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Lowest energy state in quantum chromodynamics
The QCD vacuum is the quantum vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a non-perturbative vacuum state, characterized by non-vanishing
QCD_vacuum
Theory of the strong nuclear interactions
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons. Quarks are fundamental
Quantum_chromodynamics
Space that is empty of matter
electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, denoted as QCD vacuum. QED vacuum is a state
Vacuum
Quantum state with the lowest possible energy
chromodynamics (or QCD) is the portion of the Standard Model that deals with strong interactions, and the QCD vacuum is the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics
Quantum_vacuum_state
Topics referred to by the same term
Quantum vacuum may also refer to: Ground state, the state of lowest energy of a quantum system Quantum chromodynamic vacuum (QCD vacuum), the vacuum in the
Quantum vacuum (disambiguation)
Quantum_vacuum_(disambiguation)
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
vacuum) or the QCD vacuum which deals with quantum chromodynamics (e.g., color charge interactions between quarks, gluons and the vacuum). A vacuum can
Zero-point_energy
Lowest energy state in quantum electrodynamics
QED vacuum is converted to classical vacuum; that is, the vacuum of classical electromagnetism. Another field-theoretic vacuum is the QCD vacuum of the
QED_vacuum
Random change in the energy inside a volume
In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount
Quantum_fluctuation
Hypothetical phases of matter
Quark matter or QCD matter (quantum chromodynamic matter) refers to any of a number of hypothetical phases of matter built from quarks and gluons, of
QCD_matter
State of matter
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD) the chiral condensate is also called the quark condensate. This property of the QCD vacuum is partly responsible for giving
Fermionic_condensate
Property of the QCD vacuum
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gluon condensate is a non-perturbative property of the QCD vacuum which could be partly responsible for giving masses
Gluon_condensate
Gauge boson self-energy due to interactions with virtual particles
Virtual particles QED vacuum QCD vacuum Schwinger limit Schwinger effect Uehling potential Vacuum birefringence Nonoblique correction Vacuum polarization affecting
Vacuum_polarization
Device that controls current between electrodes
A vacuum tube, vac tube, electron tube, thermionic valve (British usage), or tube (North America) is a device that controls electric current flow in a
Vacuum_tube
Quantum chromodynamics on a lattice
Lattice QCD is a well-established non-perturbative approach to solving the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) theory of quarks and gluons. It is a lattice gauge
Lattice_QCD
Phenomenon in quantum chromodynamics
classical solutions do not take into account non-trivial properties of QCD vacuum. Therefore, the significance of such full gluonic screening solutions
Color_confinement
Subatomic particle with positive charge
in a proton, as compared to the rest energy of the quarks alone in the QCD vacuum, accounts for almost 99% of the proton's mass. The rest mass of a proton
Proton
German-American theoretical physicist
the vacuum structure of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the presence of strong fields; study of the QCD vacuum structure
Johann_Rafelski
Concept in philosophy and early physics
Inertia Lamb shift QCD vacuum QED vacuum Quantum fluctuation Quantum vacuum state Spontaneous emission Vacuum Vacuum permittivity Vacuum Rabi oscillation
Horror_vacui_(philosophy)
Non-perturbative technique in quantum chromodynamics
The former are calculated using QCD perturbation theory, whereas the latter are parametrized in terms of universal vacuum condensates or light-cone distribution
QCD_sum_rules
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
decay constant is determined by the topological susceptibility of the QCD vacuum. An axion with mass that is much less than 60 keV/c2 is long-lived and
Dark_matter
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
chromodynamics, QCD), to which many contributed, acquired its modern form in 1973–74 when asymptotic freedom was proposed (a development that made QCD the main
Standard_Model
confinement in any non-abelian gauge theory? The QCD vacuum: Many of the equations in non-perturbative QCD are currently unsolved. These energies are the
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Solitons in Euclidean spacetime
vacuum structure of a physical system. This may have important consequences, for example, in the theory of "axions" where the non-trivial QCD vacuum effects
Instanton
Hypothetical elementary particle
Gerard 't Hooft, strong interactions of the Standard Model, QCD, possess a non-trivial vacuum structure that in principle permits violation of the combined
Axion
Physical process transitioning a system from a symmetric state to a more ordered state
Jacobi ellipsoids instead of the Maclaurin spheroids. Higgs mechanism QCD vacuum 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers Heylighen, Francis (2023). "Entanglement
Symmetry_breaking
Phenomenon in particle physics
QCD where quarks are confined within the baryon and meson particles that are observed in the laboratory (see Quantum chromodynamics). A static vacuum
Chiral_symmetry_breaking
Simple potential between quarks
reproduced the Cornell potential using the AdS/QCD correspondence or light front holography. Color confinement QCD vacuum Eichten, E.; Gottfried, K.; Kinoshita
Cornell_potential
Most basic type of physical force
properties of many low-lying hadrons directly from QCD, with only a few extra parameters to describe the vacuum. In 1980, Kenneth G. Wilson published computer
Fundamental_interaction
Supersymmetric generalization of quantum chromodynamics
In theoretical physics, super QCD is a supersymmetric gauge theory which resembles quantum chromodynamics (QCD) but contains additional particles and interactions
Super_QCD
Type of Yang–Mills instanton
expected that BPST-like instantons play an important role in the vacuum structure of QCD. Instantons are indeed found in lattice calculations. The first
BPST_instanton
Topics referred to by the same term
things represented by "nothing" Vacuum Vacuum solution (general relativity) Quantum vacuum state QED vacuum QCD vacuum Quantum fluctuation Bubble of nothing
Nothing_(disambiguation)
Parameter describing the strength of a force
= 1 {\displaystyle c=1} , ℏ = 1 {\displaystyle \hbar =1} ), like in QED, QCD, and the weak interaction, the theory is renormalizable and all the terms
Coupling_constant
Russian theoretical physicist
so-called BPST instanton which, in turn, led to the discovery of the vacuum angle in QCD. His path integral formulation of string theory had profound and
Alexander Polyakov (physicist)
Alexander_Polyakov_(physicist)
Elementary particle that mediates the strong force
interaction, gluons bind quarks into groups according to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), forming hadrons such as protons and neutrons. Gluons carry the color charge
Gluon
Now-discarded theory in particle physics
mechanism to solve the strong CP problem. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) has a complicated vacuum structure which gives rise to a CP violating θ-term in the Lagrangian
Peccei–Quinn_theory
Property of gauge theories in particle physics
charge, one sees less and less of the effect of the vacuum, and the effective charge increases. In QCD the same thing happens with virtual quark-antiquark
Asymptotic_freedom
Type of topological defects in the Yang–Mills vacuum
vortices are line-like topological defects that exist in the vacuum of Yang–Mills theory and QCD. There is evidence in lattice simulations that they play
Center_vortex
Mathematics of a particle physics model
well as the charged fermions via the photon. The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sector defines the interactions between quarks and gluons, with SU(3) symmetry
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
System of interacting nucleons
drop model, which includes surface effects and Coulomb interactions. QCD vacuum – Lowest energy state in quantum chromodynamics Quark–gluon plasma – State
Nuclear_matter
Hypothetical collection of stable heavy nuclides
Chen, Ting-Kuo (2025), Excluding Stable Quark Matter: Insights from the QCD Vacuum Energy, arXiv:2502.20241 Bai, Yang; Chen, Ting-Kuo (2026), "Approaching
Continent_of_stability
Topics referred to by the same term
system of fermions Gluon condensate, a non-perturbative property of the QCD vacuum Color-glass condensate, an extreme type of matter theorized to exist in
Condensate
Theoretical transistor
A nanoscale vacuum-channel transistor (NVCT) is a transistor in which the electron transport medium is a vacuum, much like a vacuum tube. In a traditional
Nanoscale vacuum-channel transistor
Nanoscale_vacuum-channel_transistor
American physicist
the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. M. Shifman, ed. (1992). Vacuum Structure and QCD Sum Rules. Amsterdam: North Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-89745-9. Shifman
Mikhail_Shifman
Classification scheme of hadrons
exotic mesons and exotic baryons Quantum chromodynamics, flavor, the QCD vacuum Gell-Mann, M. (4 January 1964). "A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons"
Quark_model
Hungarian-German physicist (born 1964)
2021 (593), 51. Leading-order hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon magnetic moment from lattice QCD.arXiv:2002.12347 A Boccaletti, S Borsanyi
Zoltan_Fodor_(physicist)
Meson particles which do not fit into the quark model
Exotic hadrons and exotic baryons Quantum chromodynamics, flavor, and the QCD vacuum GlueX, an experiment which will explore the spectrum of glueballs and
Exotic_meson
Species of elementary particle
current quark masses in QCD. Even if quarks are massless, chiral flavour symmetry can be spontaneously broken if the vacuum of the theory contains a
Flavour_(particle_physics)
Single-grid amplifying vacuum tube having three active electrodes
A triode is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube (or thermionic valve in British English) consisting of three electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope:
Triode
Technique in computational quantum field theory
associated in the instant form with quark and gluon condensates in the QCD vacuum. However, these effects become properties of the hadron wave functions
Light-front computational methods
Light-front_computational_methods
Model of mesons in the massless quark limit
{\text{SU}}(2)_{V}\ ,} by the QCD vacuum. That is, it is realized nonlinearly, in the Nambu–Goldstone mode: The QV annihilate the vacuum, but the QA do not! This
Chiral_model
Attempted model to explain color confinement
superconductor models of color confinement. Lecture notes in physics. Vol. 639. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-20718-4. QCD vacuum Maximum Abelian gauge v t e
Dual_superconductor_model
Millennium Prize Problem
Hence it is the simplest nontrivial constructive QFT in 4 dimensions. (QCD is a more complicated theory because it involves quarks.) At the level of
Yang–Mills existence and mass gap
Yang–Mills_existence_and_mass_gap
Type of vacuum tube; early radio detector
valve, also called the Fleming oscillation valve, is a thermionic valve or vacuum tube invented in 1904 by English physicist John Ambrose Fleming as a detector
Fleming_valve
Quantum field theory on a lattice
after renormalization. The articles on lattice gauge theory and lattice QCD explore these issues in greater detail. Fermion doubling Creutz, M., Quarks
Lattice_field_theory
Question of why quantum chromodynamics does seem to not break CP-symmetry
which brings up the following quandary: why does quantum chromodynamics (QCD) seem to preserve CP-symmetry? In particle physics, CP stands for the combination
Strong_CP_problem
Theory of quantum gauge fields on a lattice
of elementary particles: quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and particle physics' Standard Model. Non-perturbative gauge theory calculations
Lattice_gauge_theory
Extremely sensitive solid-state photodetector
are practically independent of external magnetic fields, in contrast to vacuum PMTs Afterpulsing probability (3-30%), defined as probability of spurious
Silicon_photomultiplier
ISBN 90-5199-465-6. LCCN 98-75485. Negele, J.W. (1999). "Instantons, the QCD vacuum, and hadronic physics". Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements. 73
John_W._Negele
American physicist
gluon field configurations that dominate the confining condensate in the QCD vacuum, a search that continues to this day.[citation needed] Ken Johnson was
Kenneth_Alan_Johnson
Type of electrode used in vacuum tubes
usually called anode in Britain, is a type of electrode that forms part of a vacuum tube. It is usually made of sheet metal, connected to a wire which passes
Plate_electrode
Perturbative analysis of quantum field theories
momentum integral associated with each flavor cycle. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is an SU(3) gauge theory involving gluons and quarks. The left-handed quarks
1/N_expansion
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
propagation of matter or information faster than the speed of light in vacuum (c). The special theory of relativity implies that only particles with zero
Faster-than-light
Fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales
to understand it". Vice. Retrieved 24 October 2019. See Derek Leinweber's QCD animations of spacetime foam, as exhibited in Wilczek lecture. Wheeler, John
Quantum_foam
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over
Transistor
Visual indicator of the amplitude of an electronic signal
indicator, in technical literature called an electron-ray indicator tube, is a vacuum tube which gives a visual indication of the amplitude of an electronic signal
Magic_eye_tube
Two-terminal electronic component
arsenide and germanium are also used. The obsolete thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons
Diode
Electronic detecting or amplifying vacuum tube
The Audion is an electronic detecting or amplifying vacuum tube invented by American electrical engineer Lee de Forest as a diode in 1906. Improved, it
Audion
American physicist
Computational Theoretical Physics. He is notable for his research in Lattice QCD. Norman Christ graduated as salutatorian with a B.A. in physics from Columbia
Norman_Christ
Gas-filled tube used as a high-speed switch
current to flow between the cathode and anode electrodes. The vacuum version is called a vacuum krytron, or sprytron. The krytron was one of the earliest
Krytron
Specialized vacuum tube
nine active electrodes. The term most commonly applies to a seven-grid vacuum tube, also sometimes called an enneode. An example was the EQ80/UQ80, which
Nonode
Electronic numeric display device
added to reduce cathode poisoning and sputtering. Although it resembles a vacuum tube in appearance, its operation does not depend on thermionic emission
Nixie_tube
Process by which hadrons are formed
transformation of quark-gluon plasma into hadrons is studied in lattice QCD numerical simulations, which are explored in relativistic heavy-ion experiments
Hadronization
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
direction of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and
Rectifier
Type of massless subatomic particle
only states that there exist non-vacuum states with arbitrarily small energies. Take for example a chiral N = 1 super QCD model with a nonzero squark VEV
Goldstone_boson
Quantization procedure in quantum field theory
QCD from the fundamental quark and gluon interactions of QCD. This factorization procedure can be carried out systematically since the effective QCD running
Light-front quantization applications
Light-front_quantization_applications
Particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, USA
which is very close to the expected QCD phase transition value of approximately 170 MeV obtained by lattice QCD calculations (see e.g. Karsch). While
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider
Pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions
Enhancement mode, P‑channel MOSFET Vacuum tube diode Vacuum tube triode Vacuum tube tetrode (pin letters not part of symbol) Vacuum tube pentode For multiple pole
Electronic_symbol
Discrete device in an electronic system
Penetron (a 2 colour see-through CRT) A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum (see Vacuum tube). Diode or rectifier tube Amplification
Electronic_component
Vacuum tube used for amplifying radio waves
The inductive output tube (IOT) or klystrode is a variety of linear-beam vacuum tube, similar to a klystron, used as a power amplifier for high frequency
Inductive_output_tube
Quantum field giving rise to gluons
symmetry in quantum mechanics). These matrices play an important role in QCD as QCD is a gauge theory of the SU(3) gauge group obtained by taking the color
Gluon_field
Late vacuum tube design designed to compete with transistors
The nuvistor is a type of vacuum tube announced by RCA in 1959. Nuvistors were made to compete with the then-new bipolar junction transistors, and were
Nuvistor
Second-rank tensor in quantum chromodynamics
quantum field theory (QFT) to describe it is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks interact with each other by the strong force due to their color
Gluon_field_strength_tensor
Vacuum tube used to display images
A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams, which are directed and controlled to display
Cathode_ray_tube
Particle physics experiment
new particles. However, utilization of modern lattice QCD techniques in data-driven hadron vacuum polarization calculations since 2020 have resulted in
Muon_g-2
High-frequency pentode tube
pentode designed in 1938 by Philips. It was a landmark in the development of vacuum tube technology, departing from construction techniques that were largely
EF50
Light-sensitive gas-filled or vacuum tube
A phototube or photoelectric cell is a type of gas-filled or vacuum tube that is sensitive to light. Such a tube is more correctly called a 'photoemissive
Phototube
Microwave signal amplifier
traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA, pronounced "tweeta") is a specialized vacuum tube that is used in electronics to amplify radio frequency (RF) signals
Traveling-wave_tube
Rule forbidding the coherence of certain states
sector. Chiral quark condensate Consider the global flavour symmetry of QCD in the chiral limit where the masses of the quarks are zero. This is not
Superselection
Theorem in quantum mechanics
heuristic results they report on. For example, asymptotic structure (cf. QCD jets) is a specific calculation in strong agreement with experiment, but
Haag's_theorem
Component of an atomic nucleus
fundamental equations become too difficult to solve directly (see lattice QCD). Instead, nuclides are studied within nuclear physics, which studies nucleons
Nucleon
Q-Spoil Q-ball Q-switching QCD matter QCD string QCD sum rules QCD vacuum QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter QED vacuum QMAP QMC@Home QMR effect
Index_of_physics_articles_(Q)
Physics theory about the origin of mass
generated by the strong nuclear force, described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Inside protons and neutrons, quarks are permanently confined by gluons
Mass_generation
Gas-filled tube, electrical switch, rectifier
rectifier. Thyratrons can handle much greater currents than similar hard-vacuum tubes. Electron multiplication occurs when the gas becomes ionized, producing
Thyratron
Extension of quantum field theory to curved spacetime
Killing vector, there is no way to define a vacuum or ground state canonically. The concept of a vacuum is not invariant under diffeomorphisms. This
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
Quantum_field_theory_in_curved_spacetime
Frequency mixer of a superhet radio
The pentagrid converter is a type of radio receiving valve (vacuum tube) with five grids used as the frequency mixer stage of a superheterodyne radio receiver
Pentagrid_converter
Family of particles of increasing spin
kinematic regimes from perturbative calculations in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), but its relationship to the pomeron seen in soft high energy scattering
Pomeron
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
is now fairly well understood, the phenomenon of confinement realized in QCD, where the strong interactions get rid of the massless "gluon" states at
Higgs_boson
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
amplify was the triode vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, which led to the first amplifiers around 1912. Vacuum tubes were used in almost
Amplifier
Fast, high sensitivity, low noise electronic photon detector
electromagnetic spectrum. They are members of the class of vacuum tubes, more specifically vacuum phototubes. These detectors multiply the current produced
Photomultiplier_tube
Branch of particle physics concerning interactions between two photons
is created, it involves both QED and perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The intrinsic quark content of the photon is described by the photon structure
Two-photon_physics
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