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Conversion of an optically active chemical compound into an inactive form
In chemistry, racemization is a conversion, by heat or by chemical reaction, of an optically active compound into a racemic (optically inactive) form
Racemization
Flowers on short stalks along the stem
A raceme (/reɪˈsiːm, rə-/) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots
Raceme
Mixture with equal amounts of left- and right-handed chiral isomers
(same as optical isomerism) Descriptor (chemistry) Racemic (protein) crystallography Racemization Skeletal formula § Stereochemistry which describes how
Racemic_mixture
Paleontological dating technique
interconversion reaction. The racemization rate of aspartic acid varies with small changes in temperature, while valine's racemization rate is less temperature
Amino_acid_dating
Stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other
undergo "umbrella inversion" at room temperature, leading to racemization. If the racemization is fast enough, the molecule can often be treated as an achiral
Enantiomer
Chemical compound
(HOAt) is a triazole used as a peptide coupling reagent. It suppresses racemization that can otherwise occur during the reaction. HOAt has a melting point
1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole
Methods for estimating a realistic date for an event or object
(v.3 - Jan 2020), retrieved 2020-07-31 J L Bada (1985). "Amino Acid Racemization Dating of Fossil Bones". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Chronological_dating
Method of archaeological dating
a value near 0 towards an equilibrium value near 1, a process called racemization. Thus, measuring the ratio of D to L in a sample enables one to estimate
Chronometric_dating
Dry spikelet or spikelet cluster of some grasses
A foxtail is a spikelet or cluster of a grass, that serves to disperse its seeds as a unit. Thus, the foxtail is a type of diaspore or plant dispersal
Foxtail_(diaspore)
Chemical compound
the racemization is 14.5 min. at 50 °C. Substituted derivatives of this parent species, e.g. binaphthol, exhibit much higher barriers to racemization. Pu
1,1'-Binaphthyl
Chemical compound
(pKa 4.60) and suppresses base catalyzed side reactions, in particular racemization. Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is obtained in the reaction of ethyl
Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate
Ethyl_cyanohydroxyiminoacetate
Method of separating enantiomers in a racemic mixture by reaction rate
energy than the transition states for hydrogenation, resulting in rapid racemization and high yields of a single enantiomer of the product. The enantiomers
Kinetic_resolution
Central nervous system stimulant
pharmaceutical was Benzedrine. Pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine
Amphetamine
Amino acid
actually predominate in some commercial supplement preparations. Amino acid racemization in aqueous media is a well-established chemical process promoted by elevated
Theanine
Botanical term for a cluster of flowers
compound raceme Melilotus officinalis (homoeothetic compound raceme) Heterothetic compound raceme Veronica albicans (heterothetic compound raceme) Compound
Inflorescence
Racemic crystallography is a technique used in structural biology where crystals of a protein molecule are developed from an equimolar mixture of an L-protein
Racemic_crystallography
Central nervous system stimulant
Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Chemical compound
peptide synthesis. It was introduced in 1978 and shows resistance against racemization. It is used because of its mild activating properties. HBTU (O-Benzotriazol-1-yl-N
HBTU
Plant species in the mint family
Nepeta racemosa, the dwarf catnip or raceme catnip, syn. N. mussiniii, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Caucasus
Nepeta_racemosa
Chemical compound
reagent used in peptide synthesis. It shows remarkable resistance to racemization. Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH, a commercially available amino acid building block
DEPBT
Chemical compound
crystal). Anhydrous HOBt is explosive. It is mainly used to suppress the racemization and to improve the efficiency of peptide synthesis. Automated peptide
Hydroxybenzotriazole
Racemic acid is an old name for an optically inactive or racemic form of tartaric acid. It is an equal mixture of two mirror-image isomers (enantiomers)
Racemic_acid
Species of legume
axillary, not terminal, racemes. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with nine to 21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the
Styphnolobium_japonicum
Pharmaceutical compound
Non-racemic MDMA, also known by the developmental code names ALA-002 and AM-1002, are non-racemic mixtures of the MDMA (midomafetamine; "ecstasy") enantiomers
Non-racemic_MDMA
Opioid analgesic drug
It is the "left-handed" (levorotatory) stereoisomer of racemorphan, the racemic mixture of the two stereoisomers with differing pharmacology. The "right-handed"
Levorphanol
Reproductive structure in flowering plants
Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte
Flower
Production of peptides
activation opens the possibility for racemization of the activated amino acid. Racemization can be circumvented with 'racemization suppressing' additives such
Peptide_synthesis
Compound
N-Acetyl-L-Leucine Identifiers CAS Number Racemic: 99-15-0 Y S (−): 1188-21-2 Y R (+): 19764-30-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Racemic: Interactive image Beilstein Reference
Acetylleucine
Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy
than (S)-MDMA or racemic MDMA. However, this proved not to be the case in a direct clinical comparison of (R)-MDMA, (S)-MDMA, and racemic MDMA, with equivalent
MDMA
Chemical compound
(R)-(−)-ketamine, is the (R)-(−) enantiomer of ketamine. Similarly to racemic ketamine and esketamine, the (S)-(+) enantiomer of ketamine, arketamine
Arketamine
Conversion of an enantiomer to its mirror image
Epimerization (Racemization): The enzyme epimerase 2-arylpropionic-CoA changes the (R)-thioester to the (S)-thioester. This process is called "racemization" or "epimerization
Chiral_inversion
Dissociative anesthetic and anti-depressant
discovered in 2000, marking a major breakthrough in depression treatment. Racemic ketamine, especially at higher doses, may be more effective and longer-lasting
Ketamine
Transformation of the chemical structure of a molecule or ion
Cope rearrangements of bullvalene or the Ray-Dutt/Bailar twists for the racemization of octahedral complexes with three bidentate chelate rings (helical chirality)
Isomerization
Medication
terms of NMDA receptor antagonism and is more potent than racemic ketamine. However, racemic ketamine may produce larger and more sustained antidepressant
Esketamine
Nicotine analogue and trace alkaloid
A. Research Center (Richmond, Virginia) mapped reaction pathways and racemization behaviour for organometallic methylations of nicotine and nicotine N-oxide
6-Methylnicotine
Botanical term for highly-branched flower clusters
(having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are often racemes. A panicle may have determinate or indeterminate growth. This type of inflorescence
Panicle
Chemical compound
of acylamino acids with amino acid esters in high yield and without racemization. It is also an irreversible dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker in vitro
N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline
N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline
Attrition-enhanced deracemization
amplification in a prebiotic world. Crystallization Racemic mixture Chiral symmetry breaking Racemization Ostwald ripening Solubility equilibrium Chiral resolution
Viedma_ripening
Chemical compound
organometallic reactions. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is usually produced as a racemic mixture. 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is usually synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
structures have been observed. More exotic manipulations do occur, such as racemization of L-amino acids to D-amino acids in platypus venom. Nonribosomal peptides
Peptide
SSRI antidepressant
"A comparison of brain and serum pharmacokinetics of R-fluoxetine and racemic fluoxetine: A 19-F MRS study". Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (8): 1576–1583
Fluoxetine
Central nervous system stimulant
d-isomer. Methylphenidate was originally available as an immediate-release racemic mixture formulation under the Novartis brand name Ritalin, although a variety
Methylphenidate
Chemical mechanism for isomerization
The Bailar twist is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically
Bailar_twist
Central nervous system stimulant prodrug
contains both dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine at a 3:1 ratio, or racemic mixtures like Evekeo and the presently discontinued Benzedrine which are
Lisdexamfetamine
Life arising from non-living matter
catalyst, they are formed in a 50/50 (racemic) mixture of both forms. Non-racemic mixtures can arise from racemic materials by asymmetric physical laws
Abiogenesis
Active form of vitamin B6
transamination reactions, and in certain decarboxylation, deamination, and racemization reactions of amino acids. The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base
Pyridoxal_phosphate
Terpene hydrocarbon
dehydrogenation to p-cymene. Limonene occurs commonly as the (R)-enantiomer, but racemizes at 300 °C. When warmed with mineral acid, limonene isomerizes to the conjugated
Limonene
Organic acid found in many fruits
original (PDF) on 2012-09-06. "Lecture 28: Stereochemical Nomenclature; Racemization and Resolution | CosmoLearning Chemistry". CosmoLearning. W, T, Astbury
Tartaric_acid
Genus of flowering plants
flowers with five horizontally spreading lobes, the flowers in umbels or racemes, and spindle-shaped or cylindrical to oval follicles containing flattened
Hoya_(plant)
Chemical compound
reagent, after W. Wallace Cleland. The reagent is commonly used in its racemic form. Its name derives from the four-carbon sugar, threose. DTT has an
Dithiothreitol
Chemistry
chirality of the acetate center at a rate fast enough to ensure complete racemization. When this is achieved the CALB enzyme selectively hydrolyzes the (R)
Dynamic kinetic resolution in asymmetric synthesis
Dynamic_kinetic_resolution_in_asymmetric_synthesis
Medication which strengthens heart contractions
heart contractility and cardiac output. Dobutamine is administered as a racemic mixture consisting of both (+) and (−) isomers; the (+) isomer is a potent
Dobutamine
Variety of legume
violet, or blue, produced on 15–20 cm racemes before the leaves emerge in spring. The flowers on each raceme open simultaneously before the foliage has
Wisteria_sinensis
Species of flowering plant in the laurel family
flowers thousands of blossoms every year. Avocado blossoms sprout from racemes near the leaf axils; they are small and inconspicuous 5–10 mm (3⁄16–3⁄8 in)
Avocado
Species of edible herb
pinkish flowers are only 2 mm (1⁄16 in) across, clustered in small branched racemes. When consumed raw, cress is a high-nutrient food containing substantial
Garden_cress
Chemical mechanism for isomerization
The Ray–Dutt twist is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically
Ray–Dutt_twist
Chemical compound
receptor antagonist used in China. It is given orally or by injection, as a racemic mixture (racanisodamine) or as a hydrobromide salt of the natural enantiometer
Anisodamine
Species of flowering plant in the rose family
(52 ft) tall, the type species of the subgenus Padus, which have flowers in racemes. It is native to northern Europe and northern and northeast Asia and is
Prunus_padus
Subfamily of legumes
phyllode is found in parkinsonia Inflorescences : Panicle ( raceme of racemes ) or compound raceme, globose, spicate. Aestivation : ascending imbricate Anthers
Caesalpinioideae
Chemical compound
bronchodilator, cardiostimulant, mydriatic, and antiglaucoma agent. It is the racemic form of epinephrine (adrenaline) and is also known as dl-epinephrine and
Racepinefrine
Species of plant
Akebia longeracemosa or long-racemed akebia is a member of the chocolate vine genus, Akebia, and more specifically a relative of the commonly known, Akebia
Akebia_longeracemosa
Genus of vines with lavender or white flowers
flowers have drooping racemes that vary in length from species to species. W. frutescens (American wisteria) has the shortest racemes, 5–7 centimetres (2
Wisteria
Class of drugs
Chiral drugs that are equimolar (1:1) mixture of enantiomers are called racemic drugs and these are devoid of optical rotation. The most commonly encountered
Chiral_drugs
Species of flowering plant
Senega polygama, the racemed milkwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygalaceae, native to eastern Canada and the central and eastern
Senega_polygama
Benzodiazepine medication
glucuronidation capacity, transplacental transfer in parturients and racemization in biological samples". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
Lorazepam
Mood disorder
about their safety, optimal use, and implementation in clinical practice. Racemic ketamine, especially at higher doses, may have greater and more sustained
Major_depressive_disorder
Genus of plants
The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed
Lilium
German chemist (1879–1965)
rationalization of the racemization of isobornyl chloride 1 catalysed by a Lewis acid such as SnCl4. His proposed mechanism for racemization involved a subsequent
Hans_Meerwein
General anaesthetic
generally discouraged. Halothane is a chiral molecule that is used as a racemic mixture. Halothane was discovered in 1951. It was approved for medical
Halothane
Fruit of some plants of the genus Prunus
together (occasionally solitary, e.g. P. serrula; some species with short racemes, e.g. P. maacki), and by having smooth fruit with no obvious groove. Examples
Cherry
Species of tree
It often grows as a hemiepiphyte on other rainforest trees. It produces racemes up to 2 m (6.5 feet) long containing up to 1,000 small red flowers. Flowering
Heptapleurum_actinophyllum
Stalk of a plant bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower
scapes Long, magenta peduncles on an American pokeweed, each supporting a raceme Pedicel (botany) Scape (botany) Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf
Peduncle_(botany)
Wakefulness-promoting medication
Chemically, armodafinil is the enantiopure (R)-(–)-enantiomer of the racemic mixture modafinil (brand name Provigil). Both enantiomers of modafinil
Armodafinil
Branch of geology that studies developments more recent than 2.58 million years ago
These methods include lichenometry, dendrochronology, and amino acid racemization dating. Geoarchaeology Geomorphology Hydrology Neotectonics Palynology
Quaternary_geology
Substitution reaction with a carbocation intermediate
nucleophile may occur from either side to give a racemic product, but actually complete racemization does not take place. This is because the nucleophilic
SN1_reaction
Medication to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease and other conditions
chromatographic methods are available to distinguish esomeprazole from racemic omeprazole. Omeprazole was first made in 1979 by Swedish AB Hässle, part
Omeprazole
Chemical compound
racemate, a 1:1 mixture of the two stereoisomers. Drug forms contain the racemic dihydrochloride.[citation needed] Meclizine is an international nonproprietary
Meclizine
Species of legume
wisteria sports the longest flower racemes of any wisteria; Some of those cultivars can reach 2 m (7 ft) in length. These racemes burst into clustered white,
Wisteria_floribunda
Chemical identifier
Stereoisomers and racemic mixtures are assigned discrete CAS Registry Numbers: L-epinephrine has 51-43-4, D-epinephrine has 150-05-0, and racemic DL-epinephrine
CAS_Registry_Number
Antidepressant medication
from it via the addition of a nitrogen atom in one of the rings. It is a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The (S)-(+)-enantiomer is known as esmirtazapine
Mirtazapine
Infraorder of marine mammals
growth estimates of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) via aspartic acid racemization". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (4): 571–580. Bibcode:1999CaJZ...77
Cetacean
CNS stimulant and isomer of amphetamine
the racemic amphetamine molecule, whereas dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory isomer. Levoamphetamine was first introduced in the form of racemic amphetamine
Levoamphetamine
Chemical compound
comprising mostly L- or racemic citronellol and geraniol, or to mixtures comprising mostly racemic 3,7-dimethyloct-7-en-1-ol and racemic citronellol. Two example
Rhodinol
Genus of plants
packed flowers; in L. alpinum the racemes are 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long, but with the flowers sparsely along the raceme. The fruit develops as a pod and
Laburnum
Transnational drug-trafficking organization
cartels like Sinaloa therefore now mostly consists of a half-and-half (racemic) or at times; uneven mixture of both the L-methamphetamine isomer (which
Sinaloa_Cartel
Organic compound
peptide synthesis where they are used "to block both hydrogens and avoid racemization of the substrates". Alkyl halides can be converted to the N-alkylphthalimide:
Phthalimide
Species of flowering plant
(hairless). The flowers are produced during the second year of growth on a loose raceme. Each flower is attached individually to the flowering stem by a pedicel
Verbascum_blattaria
Type of α-amino acid
organic synthesis, either as a single enantiomer or as a component of the racemic mixture. It does not participate in protein biosynthesis although it is
Phenylalanine
Cough suppressant and dissociative drug
only one of the stereoisomers has the desired effect, the separation of a racemic mixture of hydroxy N- methyl morphinan using tartaric acid and subsequent
Dextromethorphan
Genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family
plants' decorative seedpods. They have hairy toothed leaves and terminal racemes of white or violet flowers in Spring and Summer, followed by prominent
Lunaria
Chemical compound
December 2025[update], it is an emerging illicit drug adulterant. It is a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers, levomedetomidine and dexmedetomidine, the
Medetomidine
Benzodiazepine medication
Yoshioka S, Shibazaki T, Uchiyama M (May 1988). "The kinetics of the racemization of oxazepam in aqueous solution". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Oxazepam
French chemist, pharmacist and microbiologist (1822–1895)
notably on the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals and racemization. Early in his career, his investigation of sodium ammonium tartrate initiated
Louis_Pasteur
Index of chemical compounds with the same molecular formula
2-Pentadiene, two cis-z isomers, CAS 591-95-7 1,3 Pentadiene, CAS 504-60-9 (racemic mixture) cis-1,3-Pentadiene or (Z)-1,3-pentadiene, CAS 1574-41-0 trans-1
C5H8
catalyze the racemization of N-acylamino acids. However, this ability was discovered for commercial reasons, and considering racemization of N-acylamino
O-Succinylbenzoate_synthase
Spice extracted from Vanilla orchids
stigma and self-pollinate the vine. Generally, one flower per raceme opens per day, so the raceme may be in flower for over 20 days. A healthy vine should
Vanilla
Species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae
narrowly ovate–lanceolate. The inflorescence consists of large clusters of racemes which contain small greenish flowers that change to red as they mature
Rumex_obtusifolius
Sympathomimetic agent
ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, and cathinone. It is usually a racemic mixture of the (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-enantiomers of β-hydroxyamphetamine
Phenylpropanolamine
Species of flowering plant
without hairs when young but show hairs when mature and reach 18 mm long on racemes pressed close to the stems. Hedge-mustard is food for the caterpillars
Sisymbrium_officinale
Geometric aspects of ions and molecules affecting their shape and reactivity
responsible for the observed shape of rotaxanes and the low rates of racemization of 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl and binaphthyl derivatives. Because steric
Steric_effects
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION
Girl/Female
Tamil
Malari | மாஂலாரீ
Flower
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Greenery; The Lush Greenery on the Surface of the Earth
Girl/Female
Czechoslovakian
Gift.
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil
King
Girl/Female
Sikh
Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Smooth
Girl/Female
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Traditional
Pearl
Boy/Male
Tamil
Blue eyes boy
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Garland of Love; Type of Plant
Girl/Female
Hindu
She is great, Sweet sound, Pea-hen
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION
RACEMIZATION