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Set of varieties of a creole language
A post-creole continuum (or simply creole continuum) is a dialect continuum of varieties of a creole language between those most and least similar to the
Post-creole_continuum
Creole language developed in Australia from an English-pidgin
communities, the language maintains its vitality. Kriol exists along a post-creole continuum, with dialects ranging from those closer to Australian Aboriginal
Australian_Kriol
Former union territory in western India
by the territory's Catholics. Standard Portuguese existed in a post-creole continuum while Daman and Diu Portuguese was spoken by about 10,000–12,000
Daman_and_Diu
English-based Kolokwa language
indigenous Languages of Liberia. It has been analyzed[by whom?] having a post-creole continuum. As such, rather than being a pidgin wholly distinct from English
Liberian_Kreyol
English-based creole spoken in Jamaica
vowels and four diphthongs: Jamaican Patois features a creole continuum (or a linguistic continuum): the variety of the language closest to the lexifier
Jamaican_Patois
Community restriction of languages or dialects to specific settings
Abstand and ausbau languages Bilingualism Code-switching Dialect continuum Post-creole continuum Digraphia Glottopolitics Linguistic insecurity List of diglossic
Diglossia
Country in West Africa
the creole forms a continuum of varieties with the standard language, the most distant are basilects and the closer ones, acrolects. A post-creole continuum
Guinea-Bissau
Hypothetical linguistic process
result in the creole diverging from its lexifier. Prestige language Cultural cringe Language attrition Dialect levelling Post-creole continuum Linguistic
Decreolization
Contact language spoken in Singapore
Standard Singapore English were modelled by academics as part of a creole continuum from 1975 to 1989, but were treated distinctly from 1990 as diglossia
Singlish
Sociolect of Québécois French originating amongst the working class
of Canada Linguistic description Magoua Mixed language Mockney Post-creole continuum Quebec (disambiguation) Quebec English Quebec French Quebec French
Joual
Languages of the region
occurs and a post-creole continuum arises. For example, the Jamaican sociolinguistic situation has often been described in terms of this continuum. Papiamento
Languages_of_the_Caribbean
Varieties of English spoken in Liberia
also the Mande language Vai. Kolokwa has been analysed as being a post-creole continuum. As such, the term "Kolokwa" covers a range of ways of speaking
Liberian_English
English-based creole spoken in the Virgin Islands and the SSS islands
Caribbean islands, a post-creole speech continuum exists, in which there are two extremes—standard English (known as the acrolect) and the creole in its most distinct
Virgin_Islands_Creole
American linguist
Linguistics portal Biography portal Standard language Language planning Post-creole continuum Monogenetic theory of pidgins List of diglossic regions "Linguist
William_Alexander_Stewart
Creole languages lexified by Portuguese
recent ones, such as Malacca Creole or Diu Creole, developed in the 17th and 18th centuries in the former Asian trading posts of the Portuguese empire. Portuguese
Portuguese-based creole languages
Portuguese-based_creole_languages
Variety of the English language
two sociolinguistic variants have been definitively studied on a post-creole continuum for the second-language Black South African English spoken by most
South_African_English
Mix of French and English
in Canadian French. . Languages portal Post-creole continuum Cultural identity and Cultural imperialism Creole language Code-switching Loanword Dunglish
Franglais
the original (PDF) on 27 November 2010 Leimgruber, Jakob, From Post-Creole Continuum to Diglossia: The Case of Singapore English (PDF), University of
Language planning and policy in Singapore
Language_planning_and_policy_in_Singapore
Variety of the English language used in Jamaica
English and Jamaican Patois (a creole language), though not entirely a sharp distinction so much as a gradual continuum between two extremes. Jamaican
Jamaican_English
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
a post-creole speech continuum characterized by large-scale variation and hypercorrection in the language. It is generally acknowledged that creoles have
Creole_language
Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
language Language secessionism Linkage (linguistics) Macrolanguage Post-creole speech continuum Ring species, an analogous concept in ecology Carpathian Ruthenia
Dialect_continuum
Concept in dialectology analyzing phonemes across dialects of a language
to determine the distance a particular utterance has between a post-creole continuum's acrolectal and basolectal forms. Bickerton (1973:641–642) points
Diaphoneme
English-based creole spoken in Hawaii
formally in linguistics as Hawaiʻi Creole English or HCE and known locally as Pidgin) is an English-based creole language spoken in Hawaii. An estimated
Hawaiian_Pidgin
Creole language of southern US
Gullah (also called Gullah-English, Sea Island Creole English, and Geechee) is a creole language historically spoken by the Gullah people (also called
Gullah_language
Variety of American English
minor parallels between AAVE, West African languages, and English-based creole languages, instead most directly tracing back AAVE to diverse non-standard
African-American Vernacular English
African-American_Vernacular_English
English-based creole language
Belizean Creole (Bileez Kriol), also known by its endonym Kriol, is an English-based creole language spoken by the Belizean Creole people. It is closely
Belizean_Creole
Guyanese people of African descent
a Creole Continuum. Stanford University Press. pp. 42–45. ISBN 0-8047-1377-4. MacDonald 1993, pp. 6–7. Rickford, John (1987). Dimensions of a Creole Continuum
Afro-Guyanese
Variety of English
English Creoles: Papers from the 1975 Hawaii Conference). pp. 133–146. doi:10.1075/veaw.g2.10shi. More important, it seems to me that a continuum, post-Creole
Bahamian_English
Contact language from mutually intelligible dialects of the same language
Dialect continuum Dialect levelling Language shift Lingua franca Mixed language Mutual intelligibility Naturalistic planned language Post-creole speech
Koiné_language
People born in the Americas with sub-Saharan African ancestry
LaGwinad Venezuelean Creole French Saint-Barthélemy Creole San Miguel Creole or Panamanian Patua Afro-American Language continuum African Nova Scotian
African diaspora in the Americas
African_diaspora_in_the_Americas
English-based creole language
Torres Strait Creole (Torres Strait Creole: Yumplatok), also known as Torres Strait Pidgin, Brokan/Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole, Kriol, Papuan
Torres_Strait_Creole
Language official or recognized in several countries
Portuguese creoles that have developed there. These creole languages co-exist with Portuguese and, in the countries where they are spoken, form a continuum with
Portuguese_language_in_Africa
Caribbean people with Sub-Saharan African ancestry
or Afro- or Black Antillean or Afwo-Karayiben (Haitian Creole). The term West Indian Creole has also been used to refer to Afro-Caribbean people, as
Afro-Caribbean_peoples
American linguist
Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Based on his work in creole languages in Guyana and Hawaii, he has proposed that the features of creole languages provide powerful insights
Derek_Bickerton
Interaction between different languages
language Nahuatl-Spanish Contact Phono-semantic matching Pidgin Post-creole speech continuum Sprachbund Trading zones (metaphor) – Metaphor applied to collaborations
Language_contact
Antillean Creole term for big drum
Gwo ka is an Antillean Creole term for big drum. Alongside Gwotanbou, simply Ka or Banboula (archaic), it refers to both a family of hand drums and the
Gwo_ka
Relationships among standard and other languages
Language secessionism Linguistic demography Linguistic distance Post-creole speech continuum Decreolization Register (sociolinguistics) Kloss 1967, p. 29
Abstand_and_ausbau_languages
Country in Central America
Representatives. When a creole language exists alongside its lexifier language, as is the case in Belize, a continuum forms between the creole and the lexifier
Belize
Moribund English dialect of Manitoba, Canada
Ontario and Minnesota, United States. Bungi has been categorized as a post-creole, with the distinctive features of the language gradually abandoned by
Bungi_dialect
Hindi as spoken in Pakistan
2013). "Kids have it right: boundaries of Urdu and Hindi are blurred". First Post. Retrieved 22 September 2015. Muzammiluddin, Syed (27 May 2014). "Hindi Wikipedia
Hindi_in_Pakistan
Cree dialect of Ontario, Canada
Factory, a name that recalls the historical presence of a Hudson's Bay trading post, originally called 'factories'. The above-mentioned hydronym refers to the
Moose_Cree_language
English sociolects spoken by black people in the US and Canada
African-American English is an umbrella term that refers to a dialect continuum ranging from African-American Vernacular English to more standard American
African-American_English
Level of respect towards a language variety in a speech community
language. Decreolization thus creates a creole continuum, ranging from an acrolect (a version of the creole that is very similar to the prestige language)
Prestige_(sociolinguistics)
Cree language of eastern Canada
Eastern Canada. It is a member of the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum and is spoken in various dialects, depending on the community. Since the
Innu_language
Aboriginal language continuum
Cree (/kriː/ KREE; also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 people across Canada
Cree_language
Niger–Congo language cluster
in the genesis of several Caribbean creole languages, especially Haitian Creole and Sranantongo (Surinamese Creole). Around 1840, German missionaries started
Gbe_languages
Group of West Germanic languages
Instead, they believe that the Ingvaeonic languages comprised a dialect continuum which stretched along the North Sea, finally diverging into distinct languages
Anglo-Frisian_languages
French dialect of Saint-Barthélemy in the Caribbean
French creoles in the Caribbean. Despite its small size and population, St. Barts is home to four unique vernaculars: St. Barth Patois, St. Barth Creole, Saline
Saint-Barthélemy_French
1989 book by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin
the Creole Continuum with its specific application to the Caribbean. This theory offers a clear picture of how fast abrogating moving in the post-colonial
The_Empire_Writes_Back
Music genre
speech patterns. An 1885 account says that they were making strange music (Creole) on an equally strange variety of 'instruments'—washboards, washtubs, jugs
Jazz
Island and region in Indonesia
people living around Batavia from around the 17th century. Betawis are creole people, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups
Java
West Germanic language
relationship between different varieties can be conceptualised as a continuum, in which more creole‑like or RP‑like forms function as more formal and informal
English_language
(eds.). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The success-failure continuum in language and ethnic identity efforts. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press
Phonological history of Hindustani
Phonological_history_of_Hindustani
Literature by people from formerly colonized countries
Con-Texts: Writing Back to the Canon, London and New York: Continuum, 2001. John Thieme Post-Colonial Studies: The Essential Glossary, London and New York:
Postcolonial_literature
Province of Canada
the total population), Spanish (1.9%), Italian (1.4%), Creole languages (mainly Haitian Creole) (0.8%), and Mandarin (0.6%). As of the 2021 Canadian census
Quebec
Closeness of linguistic varieties
Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. In a dialect continuum, neighbouring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences mount
Mutual_intelligibility
Dialects including French and its close relatives
The langues d'oïl are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France
Langues_d'oïl
Theory of the biological component of the language faculty
presence of creole languages is sometimes cited as further support for this theory, especially by Bickerton's language bioprogram theory. Creole languages
Universal_grammar
Racial or ethnic group in Jamaica
English) and Hiberno English. Jamaican Patwa is a post-creole speech continuum (a linguistic continuum) meaning that the variety of the language closest
Afro-Jamaicans
British singer and actress (1902–1969)
early in her career drew comparisons with Josephine Baker. Of Sierra Leone Creole and English parentage, Dove is recognized as a "trailblazing performer":
Evelyn_Dove
Austronesian language
i.e., a group of mutually intelligible speech varieties, or dialect continuum, that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered
Malay_language
American-born French entertainer (1906–1975)
her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship
Josephine_Baker
West Germanic language
Scottish Standard English. Many Scottish people's speech exists on a dialect continuum ranging between Broad Scots and Standard English. Given that there are
Scots_language
Form of jazz in the United States and Britain in the 1930s, 1940s, 1950s and 1960s
new form of music emerged. One of the ensemble players in King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, Louis Armstrong, was by far the most influential of the soloists
Trad_jazz
Division of the Cree Nation
James Bay. Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland
Swampy_Cree
Hindustani-speaking world encompasses the regions where the Hindustani continuum is spoken. This includes countries and territories where in its various
Hindustani-speaking_world
Austronesian language native to Jakarta, Indonesia
Jakarta and the surrounding area, Betawi and Indonesian are often used in a continuum, with traditional varieties as the basilect and Standard Indonesian as
Betawi_language
1963 book by Amiri Baraka
with European dance and march music. The first jazzmen were from the white Creole tradition and also the darker blues tradition. The music was the first fully
Blues_People
Literature in the Hindi language
literature'), from 1850 CE onwards Navyottar Kāl (Hindi: नव्योत्तर काल, lit. 'post-modern literature'), from 1980 CE onwards The literature was produced in
Hindi_literature
making a come-back in the country. Russian world Russian diaspora Dialect continuum List of link languages Geolinguistics Language geography Data note: "Data
Geographical distribution of Russian speakers
Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers
when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Language of the Saanich people of North America
Pacific Northwest of North America. North Straits Salish is a dialect continuum, the varieties of which are closely related to the Klallam language. "The
Saanich_dialect
Canadian poet and novelist
Equator. McClelland and Stewart. —— (2011). Vox:Versus. WOW. —— (2014). Creole Continuum. HOWL. —— (2016). Accordéon. ARP Books. —— (2020). Dominoes at the
Kaie_Kellough
Racial classification
Afrikaner trekboers. The Griqua were subjected to an ambiguity of other creole people within Southern African social order. According to Nurse and Jenkins
Mulatto
American musician (1931–2007)
seamstress, and Izear Luster Turner, a Baptist minister. His parents were Creole. Turner was the younger of their two children; his sister, Lee Ethel Knight
Ike_Turner
Variety of English language
in linguistics as General American; it covers a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. especially associated with broadcast
American_English
American science fiction television series (2015–2022)
iTunes, and on May 26, 2016, via Amazon. The Belter characters speak Belter Creole, an invented language created for the show by linguist Nick Farmer; these
The_Expanse_(TV_series)
Language spoken in Indonesia
with Malay creoles; standard Indonesian is spoken in informal speech as a lingua franca between vernacular Malay dialects, Malay creoles, and regional
Indonesian_language
Hussain, Shahzaib (August 5, 2026). "Dawn Richard Announces New Album Creole Culture". Clash. Retrieved August 5, 2026. Chelosky, Danielle (August 11
List_of_2026_albums
Western Pahari language of north India
Kangra. Like most of Indo-Aryan languages, Kangri does form a dialect continuum with its neighbouring languages. This includes the Pahari varieties spoken
Kangri_language
Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1979. Aldred, Joe. Praying with Power, London: Continuum, 2000 ISBN 978-0-8264-4984-9 Aldred, Joe. Preaching With Power, London:
Bibliography of Black theology
Bibliography_of_Black_theology
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
varieties) Daman and Diu Creole (regional language in India) Forro (regional language in São Tomé and Príncipe) Guinea-Bissau Creole (Guinea-Bissau's national
Romance_languages
Group of languages
Yiddish, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Hunsrik, and Scots. Additionally, several creoles, patois, and pidgins are based on Dutch, English, or German. The Germanic
West_Germanic_languages
Hezhou (Uyghur-Mandarin mixed language or a Uyghur creole) Macanese Patois (Portuguese–Cantonese creole) Tangwang (Mandarin–Santa mixed language) Wutun (Lower
Languages_of_China
Ethnic minority in Cuba
formed in Angola of Afro-Cubans; they number about 100,000 persons. Haitian Creole language and culture first entered Cuba with the arrival of immigrants from
Afro-Cubans
Overview of Slavic migrations to Southeast Europe
nor part of a wave model, as did not happen radical simplification and creolization of it. H. Andersen in his research of Slavic phonology, morphology and
Slavic migrations to the Balkans
Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans
first language, then it is called a creole language.[citation needed] Guinea-Bissau Creole is a Portuguese creole used as a lingua franca of Guinea-Bissau
List_of_lingua_francas
Zulu-based pidgin of South Africa
Fanagalo, or Fanakalo, is a vernacular or Creole based primarily on Zulu with input from English and a small amount of Afrikaans. It is used as a lingua
Fanagalo
language is Hebrew." Arab League Arab world Arabic-based creole languages Dialect continuum List of lingua francas Geolinguistics Language geography "Documentation
List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language
1999 film by George Lucas
with what many perceived as a Caribbean patois reminiscent of Jamaican Creole. Andrew Howe rejects most such connections, arguing that only Jar Jar's
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
Star_Wars:_Episode_I_–_The_Phantom_Menace
Slave trade between Africa and the West
Glassman describes how Creole language developed simultaneously and independently in Haiti and Louisiana along similar lines. Creole (Kreyòl) allowed the
Atlantic_slave_trade
West Germanic language
Dutch-based creole languages were formerly spoken in the Virgin Islands and Guyana (Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch creole, Skepi Dutch creole). In the United
Dutch_language
Phonology of Hindi and Urdu
well). ²Only present in Arabic and Persian loanwords, predominant in Urdu. ³ Post-alveolar /ʃ/ is sometimes regarded as a substitution for retroflex /ʂ/ in
Hindustani_phonology
British territorial possession in Sri Lanka (1796–1948)
ISBN 9780313332050. Peebles, Patrick (2001). The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon. Continuum International. ISBN 9780718501549. Schrikker. Alicia (2007). Dutch and
British_Ceylon
Sanskrit influence on other languages
Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana
Sanskritisation_(linguistics)
Caribbean nation
spoken language is an English-based creole language called Jamaican Patois (or Patwa). The two exist in a dialect continuum, with speakers using a different
Jamaica
Ethnic group in Southern Nigeria
History. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-08-025367-1. McWhorter, John H. (2005). Defining Creole. Oxford University Press US. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-19-516670-5. Retrieved 10
Igbo_people
Music subgenre
"Sandinista!" (1980). Other bands such as Bow Wow Wow, Haircut One Hundred, Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Modern Romance, Special AKA and Blue Rondo a la Turk did
Latin_rock
Indo-Aryan language
Hindi, Hindustani and Rekhta. Urdu is a part of the Hindi–Urdu linguistic continuum, which is commonly referred to as Hindustani in contemporary usage. Some
Urdu
City in Florida, United States
93% spoke Chinese, 0.96% spoke French or French Creole (including Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole), 0.78% spoke Vietnamese, 0.61% spoke Hindi, 0.55%
Gainesville,_Florida
travel, tourism, insurance
POST CREOLE-CONTINUUM
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