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Organelle found within the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts
Pyrenoids are sub-cellular phase-separated micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae, and in a single group of land plants, the hornworts
Pyrenoid
Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis
Starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when CO2 is scarce. Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo". Thylakoids (sometimes
Chloroplast
Division of non-vascular land plants with horn-shaped sporophytes
of the monoplastidic species, a cellular structure called a pyrenoid is absent. The pyrenoid is a liquid-like organelle which enables a more efficient photosynthesis
Hornwort
Family of single-celled organisms
nucleomorphs located between the nucleus and the pyrenoid (if present). There may be more than one pyrenoid. The life cycle of these organisms is complex
Cryptomonadaceae
Phylum of green algae
autospores. Each cell contains a single chloroplast, a variable number of pyrenoids (including lack thereof), and from one to hundreds of flagella without
Chlorophyta
Genus of algae
and traditionally has been distinguished mainly through the absence of a pyrenoid. Species of Chloromonas occupy a variety of habitats, including soil, temporary
Chloromonas
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes. Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO2 around RuBisCO. The
Photosynthesis
Genus of algae
nucleus, a single parietal chloroplast and a single pyrenoid lacking a starch sheath (or no pyrenoid at all). Reproduction occurs asexually by autospores
Monoraphidium
Genus of algae
and compressed. Cells contain a cup-shaped chloroplast with one or more pyrenoids and usually an stigma. Two contractile vacuoles are present at the base
Pteromonas
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, or ribbon shaped. They have one or more pyrenoids to preserve protein and starch. The latter chlorophyll type is not known
Algae
Species of alga
conspicuous basal pyrenoid surrounded by a starch sheath. The stigma is small, reddish and situated at the base of the cell near the pyrenoid. Cells contain
Tetraselmis_suecica
Family of single-celled organisms
and multiple plates if diplomorphic". The nucleomorphs are never in the pyrenoid, and there is never a scalariform furrow. The cells do, however, have a
Geminigeraceae
Genus of algae
by the lack of a pyrenoid in the chloroplast. This characteristic is unclear as some sources list Didymocystis as having pyrenoids, but some species
Didymocystis
Genus of algae
Cells are cylindrical, uninucleate, with one parietal chloroplast and pyrenoids. Terminal cells have long, basally swollen hairs attached to them. Asexual
Thamniochaete
Process in plant metabolism
of RuBisCO is densely packed into a single subcellular compartment: the pyrenoid. Carbon dioxide is concentrated in this compartment using a combination
Photorespiration
Species of alga
hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, a large cup-shaped chloroplast, a large pyrenoid, and an eyespot apparatus that senses light. Chlamydomonas species are
Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii
Order of algae
Tetraselmis and Scherffelia differ in the presence/absence of pyrenoids; Tetraselmis contains pyrenoids and Scherffelia does not. Flagella within the genera are
Chlorodendrales
Species of alga
single chloroplast is present, filling nearly the entire cell; it lacks a pyrenoid. It is commonly used as a bioindicator species to assess the levels of
Raphidocelis_subcapitata
Genus of algae
Cells have one nucleus and a single parietal chloroplast with a single pyrenoid. Reproduction in Sphaerocystis occurs by the formation of autospores or
Sphaerocystis
Genus of algae
green chloroplast, their four-flagellate cell bodies, the presence of a pyrenoid within the chloroplast, and a scale-produced thecal-wall. Species within
Tetraselmis
Genus of algae
fully circles the cell's circumference. The chloroplast contains a single pyrenoid which is surrounded by a starch envelope. Cells are uninucleate. Older
Ulothrix
Species of green alga
worldwide. The species name pyrenoidosa refers to the presence of a prominent pyrenoid within the Chlorella chloroplast. Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa has been
Auxenochlorella_pyrenoidosa
Species of green algae
asymmetrical. Cells contain a single chloroplast filling the cell, with a pyrenoid present in the center. This chlorophyte species is notable for the genetic
Tetradesmus_obliquus
Genus of algae
gelatinous layer. The chloroplast is parietal and contains a broadly elliptical pyrenoid sheathed in grains of starch. Reproduction occurs through autospores. It
Parachlorella
Genus of algae
mucilage. Cells contain a single cup-shaped, parietal chloroplast with one pyrenoid. Chlorococcum reproduces by the formation of autospores or zoospores. The
Chlorococcum
Genus of algae
uninucleate with a single, trough-shaped chloroplast and a pyrenoid; however, the pyrenoid is naked and difficult to see. Asexual reproduction occurs
Desmococcus_(alga)
Genus of algae
centrally located nucleus. Each chloroplast contains a single, often elongated pyrenoid. Cylindrocystis cells are found growing solitarily, sometimes forming aggregrations
Cylindrocystis
Genus of algae
this genus is characterized by its unique lobed chloroplast that lacks a pyrenoid, differentiating it from other unicellular red algae. It has drawn interest
Bulboplastis
Species of alga
lateral or basal chloroplast and an indistinct basal pyrenoid or pyrenoid-like body; the pyrenoid may not be visible in young cells or cultures. Reproduction
Botryococcus_braunii
Genus of algae
chloroplast is parietal and plate-like, at one or both ends, and with one naked pyrenoid. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2007). "Genus: Nannochloris taxonomy browser"
Nannochloris
Genus of algae
cup-shaped chloroplast, which has a single large pyrenoid where starch is formed from photosynthetic products. Pyrenoid with starch sheath is present in the posterior
Chlamydomonas
Genus of single-celled organisms
nu: nucleolus, ner: nuclear endoplasmic reticulum, m: mitochondria, p: pyrenoids, g: Golgi body, mb: muciferous body (extrusome, pv: pulsatile/contractile
Prymnesium
Genus of algae
Cells are cylindrical, with a parietal, plate-like chloroplast without pyrenoids or starch. The nucleus is located in the median constriction of the chloroplast
Planctonema
Genus of algae
the cell. Pyrenoids are normally present, but in some conditions (such as in photoheterotrophic medium), some species do not produce pyrenoids. At the center
Chlorogonium
Genus of single-celled organisms
structural association with the pyrenoid. The chloroplast has two lobes and is shaped like the letter H. The pyrenoid sits between the two lobes of the
Rhodomonas
Species of green alga
single, bowl-shaped and green but often turns white in old cultures. A pyrenoid is present in the chloroplast. Cells grow rapidly on agar without organic
Chlorella_sorokiniana
Genus of algae
separated from Leptosira on the basis of having a pyrenoid). However, because Leptosira apparently has a pyrenoid but is difficult to observe, the status of
Leptosira
Species of alga
at the front of the cell. The chloroplast contains a single spherical pyrenoid, located at the middle of the cell. A stigma is absent. The cell nucleus
Chlamydomonas_elegans
Genus of basal green algae
single chloroplast which contains a central pyrenoid surrounded by grains of starch, as well as another pyrenoid (called the pseudopyrenoid) near the edge
Chlorokybus
Genus of algae
spherical to ellipsoidal, 1-10 μm in diameter, with one nucleus and a single pyrenoid-containing chloroplast. Cells are attached to the end of thin stalks; the
Dictyosphaerium
Species of seaweed
have linear cell arrangement. Parietal chloroplasts have more than two pyrenoids per cell. The distribution is endemic to Indian West Coast. The species
Ulva_paschima
Monospecific genus of predatory algae
unequal flagella, a minimum of one chloroplast with three membranes and pyrenoids penetrated by stacks of thylakoids, a robust stigma, a paraflagellar swelling
Rapaza
Genus of algae
thick walls and each contains a parietal chloroplast with an obscured pyrenoid. Trichophilus reproduces via zoospores of two sizes, each with four flagella
Trichophilus
Class of algae
g. Prasiola), numerous and discoid (e.g. Eremosphaera), or parietal. Pyrenoids may be present or absent. In most species, reproduction occurs exclusively
Trebouxiophyceae
Key enzyme of photosynthesis involved in carbon fixation
including C4 carbon fixation, crassulacean acid metabolism, and the use of pyrenoid. Rubisco side activities can lead to useless or inhibitory by-products
RuBisCO
Species of single-celled organism
with a brown to reddish coloration, which has two chloroplasts without pyrenoids. However, in 2013 a taxon with the same scientific name but different
Cryptomonas_phaseolus
Chemical compound
be stored as starch granules and paramylon. Paramylon is made in the pyrenoids of Euglena. The euglenoids have chlorophylls a and b and they store their
Paramylon
Resting or dormant stage of a microorganism
Cyst Cytostome Fimbriae Extrusome Contractile vacuole Eyespot apparatus Pyrenoid Axostyle Mastigont system Ecology and physiology Microbial ecology Microbial
Microbial_cyst
Genus of algae
off-center pyrenoid; in mature cells, the chloroplast may have bifurcations and indentations and eventually forms an irregular network, with the pyrenoid in the
Deasonia
Family of algae
chloroplast and one or multiple nuclei. The chloroplast contains a single pyrenoid surrounded by a starch envelope. The cell envelope may thicken with age
Chlorococcaceae
Genus of algae
which is band-shaped and may be variously lobed; there are one to five pyrenoids covered in a starch sheath. Chlamydopodium reproduces asexually via biflagellate
Chlamydopodium
Single-celled algae with silica cell walls
wall at the distal ends of the raphe Frustule; hard and porous cell wall Pyrenoid; center of carbon fixation Plastid membranes (4, secondary red) Inner membranes
Diatom
Genus of unicellular flagellate eukaryotes
presence of pyrenoids is used as an identifying feature of the genus, separating it from other euglenoids, such as Lepocinclis and Phacus. Pyrenoids may be
Euglena
Species of alga
in diameter. The cell contains one central chloroplast that has a naked pyrenoid, ribosomes, starch grains, and numerous small grana stacks composed of
Chlamydomonas_nivalis
Genus of algae
are parallel to the long axis of the cell. At the strand junctions are pyrenoids, covered in starch plates. Cells of Oedogonium also contain Golgi bodies
Oedogonium
Genus of algae
coccoid. Cells contain a single parietal, lobed chloroplast with or without pyrenoids, as well as oil droplets and carbohydrates. The species Phyllosiphon arisari
Phyllosiphon
Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis and store starch
and hornworts may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain pyrenoids. In reproducing, most plants inherit their plastids from only one parent
Plastid
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
red) Thylakoids, site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Pyrenoid, center of carbon fixation Trichocyst Alveolus, surface cavity or pit Thecal
Dinoflagellate
Genus of algae
prevented from fusing to itself by the cell membrane. The chloroplast lacks a pyrenoid, but cells still produce paramylon grains; two of them are present between
Cryptoglena
Clade of algae
and large Golgi body. The chloroplast has two membranes and may have a pyrenoid. The chloroplast contains chlorophyll a and b. It belongs to Prasinodermophyta
Palmophyllophyceae
Family of algae
defining features of this family include the single invagination of the pyrenoid where the mitochondrial membrane fits into it and the "decapore" - a ring
Pseudoscourfieldiaceae
Species of alga
forked tips. Each semi-cell has a single massive chloroplast, with many pyrenoids mostly in the midregions. Micrasterias furcata is highly variable, with
Micrasterias_furcata
Genus of algae
base, an eyespot, and a large cup-shaped chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid. The colonies co-ordinate their flagellar movement to create a rolling
Pandorina
Genus of algae
ellipsoidal or irregularly spherical. The chloroplast is cup-shaped, lacking a pyrenoid. Poloidion reproduces mainly by producing two autospores; it may also produce
Poloidion
Genus of algae
cylindrical, with one nucleus and a parietal chloroplast with one to several pyrenoids. One or several setae may emerge from the upper surface of a cell; they
Aphanochaete
Genus of algae
single chloroplast with a pyrenoid. Mature cells have numerous angular chloroplasts that are parietal, with one or several pyrenoids. Distinguishing Planktosphaeria
Planktosphaeria
Genus of algae
with one nucleus) and contains one parietal chloroplast, each with a pyrenoid. Neodesmus reproduces asexually by forming autospores; two spores are produced
Neodesmus
Species of alga
length and a single, cup-like chloroplast that often contains a central pyrenoid. The chloroplast can hold large amounts of β-carotene, which makes it appear
Dunaliella_salina
Species of alga
six contractile vacuoles, a parietal chloroplast with several minute pyrenoids, a small red stigma. Nutrition is holophytic.[citation needed] Asexual
Volvox_globator
Genus of algae
single nucleus and several numerous chloroplasts, in most species with pyrenoids. Pterosperma divides asexually in the phycoma stage, forming a large number
Halosphaera
Order of algae
Morphological features include a single stellate, axial chloroplast with a central pyrenoid. The ultrastructure of Prasiolales is unique and includes cells with four
Prasiolales
Genus of algae
base. Each cell contains a parietal, net-like chloroplast with several pyrenoids. The cell wall is made of cellulose and is very rigid, and is covered
Bulbochaete
Genus of algae
containing one pyrenoid. Two similar genera are Westellopsis and Coccoidesmus. Westellopsis differs in having chloroplasts without pyrenoids and usually
Westella
Species of marine chlorophyte green alga
chloroplast is hood-shaped and placed to one side, generally with only one pyrenoid. The species may be 10–30 centimetres (3.9–11.8 in) long and 6–18 millimetres
Ulva_intestinalis
Family of algae
family is characterized by traits like net-like chloroplasts without pyrenoids, cell walls with plasmodesmata and cytokinesis by production of a phragmoplast
Trentepohliaceae
Class of green algae
Oedogonium). In many species, there may be one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids (central proteinaceous body covered with a starch sheath) that are localised
Chlorophyceae
Genus of algae
perpendicularly to the disc. The chloroplast is parietal and contains a pyrenoid. Cells contain Asexual reproduction occurs by the formation of two to eight
Chaetopeltis
Genus of green algae
flagella. Cells also contain a single cup-shaped chloroplast with a basal pyrenoid. Although Tetrabaena possess an eyespot, it does not appear to function
Tetrabaena
Genus of algae
thereof). Cells have one chloroplast filling the cell, each with a single pyrenoid. Although Monactinus was first described by August Carl Joseph Corda in
Monactinus
Genus of algae
cup-shaped plastid that takes up the majority of the cell. Its large pyrenoid, which sits in the centre of the chloroplast, is another defining feature
Dunaliella
Genus of single-celled organisms
a nucleus with nucleolus, a double lobed, four membraned plastid with pyrenoid, a nucleomorph closely associated with the plastid, mitochondria, Golgi
Guillardia
Group of cercozoans
through a pore of the cell wall (CW) from a walled amoeboid cell. Py: pyrenoid. Scale bar = 10 μm Binary and quaternary cell divisions of Lotharella globosa
Chlorarachniophyte
Class of algae
one to three mitochondria, a nucleus, a vacuole, and floridean starch. Pyrenoids are absent. Most are extremophiles inhabiting acid hot springs with a
Cyanidiophyceae
Genus of algae
nucleus with a single parietal chloroplast and one to several pyrenoids, but the pyrenoid may be difficult to detect without staining. Asexual reproduction
Schizochlamydella
Species of single-celled organism
(spoon-shaped) ends pointing outward and narrow inner ends containing visible pyrenoids (structures involved in carbon fixation). An asymmetrically placed cell
Attheya_arenicola
Genus of algae
phycomata contain a single nucleus and several chloroplasts, each with a pyrenoid. Pterosperma divides asexually in the phycoma stage, forming a large number
Pterosperma
Genus of algae
size and shape of cells, number of chloroplasts, presence or absence of pyrenoids, and the morphology of the mucilaginous envelope. Some species exhibit
Oocystis
Family of algae
spherical, ellipsoidal, or ovoid with a chloroplast with or without a pyrenoid. Reproduction occurs exclusively asexually by the formation of autospores
Botryococcaceae
Genus of protists
tabulation series. For instance, H. pygmaea has two pyrenoids in one cell. In H. circularisquama, the pyrenoid is located in the hypotheca, whereas in H. illdefina
Heterocapsa
Genus of algae
net-like structures. Cells contain one parietal chloroplast, containing one pyrenoid. Desmodesmus species usually produce colonies of more than one cell, but
Desmodesmus
Genus of algae
contains one nucleus and a single parietal chloroplast, each with one pyrenoid. When mature, cultures may form a deep red color due to the presence of
Coelastrella
Species of single-celled algae
lens-shaped; at the center of each chloroplast is a pyrenoid with two starch sheaths surrounding the pyrenoid (i.e. double-sheathed). The cell also has numerous
Euglena_gracilis
Genus of algae
chloroplast is present in each cell, girdle- or band-shaped, lacking a pyrenoid. Reproduction occurs asexually via the vegetative division (mitosis) of
Raphidonema_(alga)
Species of hornwort
possess, such as their symbiotic relationship with nostoc and their use of pyrenoids to enhance photosynthesis. Anthoceros agrestis grows as a thin, dark green
Anthoceros_agrestis
Genus of algae
Euglena, and are metabolic with parietal, lobed chloroplasts each with a pyrenoid, and monomorphic, small paramylon grains. In its typical sessile phase
Colacium
Genus of algae
rhizoids that can attach to other filaments. Each chloroplast has many pyrenoids. Aegagropila is morphologically similar to, and sometimes indistinguishable
Aegagropila
Species of hornwort
cells is that each contains a single large chloroplast with a central pyrenoid (a protein structure involved in carbon fixation). On its underside, the
Phaeoceros_carolinianus
Genus of algae
(called semicells). Each semicell has a single chloroplast with a central pyrenoid. The nucleus is at the isthmus where the two semicells are joined. Reproduction
Sphaerozosma
Genus of algae
cell wall is smooth. Cells contain a single parietal chloroplast with a pyrenoid, and a central nucleus. It reproduces by forming zoospores with two flagella
Lanceola
Genus of algae
pigments, a single pyrenoid and contractile vacuoles located inside the cytoplasm. Additionally, starch grains can be seen covering the pyrenoid and the walls
Tetraspora
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