of energy transfer
modes of transfer in order to ensure a strict logical distinction. In the process of transfer, heat is not necessarily conserved, but can be generated (though
Heat
Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes
reversible. Isenthalpic : The process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy or specific enthalpy. Polytropic : The process that obeys the relation P
Thermodynamic_cycle
Physical law for entropy and heat
and provides necessary criteria for spontaneous processes. For example, the first law allows the process of a cup falling off a table and breaking on the
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Closed-cycle regenerative heat engine
Stirling Engine Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century Interactive computational model of Stirling engine cycle with polytropic processes
Stirling_engine
Process whose direction can be reversed
In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed by infinitesimal changes
Reversible process (thermodynamics)
Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)
Thermodynamic cycle for spark ignition piston engines
and isentropic processes (frictionless, adiabatic reversible). Left and right sides of the loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes (constant volume)
Otto_cycle
Thermodynamic quantity
path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or
Process_function
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process affecting a thermodynamic system without transfer of matter
First_law_of_thermodynamics
Idealized thermodynamic cycle
temperature is constant (isothermal process). Heat transfer from point 4 to 1 and point 2 to 3 are equal to zero (adiabatic process). A Carnot cycle plotted on
Carnot_cycle
Polymeric liquid crystal Polyphase coil Polyphase system Polytrope Polytropic process Polywater Polywell Pomeranchuk Prize Pomeron Ponderomotive energy
Index_of_physics_articles_(P)
Chemical process in the liquefaction of gas
The Hampson–Linde cycle is a process for the liquefaction of gases, especially for air separation. William Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed
Hampson–Linde_cycle
Thermodynamic cycle
this occurs, all available energy has been obtained from the combustion process. For any given portion of air, the greater expansion ratio converts more
Atkinson_cycle
Dimensionless astrophysics equation
gravitational potential of a Newtonian self-gravitating, spherically symmetric, polytropic fluid. It is named after astrophysicists Jonathan Homer Lane and Robert
Lane–Emden_equation
Protein found in humans
Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XPR1 gene. It is a member of the solute carrier (SLC) family
Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1
Xenotropic_and_polytropic_retrovirus_receptor_1
Physical property of matter
as the definition of the isobaric heat capacity. A system undergoing a process at constant volume implies that no expansion work is done, so the heat
Heat_capacity
Amount of air seen through in astronomical observations
κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is the polytropic exponent (or polytropic index). The air mass integral for the polytropic model does not lend itself to a closed-form
Air_mass_(astronomy)
Closed thermodynamic cycle involving fluid
heat injection process in the cycle. Along adiabatic and isentropic processes, such as those theoretically associated with pumping processes in transcritical
Transcritical_cycle
Model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle describing the process by which certain heat engines, such as steam turbines or reciprocating steam
Rankine_cycle
Graph relating temperature and entropy during a thermodynamic process or cycle
during a process. For reversible (ideal) processes, the area under the T–s curve of a process is the heat transferred to the system during that process. Working
Temperature–entropy_diagram
Planet in the shape of a toroidal or doughnut shape
gravitational potential of a Newtonian self-gravitating, spherically symmetric polytropic fluid Synestia Circumplanetary disk – Accumulation of matter around a
Toroidal_planet
Thermodynamic cycle that includes the basic Stirling engine
Analysis Archived 2010-06-30 at the Wayback Machine I. Urieli Stirling Cycle Machine Analysis Polytropic cycle inside Stirling engine Stirling engine cycle
Stirling_cycle
Diagram showing the thermodynamic states of a material
this process due to the free floating piston being allowed to rise making the process an isobaric process or constant pressure process. This Process Path
Thermodynamic_diagrams
Hypothesis in physics
Anguige & K. P. Tod (1999). "Isotropic Cosmological Singularities I. Polytropic Perfect Fluid Spacetimes". Annals of Physics. 276 (2): 257–293. arXiv:gr-qc/9903008
Weyl_curvature_hypothesis
Star formation process
derive the condition for fragmentation an adiabatic process is assumed in an ideal gas and also a polytropic equation of state is taken. The derivation is shown
Jeans_instability
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Black_hole_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic cycle
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Miller_cycle
Thermodynamic quantity
ratio is important for its applications in thermodynamical reversible processes, especially involving ideal gases; the speed of sound depends on this
Heat_capacity_ratio
Thermodynamic potential
Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process in which temperature is
Helmholtz_free_energy
Type of energy transfer
Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings
Work_(thermodynamics)
Version of the second law of thermodynamics
instant in time. The closed integral is carried out along a thermodynamic process path from the initial/final state to the same initial/final state (thermodynamic
Clausius_theorem
State function whose change relates to the system's maximal work output
work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden
Thermodynamic_free_energy
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
natural process proceeds at a finite rate for the main part of its course. It is thereby radically different from a fictive quasi-static 'process' that
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
systems can be passive and active according to internal processes. According to internal processes, passive systems and active systems are distinguished:
Thermodynamic_system
Engine combustion process
The Diesel cycle is a combustion process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is ignited by heat generated during the compression
Diesel_cycle
Physical quantity
constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the Sun. The total energy
Energy
Property of a thermodynamic system
concentrated. A consequence of the second law of thermodynamics is that certain processes are irreversible. The thermodynamic concept was referred to by Scottish
Entropy
Properties independent of system size, and proportional to system size
not conserved in a thermodynamic process of transfer between a system and its surroundings. In a thermodynamic process in which a quantity of energy is
Intensive and extensive properties
Intensive_and_extensive_properties
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Internal_pressure
Force distributed over an area
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Pressure
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
are: Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy by heat Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy Isentropic process: a reversible
Thermodynamics
Relations between flows and forces, or gradients, in thermodynamic systems
collected and analyzed by D. G. Miller for many classes of irreversible processes, namely for thermoelectricity, electrokinetics, transference in electrolytic
Onsager_reciprocal_relations
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Theorem of corresponding states
Theorem_of_corresponding_states
Performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy
by the second law of thermodynamics it cannot be equal in a non-ideal process, so 0 ≤ η t h < 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq \eta _{\rm {th}}<1} When expressed
Thermal_efficiency
Volume of fluid which passes per unit time
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Volumetric_flow_rate
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
system the magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is isentropic or isothermal. Accordingly, isothermal compressibility is
Compressibility
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
High-efficiency_hybrid_cycle
Branch of thermodynamics
equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. Almost all systems found in
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic cycle
into the gas turbine's combustion chamber to increase power output. The process can be thought of as a parallel combination of the gas-turbine Brayton
Cheng_cycle
Mathematical model which approximates the behavior of real gases
in a throttling process the temperature of the gas does not change. (If the pressure of a real gas is reduced in a throttling process, its temperature
Ideal_gas
Unsteady state combustion process
Pressure gain combustion (PGC) is the unsteady state process used in gas turbines in which gas expansion caused by heat release is constrained. First
Pressure_gain_combustion
Chemical law
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Piobert's_law
System that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical work
the colder sink until it reaches a lower temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties
Heat_engine
Pair of values which express a thermodynamic system's internal energy
dealing with processes in which systems exchange matter or energy, classical thermodynamics is not concerned with the rate at which such processes take place
Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)
Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)
Model of fluid flow
has applicability as upper boundary to Fanno flow. Fanno flow Isentropic process Rayleigh flow Shapiro, A.H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible
Isothermal_flow
Species of virus
xenotropic (from xenos, "foreign", infecting non-mouse species), polytropic or modified polytropic (infecting a range of hosts including mice). Among the latter
Murine_leukemia_virus
German physicist and physiologist (1821–1894)
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Hermann_von_Helmholtz
Thermodynamic cycle
compressor. isobaric process – heat rejection (in the atmosphere). Actual Brayton cycle: adiabatic process – compression isobaric process – heat addition adiabatic
Brayton_cycle
Equation describing a state of matter under a given set of conditions
used in cosmology. Equations of state are applied in many fields such as process engineering and petroleum industry as well as pharmaceutical industry.
Equation_of_state
Species of virus
enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as
Murine_coronavirus
Refrigerator that uses a heat source
that uses a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. Solar energy, burning oil, waste heat from factories, and district heating
Absorption_refrigerator
Initial step in the phase transition or molecular self-assembly of a substance
within a substance or mixture. Nucleation is typically defined as the process that determines how long an observer must wait before a new phase or self-organised
Nucleation
Maximum attainable efficiency of any heat engine
b} in a V-T (Volume-Temperature) space, is the same over all reversible process paths between these two states. If this integral were not path independent
Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)
Carnot's_theorem_(thermodynamics)
Imaginary volume through which a substance's flow is modeled and analyzed
a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference, it is a
Control_volume
Reacting chemical mixture in which the concentrations change periodically
suddenly changing to a very dark blue. This slowly fades to colorless and the process repeats, about ten times in the most popular formulation. The Bray–Liebhafsky
Chemical_oscillator
Diagram showing the relationship between pressure and volume in a system
pressure P with respect to volume V for some process or processes. Commonly in thermodynamics, the set of processes forms a cycle, so that upon completion of
Pressure–volume_diagram
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Pseudo_Stirling_cycle
Statistical mechanics of quantum-mechanical systems
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Quantum_statistical_mechanics
Physical law for definition of temperature
the labeling may be quite arbitrary, temperature is just such a labeling process which uses the real number system for tagging. The zeroth law justifies
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Thermodynamic process
The Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. It uses a solution
Kalina_cycle
magnetic flux density. So the first law of thermodynamics in a reversible process can be expressed as Δ U = ∫ S T d S − ∫ V P d V + 1 4 π ∫ V H ⋅ Δ B d V
Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems
Magnetic_Thermodynamic_Systems
Gas cooling and liquefaction technique
cylinder (stage 4 of the Siemens cycle) becomes more difficult. Adiabatic process Gas compressor Hampson–Linde cycle Regenerative cooling Timeline of low-temperature
Siemens_cycle
Thermodynamic cycle for combustion engines
of heat at constant volume. Process 3-4: Addition of heat at constant pressure. Process 4-5: Isentropic expansion. Process 5-1: Rejection of heat at constant
Mixed/dual_cycle
Equation in stellar astrophysics
the stellar structure and can be estimated from the star approximate polytropic index. Note that this does not hold for large enough stars, where the
Mass–luminosity_relation
Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility
Bridgman's thermodynamic equations
Bridgman's_thermodynamic_equations
Function describing equilibrium states of a system
expressed by exact differentials. In contrast, mechanical work and heat are process quantities or path functions because their values depend on a specific
State_function
Technique for cooling gases
the Hampson–Linde cycle to liquefy air using the Joule–Thomson expansion process and regenerative cooling. On 10 May 1898, James Dewar used regenerative
Regenerative_cooling
Physical quantity of hot and cold
engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. Many physical processes are related to temperature; some of them are given below: the physical
Temperature
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an agent derivative of Middle English wasch(en) ‘to wash’ (Old English wæscan), hence an occupational name for a laundryman, or for someone who washed raw wool before spinning. Various other occupations, too, involved washing processes and the name may relate to any of these. For example, it may have denoted a man who washed sheep; some tenants on the manor of Burpham, near Worthing, in Sussex (where the surname is found from an early date), had as part of their feudal service to wash the flocks of their master.Americanized spelling of the German cognate Wascher.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker of wheels (for vehicles or for use in spinning or various other manufacturing processes), from an agent derivative of Middle English whele ‘wheel’. The name is particularly common on the Isle of Wight; on the mainland it is concentrated in the neighboring region of central southern England.A founder of Salisbury, NH, in 1634 was John Wheeler.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly southwestern England and South Wales)
English (chiefly southwestern England and South Wales) : occupational name for a fuller, from an agent derivative of Middle English tuck(en) ‘to full cloth’ (Old English tūcian ‘to torment’). This was the term used for the process in the Middle Ages in southwestern England, and the surname is more common there than elsewhere. Compare Fuller and Walker.Americanized form of Jewish To(c)ker (see Tokarz).Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Tuachair ‘descendant of Tuachar’, a personal name composed of the elements tuath ‘people’ + car ‘dear’, ‘beloved’.Possibly also an Americanized form of German Tucher, from an occupational name for a cloth maker or merchant, from an agent derivative of Middle High German tuoch ‘cloth’.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : occupational name for one who carried a cross or a bishop’s crook in ecclesiastical processions, from Middle English, Old French croisier.
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from Old Norman French cardon ‘thistle’ (a diminutive of carde, from Latin carduus), hence a topographic name for someone who lived on land overgrown with thistles, an occupational name for someone who carded wool (originally a process carried out with thistles and teasels), or perhaps a nickname for a prickly and unapproachable person.French : possibly from a reduced form of the personal name Ricardon, a pet form of Richard.English : variant spelling of Carden, cognate with 1.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Norman personal name Bernier.English : from Old English beornan ‘to burn’, hence an occupational name for a burner of lime (compare German Kalkbrenner) or charcoal. It may also have denoted someone who baked bricks or distilled spirits, or who carried out any other manufacturing process involving burning.English : occupational name for a keeper of hounds, from Old Norman French bern(i)er, brenier (a derivative of bren, bran ‘bran’, on which the dogs were fed).Southern English : topographic or occupational name for someone who lived by or worked in a barn, from Middle English bern, barn ‘barn’ + the suffix -er. Compare Barnes.German : habitational name, in Silesia denoting someone from a place called Berna (of which there are two examples); in southern Germany and Switzerland denoting someone from the Swiss city of Berne.German : from the Germanic personal name Bernher meaning ‘lord of the army’.North German : occupational name for a lime or charcoal burner (cognate with 2), from an agent derivative of Middle High German brennen ‘to burn’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin. It is argued by Redmonds that this surname may have developed as a variant of Stringfellow, through a process, attested in various parish records, in which the original name is first shortened and then expanded into a form different from the original; thus Stringfellow becomes Stringfell, which becomes reinterpreted as Stringfield.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : occupational name for a tanner of skins, Middle English tanner, Middle Dutch taenre. (The Middle English form derives from Old English tannere, from Late Latin tannarius, reinforced by Old French taneor, from Late Latin tannator; both Late Latin forms derive from a verb tannare, possibly from a Celtic word for the oak, whose bark was used in the process.)Swiss and German : habitational name for someone from any of several places called Tanne (in the Harz Mountains and Silesia) or Tann (southern Germany).Finnish : topographic or ornamental name from Finnish tanner ‘open field’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a keeper of a lodging house, from late Old English herebeorg ‘shelter’, ‘lodging’ (from here ‘army’ + beorg ‘shelter’). (The change of -er- to -ar- is a regular phonetic process in Old French and Middle English.)Variant of French Arbour.A Harbour or Arbour, from Normandy, France, is documented in Quebec City in 1671.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : metonymic occupational name for a harpist (see Harper), or occasionally a habitational name for someone living at a house distinguished by the sign of a harp.English : habitational name from a minor place such as Harp House in Eastwood, Essex, or South Harp in South Petherton, Somerset, denoting a place where salt was produced, from Old English hearpe ‘harp’, an implement used in the processing of salt. Compare Harpham.German : metonymic occupational name for a harpist, from Middle High German harpfe ‘harp’.German : variant of Harpe.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for an archer, Middle English bow(e)man, bouman (from Old English boga ‘bow’ + mann ‘man’). This word was distinguished from Bowyer, which denoted a maker or seller of the articles. It is possible that in some cases the surname referred originally to someone who untangled wool with a bow. This process, which originated in Italy, became quite common in England in the 13th century. The vibrating string of a bow was worked into a pile of tangled wool, where its rapid vibrations separated the fibers, while still leaving them sufficiently entwined to produce a fine, soft yarn when spun.Americanized form of German Baumann (see Bauer) or the Dutch cognate Bouman.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a medieval court official, from Middle English bedele (Old English bydel, reinforced by Old French bedel). The word is of Germanic origin, and akin to Old English bēodan ‘to command’ and Old High German bodo ‘messenger’. In the Middle Ages a beadle in England and France was a junior official of a court of justice, responsible for acting as an usher in a court, carrying the mace in processions in front of a justice, delivering official notices, making proclamations (as a sort of town crier), and so on. By Shakespeare’s day a beadle was a sort of village constable, appointed by the parish to keep order.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, Dutch, and North German
English, Scottish, Dutch, and North German : status name for a champion, Middle English and Middle Low German kempe. In the Middle Ages a champion was a professional fighter on behalf of others; for example the King’s Champion, at the coronation, had the duty of issuing a general challenge to battle to anyone who denied the king’s right to the throne. The Middle English word corresponds to Old English cempa and Old Norse kempa ‘warrior’; both these go back to Germanic campo ‘warrior’, which is the source of the Dutch and North German name, corresponding to High German Kampf.Dutch : metonymic occupational name for someone who grew or processed hemp, from Middle Dutch canep ‘hemp’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a winder of wool, from an agent derivative of Middle English winde(n) ‘to wind’ (Old English windan ‘to go’, ‘to proceed’). The verb was also used in the Middle Ages of various weaving and plaiting processes, so that in some cases the name may have referred to a basket or hurdle maker.English : habitational name from any of the various minor places in northern England so called, from Old English vindr ‘wind’ + erg ‘hut’, ‘shelter’, i.e. a shelter against the wind.English : John Winder is recorded in Somerset Co., MD, in 1665. William Henry Winder, born in the county in 1775, was blamed for the military defeat that led to the British burning of Washington, DC, in 1814; his son John Henry Winder (b. 1800) was a confederate general who was commander of southern military prisons.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English crouch, Old English crūc ‘cross’ (a word that was replaced in Middle English by the word cross, from Old Norse kross), applied either as a topographic name for someone who lived by a cross or possibly as a nickname for someone who had carried a cross in a pageant or procession.Dutch : from Middle Dutch croech ‘jug’, ‘pitcher’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a potter.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old French certeyn ‘self-assured’, ‘determined’. (The phonetic change of -er- to -ar- was a normal process in Middle English).
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : metonymic occupational name for a fuller, from Middle English tred(en) ‘to tread’ + well ‘well’. Fulling was the process by which newly woven cloth was cleaned and shrunk by the use of heat, water, and pressure (from treading) before finally being stretched and laid out to dry on tenter hooks.
Surname or Lastname
English and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a flax grower or dealer or for someone who processed it for weaving (see Flax).Probably a respelling of German Flachsmann, of the same meaning as 1, from Middle High German vlahs ‘flax’ + man ‘man’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a stone cross set up by the roadside or in a marketplace, from Old Norse kross (via Gaelic from Latin crux, genitive crucis), which in Middle English quickly and comprehensively displaced the Old English form crūc (see Crouch). In a few cases the surname may have been given originally to someone who lived by a crossroads, but this sense of the word seems to have been a comparatively late development. In other cases, the surname (and its European cognates) may have denoted someone who carried the cross in processions of the Christian Church, but in English at least the usual word for this sense was Crozier.Irish : reduced form of McCrossen.In North America this name has absorbed examples of cognate names from other languages, such as French Lacroix.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : occupational name for a soapmaker, from an agent derivative of Middle English sÅpe ‘soap’ (apparently of Celtic origin). The process involved boiling oil or fat together with potash or soda.
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Latin
From the City
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Tamil
Boundless, Unlimited
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; probably a variant of Goate which may derive either from Middle English gat (Old English gÄt), hence a metonymic occupational name for someone who kept goats or a nickname for someone thought to resemble a goat in some way, or a topographic name for someone who lived by a watercourse or sluice, Middle English gote. Possibly in some instances the name may be an altered form of Coates.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Götz (see Goetz).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Victory, Victorious
Girl/Female
French, German, Swedish
Alive
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Norse
Protection.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Golden Moon, Apsara of unequalled splendor
Biblical
dunghill
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
a.
Pertaining to a procession; consisting in processions; as, processionary service.
n.
A series of actions, motions, or occurrences; progressive act or transaction; continuous operation; normal or actual course or procedure; regular proceeding; as, the process of vegetation or decomposition; a chemical process; processes of nature.
v. i.
To march in procession.
v. t.
To subject, as cloth or yarn, to the fulling process; to full.
v. i.
To honor with a procession.
n.
A manual of processions; a processional.
n.
A sharp or uneven edge on a board that is cut from a log not perfectly squared, or that is made in the process of squaring. See Wany, a.
n.
The act or process of waning, or decreasing.
n.
A proceeding prescribed by statute for ascertaining and fixing the boundaries of land. See 2d Procession.
a.
Of or pertaining to a procession; consisting in a procession.
n.
One who goes or marches in a procession.
n.
A service book relating to ecclesiastical processions.
a.
Of or pertaining to polycrotism; manifesting polycrotism; as, a polycrotic pulse; a polycrotic pulse curve.
n.
That which is moving onward in an orderly, stately, or solemn manner; a train of persons advancing in order; a ceremonious train; a retinue; as, a procession of mourners; the Lord Mayor's procession.
n.
One who takes part in a procession.
n.
An officer appointed to procession lands.
n.
A hymn, or other selection, sung during a church procession; as, the processional was the 202d hymn.
n.
An old term for litanies which were said in procession and not kneeling.