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Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
In polymer chemistry, radical polymerization (RP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of a radical to building
Radical_polymerization
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
include emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and precipitation polymerization. Although the polymer dispersity and
Polymerization
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
radical polymerization (ATRP) is an example of a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Like its counterpart, ATRA, or atom transfer radical
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Polymerization mechanism
Chain-growth polymerization (AE) or chain-growth polymerisation (BE) is a polymerization technique where monomer molecules add onto the active site on
Chain-growth_polymerization
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
Reversible-addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT polymerization, RAFT): Degenerate-transfer radical polymerization in which chain activation and chain
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive
dimerization and polymerization. Most organic radicals have short lifetimes. A notable example of a radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO·), a molecule
Radical_(chemistry)
free radical polymerization known as reversibly addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated polymerization. RAFT-mediated polymerization of PTMA
Organic_radical_battery
Polymerization reaction among insoluble monomers in a solution
In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and
Emulsion_polymerization
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester. The
Polymer
Chain polymerization involving cyclic monomers
polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization in which the terminus of a polymer chain attacks cyclic monomers
Ring-opening_polymerization
Method of radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization is a method of radical polymerization that makes use of an nitroxide initiator to generate polymers with well controlled
Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
Nitroxide-mediated_radical_polymerization
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
molecular weight, since free radical polymerization produces relatively disperse polymer chains. Free radical polymerization is less expensive than other
Copolymer
Ability of some chain polymerization reactions to halt themselves
of polymerization that is being used. Free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerizations are among the most common types of addition polymerizations and
Chain_termination
cobalt mediated radical polymerization. About half of all commercial polymers are produced by radical polymerization. Radical polymerization (RP) reactions
Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization
Cobalt-mediated_radical_polymerization
Chemical process
reaction that generates a crosslinked network of polymers through radical polymerization or cationic polymerization. UV curing is adaptable to printing, coating
UV_curing
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
In polymer chemistry, living polymerization is a form of chain growth polymerization where the ability of a growing polymer chain to terminate has been
Living_polymerization
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can
Dispersity
polymerization RDP. Living free radical polymerization is a type of living polymerization where the active polymer chain end is a free radical. Several
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Type of chemical synthesis
polymers in the microreactors. In addition to polycondensation, automated synthesis has been applied to the various methods of radical polymerization
Automated_synthesis
Type of chain polymerization
– sometimes misleadingly called 'free' radical polymerization – is one of the most widely used polymerization processes since it can be applied to a great
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
macromolecule or oligomer (IUPAC). In polymer synthesis, like condensation polymerization and free-radical types of polymerization, end-groups are commonly used
End_group
Chemical compound
batch polymerization at room temperature in THF solvent. This process requires gamma ray irradiation for initiation. Termination of the polymerization requires
Nitroethylene
controlled/living radical polymerization systems such as atom transfer radical polymerization and nitroxide mediated polymerization. Propagating radicals Pn* are
Persistent_radical_effect
Runaway polymerization reaction
In polymer chemistry, autoacceleration (gel effect) is a dangerous reaction behavior that can occur in free-radical polymerization systems. It is due
Autoacceleration
Most common thermoplastic polymer
Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". In Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (eds.). Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts. John Wiley &
Polyethylene
Polymer with a backbone of one composite and random branches of another composite
transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), anionic and cationic polymerizations, and free radical living polymerization
Graft_polymer
Polymerization reaction among monomers suspended in a liquid
Dispersion polymerization Radical polymerization Polymer Polymerization Step-growth polymerization Emulsion polymerization Superabsorbent polymer Slomkowski
Suspension_polymerization
Chemical compound
initialize radical polymerization e.g. in the preparation of acrylate polymers. Under the influence of light the molecule will form radicals which initiate
2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
reactions in the terminal step are important considerations in radical chemistry and polymerization. In some reactions (such as the one shown below) one or both
Radical_disproportionation
Chemical compound and enzyme
such compounds, creating radicals, that start polymerization. HRP-catalysed ATRP provides the level of control over polymerization comparable to the one
Horseradish_peroxidase
Chemical compound
low-density PE. The former is produced by free-radical polymerization and the latter by coordination polymerization (e.g. Ziegler-Natta catalysis.) LDPE is a
Low-density_polyethylene
Chemical compound
N-isopropylacrylamide which is commercially available. It is synthesized via free-radical polymerization and is readily functionalized making it useful in a variety of applications
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
Chemical compound
a reagent in organic synthesis, and as a mediator in controlled radical polymerization. TEMPO was discovered by Lebedev and Kazarnowskii in 1960. It is
TEMPO
Organic addition reaction which involves free radicals
radicals show similar reactivity. The other radical reactions: radical substitution radical polymerization free-radical halogenation McMurry, John; Emeritus
Free-radical_addition
Number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or polymer
{X}}_{w}} . The number-average degree of polymerization is a weighted mean of the degrees of polymerization of polymer species, weighted by the mole fractions
Degree_of_polymerization
Macromolecule involving monomeric sequence-control
elongation. Radical polymerization is one of the most commonly used polymerization methods. About 50% of commercially available polymers are synthesized
Sequence-controlled_polymer
Chemical compound
water-soluble basic monomer that forms quaternizable homopolymers by free-radical polymerization with a variety of vinyl and acrylic monomers. The products are functional
1-Vinylimidazole
Type of battery
conductive, non-conductive, and radical polymers. Batteries with a combination of electrodes (one metal electrode and one polymeric electrode) are easier to
Polymer-based_battery
They are used both to form polymers via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization and prevent their formation as polymerization inhibitors. Various other
Aminoxyl_group
Australian polymer chemist
is an Australian polymer chemist. He is best known for his work in developing Living Radical Polymerization techniques, and polymer banknotes. David Henry
David_Henry_Solomon
Attachment of side chains to the backbone chain of a polymer
thermosets or interpenetrating polymer networks. A dendrimer is a repetitively branched compound. In free radical polymerization, branching occurs when a chain
Branching_(polymer_chemistry)
Japanese chemist (born 1954)
(Macromolecules, 1984; Progress in Polymer Science, 1991). In addition, he realized the world's first living free-radical polymerization by a metal complex and developed
Mitsuo_Sawamoto
Polymers with polar and nonpolar functionalities
coordination/insertion mechanism and radical polymerization. Some disadvantages of this method include the lack of controlled polymerization and the requirement of
Functionalized_polyolefins
Polish-American polymer chemist (born 1950)
best known for the discovery of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), a novel method of polymer synthesis that has revolutionized the way macromolecules
Krzysztof_Matyjaszewski
Anionic polyelectrolyte polymer
acrylate polymer, is usually synthesized through a process known as free radical polymerization, though graft polymerization may also be used. Free radical polymerization
Polyacrylic_acid
reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Cu-based RDRP) is a member of the class of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. In this system, various
Copper-based reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Copper-based_reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Chemical compound
commercially available radical scavenger. It finds use both as a probe for studying radical reactions and as an inhibitor of radical polymerization. It may be synthesized
Galvinoxyl
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization is a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form
Step-growth_polymerization
Method of industrial polymerization
Solution polymerization is a method of industrial polymerization. In this procedure, a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that contains a
Solution_polymerization
Chemical compound
temperature-resistant thermoplastic polymer produced by radical polymerization from the monomer N-vinylcarbazole. It is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for
Polyvinylcarbazole
Relative conformational uniformity of repeating units in a macromolecule
Stereocontrolled polymerizations have been demonstrated with a variety of chain-growth polymerization mechanisms, although stereocontrolled radical and cationic
Tacticity
linked the addition to olefin polymerization. This addition is a step in a protocol known as atom transfer radical polymerization. An example of Kharasch addition
Kharasch_addition
Chemical compound
(kp) during free radical polymerization of methacrylic acid is dependent on the monomer concentration. Using pulsed layer polymerization size-exclusion
Poly(methacrylic_acid)
Subfield of materials science concerned with polymers
Polymer science or macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics and
Polymer_science
Chemical compound
such as cotinine or nicotine. PVP is typically prepared by free radical polymerization of 4-vinylphenol or a protected form of 4-vinylphenol. The protected
Poly(4-vinylphenol)
Chain polymerization in which active centers are ions or ion pairs
alternative to radical polymerization, and may refer to anionic polymerization or cationic polymerization. As with radical polymerization, reactions are
Ionic_polymerization
Highly viscous liquid exhibiting a kind of semi-solid behavior
assumes two contributions of radically different physical origins, one associated with the elastic deformation of the polymer network, and the other with
Gel
Chemical compound
homogeneous free-radical polymerizations. It is used as an initiator in reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). When heated
4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid)
4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoic_acid)
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
lower temperatures. The UCST and LCST of polymer mixtures generally depend on polymer degree of polymerization and polydispersity. The seminal statistical
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
plastic polymers. The major chemical changes are oxidation and chain scission, leading to a reduction in the molecular weight and degree of polymerization of
Polymer_degradation
Chemical compound
C.; Dubois, Ph.; Jérôme, R.; Teyssié, Ph. (1996). "Controlled Radical Polymerization of Methacrylic Monomers in the Presence of a Bis(ortho-chelated)
Butyl_methacrylate
Polymer produced via a condensation reaction
polymerization are chain polymerization and polyaddition, both of which give addition polymers. IUPAC definition Polycondensation: a polymerization in
Condensation_polymer
Temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible
case of polymer solutions, the LCST also depends on polymer degree of polymerization, polydispersity and branching as well as on the polymer's composition
Lower critical solution temperature
Lower_critical_solution_temperature
Synthetic polymer
Mishra, Munmaya; Yagci, Yusuf, eds. (2008). Handbook of Vinyl Polymers: Radical Polymerization, Process, and Technology, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 573–574
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths
advantages of photopolymerization over thermally cured polymerization include higher rates of polymerization and environmental benefits from elimination of volatile
Photopolymer
Type of chain polymerization
of reversible-deactivation polymerization are group-transfer polymerization, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), reversible addition−fragmentation
Reversible-deactivation polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_polymerization
Chemical compound
sequentially – first radical polymerization, then polycondensation or vice versa. Radically produced itaconic anhydride polymers and copolymers can be alkaline
Itaconic_anhydride
Organic compounds of the form R–O–O–R′
esters are invariably produced by radical polymerization with organic peroxides at elevated temperatures. The polymerization rate is adjusted by suitable choice
Organic_peroxides
Behavior of molecules in solvent as encapsulated particles
10-11 seconds. Many manifestations of the cage effect exist. In free radical polymerization, radicals formed from the decomposition of an initiator molecule are
Cage_effect
Form of addition polymerization initiated with anions
anionic polymerization: An ionic polymerization in which the kinetic-chain carriers are anions. In polymer chemistry, anionic addition polymerization is a
Anionic addition polymerization
Anionic_addition_polymerization
Salt or ester of acrylic acid
Pintauer; Krzysztof Matyjaszewski (2001). Functional polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization. Vol. 26. pp. 337–377. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00003-X
Acrylate
Chemical process
can be incorporated into radical polymerization to obtain greater control over the resulting products. Radical polymerization of vinyl monomers, such as
Catalytic_chain_transfer
Chemical compound
converted to hydroxyl radicals (HO•), which initiate radical polymerization, which surrounds the eggs with a protective layer of polymer. The bombardier beetle
Hydrogen_peroxide
Thermoplastic fluoropolymer
easiest way of synthesizing PVDF is the radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VF2), however, the polymerization is not completely regiospecific. The
Polyvinylidene_fluoride
Bonds linking one polymer chain to another
links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural
Cross-link
Chemical compound
Yamashita, Tsuyoshi (2001-10-01). "Chain Transfer to Polymer in Free-Radical Solution Polymerization of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Studied by NMR Spectroscopy"
2-Ethylhexyl_acrylate
Substances which prevent monomers from self-polymerizing
In polymer chemistry, polymerisation inhibitors (US: polymerization inhibitors) are chemical compounds added to monomers to prevent their self-polymerisation
Polymerisation_inhibitor
exothermic process. Radical polymerization Azeotropic distillation Torkelson, John (October 14, 2014). Che 361: Introduction to Polymers (Speech). Northwestern
Composition_drift
fullerene-containing polymers. Polyfullerenes can be prepared via many polymerization mechanisms. Research is mainly focused on photopolymerization, polymerization under
Polyfullerene
Type of hydrogel
preventive applications. A variety of different polymerization methods may be utilized for the synthesis of the polymer chains that make up hydrogels. Their properties
Self-healing_hydrogels
Field of physics that studies polymers
radius of gyration of the polymer, N {\displaystyle N} is the number of bond segments (equal to the degree of polymerization) of the chain and ν {\displaystyle
Polymer_physics
Movement of the active site on one growing polymer chain to another molecule
polymerization. Chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition polymerization including radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization
Chain_transfer
Molecules that can produce radicals and catalyze radical reactions
fluoroalkene polymers are produced in this way. In atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), carbon-halides reversibly generate organic radicals in the presence
Radical_initiator
Soft water-rich polymer gel
photoinitiators will cleave and form free radicals, which will begin a polymerization reaction that forms crosslinks between polymer strands. This reaction will cease
Hydrogel
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Plasma polymerization (or glow discharge polymerization) uses plasma sources to generate a gas discharge that provides energy to activate or fragment gaseous
Plasma_polymerization
Chemical radical
characterization of Bi(II) radicals. These species exhibit diverse reactivity, particularly in bond activation, radical polymerization, and cross-coupling reactions
Organobismuth_radical
Chemical compound
Transfer-living Radical Polymerization Using Fe(0) as Catalyst and Its Absorption Properties After Modification". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry
Polyacrylonitrile
Chemical compound
crosslinking agent. Like other acrylates, it is susceptible free radical polymerization. When used with methyl methacrylate, it leads to gel point at relatively
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Ethylene_glycol_dimethacrylate
Chemical compound
50% maleic anhydride content is also possible. The polymer is formed by a radical polymerization, using an organic peroxide as the initiator. The main
Styrene_maleic_anhydride
widened to controlled/living radical polymerisation, ring-opening polymerization, ring-opening metathesis polymerization and post-functionalization. S
Glycopolymer
British researcher
specialize in the area of polymer and colloid science, with research in nitroxide-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), and obtained
Stefan_Bon
Chemical compound
scheme, 1,3-dehydroadamantane is reacted with acrylonitrile in a radical polymerization initiated with lithium metal in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting alternating
1,3-Dehydroadamantane
Chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions
is called spontaneous polymerization and requires a lot of heat to occur (up to 200 °C). For monomers to initiate and polymerize with the same type of
Initiation_(chemistry)
Living polymerization, the synthesis of polymers with specific architectures becomes more and more facile. Architectures such as star polymers, comb polymers
Polymer_architecture
Copolymer in which the transition between different types of monomer is gradual
transfer radical polymerization and Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization as well as other living polymerization techniques
Gradient_copolymer
polymerisation is a form of polymerization that is catalyzed by transition metal salts and complexes. Coordination polymerization started in the 1950s with
Coordination_polymerization
mechanical properties. The molecular mass of a polymer differs from typical molecules, in that polymerization reactions produce a distribution of molecular
Polymer_characterization
from molecular recognition events in an immunoassay by utilizing a radical polymerization initiated through illumination by light. To contrast between a negative
Photopolymerization-based signal amplification
Photopolymerization-based_signal_amplification
Nanoparticle used for drug delivery
particularly with the amine groups (-NH2) Ionic gelation with radical polymerization takes in a chitosan solution after through the addition of an acid
Chitosan_nanoparticles
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
God's Kindness
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Pleasure
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
One who is Full of Shame
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Veiled; Covered
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil, Traditional
Lover of Krishna; Successful; Prosperous
Boy/Male
Egyptian
Medical.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Wife of Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Australian, Romanian
Renowned Ruler
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Content; Satisfied
Girl/Female
Muslim
Veiled, Covered
Girl/Female
Arabic
Neat
Male
Celtic
, sportive.
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern, Sanskrit
Magical
Girl/Female
Indian
Content, Satisfied
Female
Romanian
Romanian name derived from the Slavic word rod, RODICA means "fertile."
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Lovely tune.
Girl/Female
Muslim
One who is full of shame
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern
Rose
Girl/Female
Arabic, French
Satisfied; Content
Girl/Female
Muslim
Content, Satisfied
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
He who Solves Difficulties
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Guardian of the Hall
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mander 1.English : habitational name from Maund Bryan or Rose Maund in Herefordshire, possibly named in Old English as ‘(place at) the hollows’, from the dative plural of maga ‘stomach’ (used in a topographical sense). Mills suggests it may alternatively be a survival of an ancient Celtic term magnis, probably meaning ‘the rocks’.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Pure; Chaste; Honest; Virtuous
Surname or Lastname
English (found chiefly in the West Midlands and in Ireland)
English (found chiefly in the West Midlands and in Ireland) : habitational name from Hodnet in Shropshire, or any of various places called Hoddnant in Wales. The place names are from Welsh hawdd ‘pleasant’, ‘peaceful’ + nant ‘valley’, ‘stream’.
Girl/Female
Norse
Firm helper.
Girl/Female
Irish
Siobhan is another Irish form of Joan meaning “God is gracious.†A popular name in Ireland where the anglicised versions are often used. Siobhan McKenna, an Irish actress who died in 1986, was considered by many as a woman who personified all that was good about being Irish.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Dweller at the Broad Meadow; English Surnames Related to Bradley; Broad Clearing in the Wood
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Unique; Unheard of
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
a.
A radical vessel. See under Radical, a.
n.
A radicle.
n.
Radial plates in the calyx of a crinoid.
a.
Of or pertaining to a radius or ray; consisting of, or like, radii or rays; radiated; as, (Bot.) radial projections; (Zool.) radial vessels or canals; (Anat.) the radial artery.
a.
Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as, a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below.
n.
Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; -- called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue.
a.
Containing medicine; used in medicine; medicinal; as, the medical properties of a plant.
a.
Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as, the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower.
a.
Equally radical.
n.
A radical quantity. See under Radical, a.
n.
A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or having to do with, the art of healing disease, or the science of medicine; as, the medical profession; medical services; a medical dictionary; medical jurisprudence.
n.
One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; -- opposed to conservative.
n.
A rootlet; a radicel.
a.
Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as, a radical verbal form.
adv.
In a radical manner; at, or from, the origin or root; fundamentally; as, a scheme or system radically wrong or defective.
a.
Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation, to the ultimate sources, to the principles, or the like; original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as, radical evils; radical reform; a radical party.
a.
Of or pertaining to the nodes; from a node to the same node again; as, the nodical revolutions of the moon.
a.
Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as, radical tubers or hairs.
a.
Of or pertaining to a race or family of men; as, the racial complexion.