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Chemical substance used for propulsion
A propellant (or propellent) is a mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a thrust or another motive force in accordance with Newton's
Propellant
Chemical or mixture used in a rocket engine
Rocket propellant is used as a reaction mass ejected from a rocket engine to produce thrust. The energy required can either come from the propellants themselves
Rocket_propellant
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel
Solid-propellant_rocket
Type of rocket engine fuel
hypergolic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant whose components spontaneously ignite upon contact with one
Hypergolic_propellant
Liquid form of rocket propellants
The highest specific impulse chemical rockets use liquid propellants (liquid-propellant rockets). They can consist of a single chemical (a monopropellant)
Liquid_rocket_propellant
Topics referred to by the same term
Propellant 23 may refer to: Fluoroform Propellant 23 (The Avengers) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Propellant 23. If
Propellant_23
Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers
liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.) Liquids
Liquid-propellant_rocket
Type of firearm propellant
Smokeless powder is a type of propellant used in firearms and artillery that produces less smoke and less fouling when fired compared to black powder.
Smokeless_powder
Type of weapon-cartridge
cartridge case that typically holds the primer, propellant and projectile together as a unit. Instead, the propellant and primer are fitted to the projectile
Caseless_ammunition
Cache of propellant used to refuel spacecraft
An orbital propellant depot is a cache of propellant that is placed in orbit around Earth or another body to allow spacecraft or the transfer stage of
Orbital_propellant_depot
Type of propellant
Firearm propellants are a specialized type of propellant used to discharge a projectile (typically a bullet, slug, or pellets) through the barrel of a
Firearm_propellant
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
high-speed jet of high-temperature gas produced by the combustion of rocket propellant stored inside the rocket. Space vehicles carry their own oxidizer, unlike
Rocket_engine
Form of nitrocellulose used in small arms cartridges
cartridges. Ball propellant can be manufactured more rapidly with greater safety and less expense than extruded propellants. Ball propellant was first used
Ball_propellant
Vehicle propelled by ejection of gases
expelled at high speed. Unlike jet engines, rockets are fuelled entirely by propellant which they carry, without the need for oxygen from air; consequently a
Rocket
Type of container in a vehicle
A propellant tank is a container which is part of a vehicle, where propellant is stored prior to use. Propellant tanks vary in construction, and may be
Propellant_tank
Device to expel propellant in low gravity
A propellant management device (PMD) provides a way to expel propellant in a low-gravity environment. Devices can use surface tension as the primary expulsion
Propellant_management_device
First propellant transfer between Starships
The SpaceX Starship Propellant Transfer Demo is a planned demonstration of essential capabilities required for refueling a Starship in low-Earth orbit
Starship Propellant Transfer Demonstration
Starship_Propellant_Transfer_Demonstration
Nano-aluminum powder rocket propellant
Aluminum-Ice Rocket Propellant, or ALICE, is a rocket propellant that consists of a frozen mixture of nano-aluminum powder and water (i.e. aluminum and
ALICE_(propellant)
Change in velocity per amount of fuel
efficiently an engine, such as a rocket or jet engine, generates thrust from propellant. Isp is the effective exhaust velocity used in the Tsiolkovsky rocket
Specific_impulse
Dispensing system of an aerosol mist
particles. It comprises a can or bottle that contains a payload, and a propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the payload is forced
Aerosol_spray_dispenser
Solid-rocket propellant
perchlorate composite propellant (APCP) is a solid rocket propellant. It differs from many traditional solid rocket propellants such as black powder or
Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
Ammonium_perchlorate_composite_propellant
Rocket engine operation method
cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers, and is thus combusted in stages
Staged_combustion_cycle
Concept in aerospace engineering
In aerospace engineering, the propellant mass fraction is the portion of a vehicle's mass which does not reach the destination, usually used as a measure
Propellant_mass_fraction
Pre-assembled firearm ammunition
firearm ammunition packaging a projectile (bullet, shot, or slug), a propellant substance (smokeless powder, black powder substitute, or black powder)
Cartridge_(firearms)
Form of electric spacecraft propulsion
similar to a gridded electrostatic ion thruster and used mercury for propellant. Suborbital tests were conducted during the 1960s and in 1964, and the
Ion_thruster
Highly refined form of kerosene used as rocket fuel
RP-1 (Rocket Propellant-1 or Refined Petroleum-1) and similar fuels like RG-1 and T-1 are highly refined kerosene formulations used as rocket fuel. Liquid-fueled
RP-1
Caseless ammunition assault rifle prototype
Heckler & Koch (mechanical engineering and weapon design), Dynamit Nobel (propellant composition and projectile design), and Hensoldt Wetzlar (target identification
Heckler_&_Koch_G11
Rocket engine that uses both liquid / gaseous and solid fuel
A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or
Hybrid-propellant_rocket
Jet fuel formulation for certain supersonic aircraft
Fuel Low Volatility JP-7, commonly known as JP-7 (referred to as Jet Propellant 7 prior to MIL-DTL-38219) is a specialized type of jet fuel developed
JP-7
Reusable superheavy-lift general-purpose launch vehicle
tank, the liquid methane tank, and the interstage. The two cryogenic propellant tanks on Super Heavy are separated by a common bulkhead, a similar structural
SpaceX_Starship
Smokeless propellant
family of smokeless propellants developed and produced in Britain since 1889 to replace black powder as a military firearm propellant. Cordite is made by
Cordite
A zero-propellant maneuver (ZPM) is an optimal attitude trajectory used to perform spacecraft rotational control without the need to use thrusters. ZPMs
Zero-propellant_maneuver
Partially reusable super-heavy-lift launch vehicle by SpaceX
Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) was a payload; it is a project partly developed by the U.S. Air Force to demonstrate a less-toxic propellant. Another
Falcon_Heavy
Material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from a weapon or weapon system
single package. Until the 20th century, black powder was the most common propellant used, but it has now been replaced in nearly all cases by modern compounds
Ammunition
Study of the propulsion of a projectile
a projectile. In guns, internal ballistics covers the time from the propellant's ignition until the projectile exits the gun barrel. The study of internal
Internal_ballistics
NASA satellite testing a new rocket fuel
The Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM) was a NASA technology demonstrator project that tested a less toxic and higher performance/efficiency chemical
Green Propellant Infusion Mission
Green_Propellant_Infusion_Mission
First operational flight of the SpaceX Starship
after launch. After splashdown, Ship 41 tipped onto its side and residual propellant ignited. SpaceX had not planned to recover the spacecraft from the ocean
Starship_flight_14
Mathematical equation describing the motion of a rocket
initial total mass, including propellant, a.k.a. wet mass; m f {\displaystyle m_{f}} is the final total mass without propellant, a.k.a. dry mass. Given the
Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation
Type of firearm propellant
while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a
Gunpowder
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
launch vehicles, including the (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps') solid-propellant Ghaem-100, could clearly reach longer ranges than their regional missile
2026_Iran_war
Chemical compound
Similar propellants, often referred to as APCP (ammonium perchlorate composite propellant) are used in larger model rockets. A typical APCP propellant mixture
Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene
Ammunition manufacturer in the United States of America
of General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems manufacturing ball propellant in Crawfordville, Florida. St. Marks makes about 15,000[citation needed]
St._Marks_Powder
American super heavy-lift expendable rocket
000 kg (310,000 lb), which included the S-IVB third stage with remaining propellant to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the
Saturn_V
Use of self-generated gaseous propellant
the use of self-generated gaseous propellant to pressurize liquid propellant in rockets. Traditional liquid-propellant rockets have been most often pressurized
Autogenous_pressurization
Solid propellant rocket used by the Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) was the first solid-propellant rocket to be used for primary propulsion on a vehicle used for human spaceflight
Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster
Chemical compound
chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC) used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. In compliance with the Montreal Protocol, its manufacture was banned
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Measure of the efficiency of a rocket based on its propellant's mass
massive the vehicle is with propellant than without. It is the ratio of the rocket's wet mass (vehicle plus contents plus propellant) to its dry mass (vehicle
Rocket_mass_ratio
Solid propellant motor used to augment the thrust of a rocket
A solid rocket booster (SRB) is a solid propellant motor used to provide thrust in spacecraft launches from initial launch through the first ascent. Many
Solid_rocket_booster
Bulk-loaded liquid propellants (BLP) are an artillery technology that was pursued at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and U.S. Naval Weapons Center from
Bulk loaded liquid propellants
Bulk_loaded_liquid_propellants
Type of light artillery gun
man-portable launcher that is designed to eject some form of countermass such as propellant gas from the rear of the weapon at the moment of firing, creating forward
Recoilless_rifle
Rocket engine operation method
which the fuel pumps are electrically powered, and so all of the input propellant is directly burned in the main combustion chamber, and none is diverted
Electric-pump-fed_engine
Self-propelled guided weapon system
airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight aided usually by a propellant, jet engine or rocket engine. Historically, 'missile' referred to any
Missile
Sugar-based rocket propellant
is a type of rocket propellant for model rockets made with a form of sugar as a fuel, and containing an oxidizer. The propellant can be divided into three
Rocket_candy
Rocket engine operation method
engine designs. A separate gas supply, usually helium, pressurizes the propellant tanks to force fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber. To maintain
Pressure-fed_engine
Chemical compound
used as a rocket propellant either as a solution in monopropellants or bipropellants. Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)-based propellants are a viable and
Hydroxylammonium_nitrate
Ammunition type used for training
round is a round that is completely inert, i.e., contains no primer, propellant, or explosive charge (filling). It is used to check weapon function and
Dummy_round
Type of spacecraft electric propulsion system
(arc) is created in a flow of propellant (typically hydrazine or ammonia). This imparts additional energy to the propellant, so that one can extract more
Arcjet_rocket
Class of liquid rocket propellants
Nitrous oxide fuel blend propellants are a class of liquid rocket propellants that were intended in the early 2010s to be able to replace hydrazine as
Nitrous_oxide_fuel_blend
Velocity of projectile the moment it leaves the gun barrel
tradeoff. A faster-burning propellant may accelerate a lighter projectile to higher speeds if the same amount of propellant is used. Within a gun, the
Muzzle_velocity
2nd episode of the 2nd season of The Avengers
"Propellant 23" is the second episode of the second series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers, starring Patrick Macnee and
Propellant_23_(The_Avengers)
Phase since 2022 of war ongoing since 2014
provided Russia with geospatial intelligence, machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)
Design of cannon and anti-tank launcher
anti-tank warfare launcher using a smaller high-pressure chamber to store propellant. It allows a much larger projectile to be launched without the heavy equipment
High–low_system
Solid-fuel rocket motor that can restart
This design overcomes difficulties shutting down and reigniting solid propellant motors. The pulse rocket motor allows the motor to be burned in segments
Pulsed_rocket_motor
Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
uses three propellants, as opposed to the more common bipropellant rocket or monopropellant rocket designs, which use two or one propellants, respectively
Tripropellant_rocket
Rocket-propelled by exhausted coolant of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
relatively fast interplanetary travel. Heat transfer to the working fluid (propellant) is by thermal radiation, mostly in the ultraviolet, given off by the
Gas_core_reactor_rocket
Solid-fuel first-stage rocket motor
for 'powder'), referring to its solid propellant; "160" denotes the original target of 160 tonnes of propellant; and "C" signifies its common use across
P160C
Type of spacecraft propulsion using electrical energy to accelerate propellant
spacecraft propulsion systems that use electric energy to accelerate and expel propellant, generating thrust through electric or magnetic fields. Their principal
Spacecraft electric propulsion
Spacecraft_electric_propulsion
Liquids below boiling point
refrigeration cycles and steam turbine cycles. Some rocket engines use subcooled propellants. In refrigeration systems, subcooling the refrigerant is necessary to
Subcooling
Indian small-lift launch vehicle developed by Skyroot Aerospace
stages, while the fourth stage is a liquid stage, powered by hypergolic propellant. The first flight, known as Aagaman, flew on 18 July 2026. The launch
Vikram-1
Grenade suitable for use with a grenade launcher
Milkor MGL, Heckler & Koch AG36 and M320 Grenade Launcher Module. The propellant has low pressure and gives the projectile an average velocity of 78–84 m/s
List_of_40_mm_grenades
Chemical compound
formula C2H4F2 or CH3CHF2. This colorless gas is primarily used as a propellant and foam blowing agent as well as a component in a refrigerant, where
1,1-Difluoroethane
Type of electric propulsion system
thruster or Hall-current thruster) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Based on the discovery by Edwin Hall
Hall-effect_thruster
Propellants
Improved military rifle propellants are tubular nitrocellulose propellants evolved from World War I through World War II for loading military and commercial
Improved military rifle powder
Improved_military_rifle_powder
Fuels which require storage at very low temperatures to remain liquid
storage tanks must be able to withstand high pressure. High-pressure propellant tanks require thicker walls and stronger alloys which make the vehicle
Cryogenic_fuel
Solid rocket fuel burn rate tester
A Crawford burner is a device used to test burn rate of solid propellants under different high-pressure conditions. It is also known as a Crawford bomb
Crawford_burner
Hair styling product
as a propellant. Hair sprays consist of the following components: concentrate, plasticizers, luster agents, and fragrances, as well as propellants. Hair
Hair_spray
Removal of internal energy in a spaceship at end of its mission
internal pressure when impacted. Passivation of propellant systems involves discharging remaining liquid propellant or pressurant gas into space. One proposed
Passivation_(spacecraft)
Lunar lander variant of SpaceX Starship
ship and the Starship depot—propellant depot that will remain in Earth orbit and collect/store the requisite propellant to refill the HLS ship before
Starship_HLS
Theoretical spacecraft propulsion system
they use solar power to heat up the propellant:[citation needed] Indirect solar heating involves pumping the propellant through passages in a heat exchanger
Solar_thermal_rocket
Proposed human Mars program by SpaceX
reliance on In situ resource utilization (ISRU) to synthesize return propellant would require massive surface power generation (likely nuclear) and water-mining
SpaceX Mars colonization program
SpaceX_Mars_colonization_program
Measure of the linear combustion rate of a substance
combustion rate of a compound or substance such as a candle or a solid propellant. It is measured in length over time, such as millimeters per second or
Burn_rate_(chemistry)
Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space
be brought from Earth. ISRU could provide materials for life support, propellants, construction materials, and energy to a spacecraft payloads or space
In_situ_resource_utilization
Space navigation technique
object to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft, typically to save propellant and reduce expense. Gravity assistance can be used to accelerate a spacecraft
Gravity_assist
American rocket engineer (1914–1952)
invented the first rocket engine to use a castable, composite rocket propellant, and pioneered the advancement of both liquid-fuel and solid-fuel rockets
Jack_Parsons
Type of rocket engine
of the propellant.[citation needed] Cold gas systems can use either a solid, liquid or gaseous propellant storage system; but the propellant must exit
Cold_gas_thruster
Reusable spacecraft under development by SpaceX
between the gaps in between the tiles to prevent heat seeping in. The propellant tanks on Starship are separated by a common bulkhead, similar to the ones
SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)
Chemical compound
with nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder, used as a propellant in artillery and firearms since the 1880s. As is the case for many other
Nitroglycerin
Reusable first-stage rocket developed by SpaceX
is powered by 33 Raptor engines that use liquid oxygen and methane as propellants. It returns to its launch site after propelling the second stage toward
SpaceX_Super_Heavy
Light created by gunfire
the blast and flash are products of the exothermic combustion of the propellant (gunpowder), and any remaining unburned powders reacting with ambient
Muzzle_flash
Type of spacecraft plasma propulsion system
engine using perpendicular electric and magnetic fields to accelerate a propellant with no electrode. A nozzle releases a puff of gas which spreads across
Pulsed_inductive_thruster
Anti-recoil gunbarrel attachment
barrel of a firearm or cannon that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter recoil and unwanted muzzle rise. Barrels with an integral
Muzzle_brake
Partially reusable launch system and space plane
boosters, Class II would use multiple expendable rocket engines and a single propellant tank (stage-and-a-half), and Class III would have both a reusable orbiter
Space_Shuttle
First crewed Moon landing (1969)
landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify
Apollo_11
{\displaystyle x=0} respectively. Boltzmann equation Spray (liquid drop) Liquid-propellant rocket Smoluchowski coagulation equation Williams, F. A. (1958). "Spray
Williams_spray_equation
Fuels which under ordinary conditions, are gaseous
Fuel gas is one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Most fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane and propane)
Fuel_gas
Aircraft autocannon
The propellant chamber is sealed by a thin aluminum sealing cup, which covers the exhaust holes. When the primer is struck, the bag of propellant ignites
Ho-301_cannon
Space propulsion method using Sun radiation
long operating lifetimes. Since they have few moving parts and use no propellant, they could potentially be used numerous times for the delivery of payloads
Solar_sail
Passing cold propellant through tubes around a rocket engine to cool it
regenerative cooling is a configuration in which some or all of the propellant is passed through tubes, channels, or in a jacket around the combustion
Regenerative cooling (rocketry)
Regenerative_cooling_(rocketry)
U.S. project to build a nuclear thermal rocket
by highly enriched uranium, with liquid hydrogen used as both a rocket propellant and reactor coolant. Nuclear graphite and beryllium were used as neutron
Project_Rover
Rocket flight test
flight director conducts poll and verifies go for propellant load Go for propellant loading Go for propellant loading −00:37:30 Ship LOX (liquid oxygen) load
Starship_flight_test_13
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