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Classification of eukaryotes
systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called
Protist_classification
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
found to be evolutionarily related, and vice versa. In modern classifications, protists are spread across several large clades known as supergroups, many
Protist
Science of classifying organisms
method. Thomas Cavalier-Smith, who published extensively on the classification of protists, in 2002 proposed that the Neomura, the clade that groups together
Taxonomy_(biology)
paraphyletic. Under another style of protist classification, this group belongs in Opisthosporidia. This too is paraphyletic. Protists that have accepted the current
Rozellomyceta
Cellular body type
are no longer classified together in one group. The best known amoeboid protists are Chaos carolinense and Amoeba proteus, both of which have been widely
Amoeba
Rulebooks of taxonomic nomenclature, in biology
the ICZN and the ICN. The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion. Groups claimed by both protozoologists
Nomenclature_codes
Protists that live in saltwater or brackish water
Marine protists Marine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans
Marine_protists
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
to Archaeplastida and are instead grouped into numerous other protist classifications, making the term "algae" a rather vague polyphyletic group. Archaeplastida
Archaeplastida
Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
1093/jmicro/dfs062. PMID 23024290. Whittaker, R.H.; Margulis, L. (1978). "Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms". Biosystems. 10 (1–2): 3–18. Bibcode:1978BiSys
Marine_microorganisms
Biological classification system
[citation needed] Cavalier-Smith has published extensively on the classification of protists. One of his major contributions to biology was his proposal of
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
Cavalier-Smith's_system_of_classification
Taxonomic rank
and Animalia. In this classification a protist is any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms. The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Taxonomic rank
Cavalier-Smith system. Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many
Phylum
Clade of eukaryotes
The stramenopiles, also called heterokonts, are protists distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are
Stramenopile
Biological kingdom
earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal
Animal
Protective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism
Coccolithophore shells Many protists have protective shells or tests, usually made from silica (glass) or calcium carbonate (chalk). Protists are a diverse group
Protist_shell
Single-celled organisms
flagellates= – analysis by PRIMER. Protist, 149: 229–43 Yaeger, Robert G. (1996). "Ch. 77: Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development". In
Protozoa
Species of single-celled organism
"head" at the end of a long slender "neck". The classification has been attributed to Müller (1786). The protist is notable for its ability to extend its "neck"
Lacrymaria_olor
Organisms that live in salt water
communities that encompass all aquatic animals, plants, algae, fungi, protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline
Marine_life
Organisation of viruses into a taxonomic system
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular
Virus_classification
Clade of archaeplastids
root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259 (3): 487–593
Rhodaria_(protist)
Obsolete class of amoebae
(July 2009). "Large-scale phylogenomic analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, telonemia and centroheliozoa, are related to photosynthetic chromalveolates"
Endohelea
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
protists, animals, and rarely fungi. ssDNA viruses infect bacteria and most eukaryotes but are rare in archaea. dsRNA viruses infect plants, protists
Baltimore_classification
Motion system of a type of eukaryotic organism
Protists are the eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. They are mostly unicellular and microscopic. Many unicellular protists
Protist_locomotion
Unicellular algae
membranes surrounding each chloroplast. Euglenophyceae are unicellular algae, protists that contain chloroplasts. Their chloroplasts originated from a secondary
Euglenophyceae
Parasitic disease caused by a protozoan
classification, the four protist supergroups (Amoebozoa, Excavata, SAR, and Archaeplastida) fall under the domain Eukarya. Protists are an artificial grouping
Protozoan_infection
Group of protists
known as breviate amoebae, are a group of free-living, amitochondriate protists with uncertain phylogenetic position. They are biflagellate, and can live
Breviatea
Centrohelid algae
Yogsothoth /ˈjɔgsəˌθɑθ/ is a genus of centrohelid protists, distinguished by the shape and arrangement of their external scales as well as their colonial
Yogsothoth_(protist)
Superfamily of eukaryotic microorganisms
Sainouroidea is a superfamily of microscopic protists belonging to the supergroup Rhizaria, both discovered through molecular phylogenetic analyses. It
Sainouroidea
Clade of protists
protists, considered a major clade or superphylum within Eukaryota. They are currently grouped with the Stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists
Alveolate
Species of protist
Cristae that is Phylogenetically Distant from other Flagellate Groups". Protist. 153: 59–70. doi:10.1078/1434-4610-00083. PMID 12022276. "SPECIES Diphylleia
Diphylleia_rotans
Genus of protists
Microheliella (from Greek micro 'small' and helios 'sun') is a monotypic genus of protists containing the sole species M. maris, first described in 2012. It is the
Microheliella
Clade containing animals and some protists
revises the classification of eukaryotes. In classifications that use traditional taxonomic ranks (e.g. kingdom, phylum, class), all holozoan protists are classified
Holozoa
year of introduction Pathogenic bacteria Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. (1999)
List_of_antibiotics
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
"The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)". Scientific
Ciliate
List of terms related to protist research
This glossary provides an overview of terms used in the description of protists, eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals nor plants nor fungi, as
Glossary_of_protistology
Species of single-celled organism
Cladospongia elegans Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (unranked): Opisthokonta (unranked): Holozoa Class: Choanoflagellatea Order: Craspedida
Cladospongia_elegans
major changes have been made within the classification of the Conoidea since 2011. Systems of classification are primarily of value to malacologists (people
Gastropod_classification
Genus of unicellular flagellate eukaryotes
Thomas; Chao, Ema E.-Y. (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Euglena
Species of protist
(from Latin tetra- 'four' and helio- 'sun') is a species of four-ciliated protists. Tetradimorpha pterbica are unicellular ciliates with four standard-length
Tetradimorpha_pterbica
Taxonomic group of slime molds
and ζῷον (zôion) 'animal'), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps
Eumycetozoa
Group of gliding protists
The pansomonads, order Pansomonadida, are a group of heterotrophic protists that belong to the phylum Cercozoa. Some of them are helioflagellates, with
Pansomonad
Order of Amoebozoa
or Arcellinida, Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell). Arcellinid testate amoebae
Arcellinida
Group of amoebae closely related to fungi
Opisthokonta)". Protist. 173 (4) 125895. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125895. hdl:2117/369912. PMID 35841659. Page, Frederick C. (1987). "The classification of 'naked'
Nucleariid
Family of protists
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Massisteriidae
Clade of excavate protists
"Phylogeny of Spironucleus (Eopharyngia: Diplomonadida: Hexamitinae)". Protist. 158 (2): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.12.003. ISSN 1434-4610. Kolisko
Metamonad
Scientific study of identifying, classifying, describing, and naming plants
circumscription and placement of taxa. See the list of systems of plant taxonomy. Classification systems serve the purpose of grouping organisms by characteristics common
Plant_taxonomy
Subclass of Amoebozoa
Pawlowski J (August 2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002.
Flabellinia
Group of single-celled microbes
Discoba is a diverse lineage of single-celled protists with two flagella. It is one of the main supergroups of eukaryotes, robustly supported by phylogenetic
Discoba
System to assess the conservation priorities of New Zealand species
published. Algae were assessed in 2005 but not reassessed since. Other protists have not been evaluated. Species that are ranked are assigned categories:
New Zealand Threat Classification System
New_Zealand_Threat_Classification_System
Taxonomic group of foraminifera
foraminifera. Molecular evidence has also revealed that the freshwater protist Reticulomyxa is in fact a naked, testless foraminifera, and as such it
Monothalamea
Species of single-celled organism
Paramecium caudatum is a species of unicellular protist in the phylum Ciliophora. They can reach 0.33 mm in length and are covered with minute hair-like
Paramecium_caudatum
List of largest organisms on Earth
2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine. Waynesword.palomar.edu "Protist Images: Euglena gigas". Protist Information Server. 2004. "The 27 Best Deep-Sea Species:
Largest_organisms
Genus of shelled amoebae
Hastigerinidae in order Globigerinida, until the year 2022, when a new classification of planktonic foraminifera placed it in the family Globigerinellidae
Orcadia_riedeli
Group of fungi-like protists
plasmophorids or plasmodiophorids) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they are
Plasmodiophore
Phylum of alveolates
Chrompodellids are a phylum of single-celled protists belonging to the Alveolata supergroup. It comprises two different polyphyletic groups of flagellates:
Chrompodellid
Genus of protista
Acinetactis is a possible genus of protist first described in 1886 by A.C. Stokes, who also described the type species A. mirabilis. In 1928, Valkanov
Acinetactis
Genus of slime mould
Metatrichia Metatrichia vesparium Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Amoebozoa Class: Myxogastria Order: Trichiales Family: Trichiaceae
Metatrichia_(protist)
Group of predatory microbes
eukaryotes made up of predatory microbes, whose name implies something such as "protists devouring voraciously". It was reported that ten strains were isolated
Provora
Order of single-celled organisms
"Phylogeny and Classification of Cercomonadida (Protozoa, Cercozoa): Cercomonas, Eocercomonas, Paracercomonas, and Cavernomonas gen. Nov". Protist. 160 (4):
Cercomonad
Group of microorganisms with two flagella
evolution of Apusomonadida (Protozoa: Apusozoa): new genera and species". Protist. 161 (4): 549–576. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.04.002. PMID 20537943. Brown
Apusomonad
Genus of single-celled organisms
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bremia" protist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how
Bremia_(protist)
Group of protists with at least one whip-like appendage
these groups are known to be highly polyphyletic. In modern classifications of the protists, the principal flagellated taxa are placed in the following
Flagellate
Genus of protozoans
Unda Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Amoebozoa Class: Discosea Order: Vannellida Family: Vannellidae Genus: Unda Schaeffer 1926 Type
Unda_(protist)
Order of protists
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Leucodictyida
Group of eukaryotic organisms
; et al. (2005). "The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52
Chromalveolata
Class of protozoans
I. & Pawlowski, J. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–142. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002
Tubulinea
Phylum of protozoans
of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional classification schemes, Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa
Genus of flagellates
Dinema Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Discoba Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Euglenida Order: Anisonemida Family: Anisonemidae Genus: Dinema
Dinema_(protist)
Subclass of protists
and do not produce any strontium sulfate. Phaeodaria are unicellular protists that grow a capsule with a thick, double-layered wall containing two kinds
Phaeodaria
Order of protists
The glissomonads are a group of bacterivorous gliding flagellated protists that compose the order Glissomonadida, in the amoeboflagellate phylum Cercozoa
Glissomonadida
Class of single-celled organisms
Ema E.-Y. Chao (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)" (PDF). Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Imbricatea
Clade of opisthokont eukaryotes
paraphyletic. Its classification was the following: Phylum "Choanozoa" Subphylum "Choanofila", a paraphyletic group containing all holozoan protists in three classes:
Choanozoa
Genus of plant pathogen
Please help improve this article by citing more sources. Find sources: "Pustula" protist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023)
Pustula_(protist)
Genus of flagellates
flagellates belonging to the Euglenida, a diverse group of flagellated protists in the phylum Euglenozoa. Species of Ploeotia are composed of rigid cells
Ploeotia
Classification of cacti
Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems
Taxonomy_of_the_Cactaceae
British evolutionary biologist (1942–2021)
cladification and classification were different; his approach was similar to that of many others' broad-based treatments of protists. The scope of Cavalier-Smith's
Thomas_Cavalier-Smith
Phylum of single-celled organisms
family Telonemidae, order Telonemida and class Telonemea to contain this protist. Initially, this group was included within the now obsolete phylum Opalozoa
Telonemid
Order of protozoans
Pawlowski J (August 2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002.
Dactylopodida
Genus of single-celled organisms
and its epibiontic protists, Filos agilis gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida) and Nanos amicus gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida). Protist, 161(2), pages 177–196
Nanum_amicum
Species of eukaryote
Quasibodo is a genus of free-living flagellate protist containing the single species Quasibodo laughtonii. The species was described in 2000 from anoxic
Quasibodo
Group of protists with spherical bodies
Heliozoa, commonly known as sun-animalcules, are microbial eukaryotes (protists) with stiff arms (axopodia) radiating from their spherical bodies, which
Heliozoa
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
are typically unicellular. Unicellular eukaryotes are sometimes called protists. Eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through
Eukaryote
Genus of single-celled organisms
ciliates in the class Colpodea. They are relatively large and feed on other protists in freshwater habitats. The cell body of Bursaria is scoop-shaped, and
Bursaria_(ciliate)
Group of amoebae
Corycidia (alternatively spelt Corycida) is a clade of amoeboid protists within the eukaryotic supergroup Amoebozoa. It contains all amoebae of the families
Corycidia
Biological classification system
Timothy Y. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
Two-domain_system
Genus of Bikosea, a small group of unicellular flagellates
oxygen environments: Rictus lutensis gen. et sp. nov.(Bicosoecida, incertae sedis). Protist, 161(2), 264-278. Data related to Rictus at Wikispecies v t e
Rictus_lutensis
Group of flagellates
spelling is maintained under zoological nomenclature. They are single-celled protists with two anteriorly directed flagella, an anterior cytostome for ingesting
Katablepharid
Clade of eukaryotes
PMID 11931142. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39
Diaphoretickes
Phylum of algae
(Streptophyta) from Terrestrial Habitats Revealed Using an Integrative Approach". Protist. 169 (3): 406–431. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2018.03.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMC 6071840
Charophyta
Class of single-celled organisms
and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499. Wikispecies
Proteomyxidea
Spore-forming organisms
amoebae remain individual for most of their lives as individual unicellular protists, feeding on microorganisms. When food is depleted and they are ready to
Slime_mold
Wetland sites designated to have international importance by the Ramsar Convention
wetland-dependent non-avian animal species." The Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type is a wetland classification developed within the Ramsar Convention intended
Ramsar_site
Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plants
; et al. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
Viridiplantae
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
algae with chloroplasts that have three or more membranes evolved from protists that acquired photosynthesis after engulfing archaeplastids. Chlorophytes
Algae
Historically, a biological kingdom
the Monera classification was not fully followed at first and several different ranks were used and located with animals, plants, protists or fungi. Furthermore
Monera
Class of amoebae
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2011-10-01). "A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: lobosa)". Protist. 162 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011
Discosea
Species of protist
host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing
Blastocystis_hominis
Class of protists that produce a filamentous network
Labyrinthulomycetes (ICNafp) or Labyrinthulea (ICZN) is a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the
Labyrinthulomycetes
Genus of protists
Bonamia is a genus of protists belonging to the family Haplosporiidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: Bonamia exitiosa Hine, Cochennac
Bonamia_(protist)
Microscopic living organism
multicellular organisms as well as many unicellular protists and protozoans that are microbes. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants
Microorganism
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
Boy/Male
Hebrew American English
Promise.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Hindu
Hope, Expectation, Pre-eminence
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English provost ‘provost’, an occupational name for the head of a religious chapter or educational establishment, or, since such officials were usually clergy and celibate, a nickname for a self-important person.French : northern and western form of Prevost.A Provost from Paris is documented in Quebec City in 1665. An Etienne Provost, a hunter and guide born in Canada c. 1782, is believed to be the first white man to visit the Great Salt Lake.
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Promise.
Boy/Male
Hebrew American English
Promise.
Boy/Male
Hindu
God of Love, Lord of the world
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Symbol
Boy/Male
Hindu
Manifested, Confident
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Faith in God
Girl/Female
Latin
Lover of Hercules.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Pre-eminence
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord of Love
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
Measure for Measure'.
Boy/Male
Indian
Promise
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Promise.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Statue
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
Boy/Male
Tamil
Means a lot of energy and is very strong
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Brave Mountain
Surname or Lastname
English (now chiefly East Anglia)
English (now chiefly East Anglia) : probably a topographic name for someone who lived by a patch of rough ground, from a hypothetical Old English word rÅ«(we)t or rÅ«het, derivatives of rÅ«h ‘rough’, ‘overgrown’. Compare Rauch. There are places called Ruffet(t) in Surrey and Sussex which are thought to have this origin.German : Swabian variant of Roth 1.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Rauth.Indian (northern states) : Hindu (Rajput, Jat, Maratha) and Sikh name meaning ‘prince’, from Sanskrit rÄjaputra (from rÄja ‘king’ + putra ‘son’). In India this is a variant of a name more commonly spelled Ravat or Raut. The Jats have a clan called Ravat.
Girl/Female
Biblical
A city, wall, meeting.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord of Springs
Girl/Female
Indian
Previous
Boy/Male
Tamil
To shine
Girl/Female
Indian
Sun Rays
Female
Dutch
, stern ruler.
Girl/Female
Polish
Famous battle maid.
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
a.
An engagement by one person to another, either in words or in writing, but properly not under seal, for the performance or nonperformance of some particular thing. The word promise is used to denote the mere engagement of a person, without regard to the consideration for it, or the corresponding duty of the party to whom it is made.
n.
One of the Protista.
n.
One of the Protista.
n.
Acquisition beyond expenditure; excess of value received for producing, keeping, or selling, over cost; hence, pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation; emolument; as, a profit on the sale of goods.
imp. & p. p.
of Protest
pl.
of Protiston
n.
To be of service to; to be good to; to help on; to benefit; to advantage; to avail; to aid; as, truth profits all men.
v. i.
To make a solemn declaration (often a written one) expressive of opposition; -- with against; as, he protest against your votes.
n.
An article or clause in any statute, agreement, contract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced, usually beginning with the word provided; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, or the like; as, the contract was impaired by its proviso.
v. i.
To protest.
n. pl.
A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.
v.
A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act; especially, a formal and solemn declaration, in writing, of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body; as, the protest of lords in Parliament.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Protest
v. t.
To afford reason to expect; to cause hope or assurance of; as, the clouds promise rain.
v. i.
To give assurance by a promise, or binding declaration.
n.
Accession of good; valuable results; useful consequences; benefit; avail; gain; as, an office of profit,
a.
That which causes hope, expectation, or assurance; especially, that which affords expectation of future distinction; as, a youth of great promise.
v. t.
To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to proclaim; to display; as, to protest one's loyalty.
v. t.
To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like; to covenant; to engage; as, to promise a visit; to promise a cessation of hostilities; to promise the payment of money.
n.
A person who is appointed to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief magistrate in some cities and towns; as, the provost of Edinburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president; the provost or head of certain collegiate churches.