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Ability of some chain polymerization reactions to halt themselves
In polymer chemistry, chain termination is any chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the
Chain_termination
Method of DNA sequencing developed in 1977
high-throughput DNA sequencing. Chain-termination methods have greatly simplified DNA sequencing. For example, chain-termination-based kits are commercially
Sanger_sequencing
Cellular process of protein synthesis
and termination. The basic process of protein production is the addition of one amino acid at a time to the end of a forming polypeptide chain. This
Translation_(biology)
Polymerization mechanism
steps. All chain-growth polymerization reactions must include chain initiation and chain propagation. Chain transfer and chain termination steps also
Chain-growth_polymerization
Process of determining the nucleic acid sequence
sequence may be inferred. This method is mostly obsolete as of 2023. The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977 soon became
DNA_sequencing
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
of ways. Chain termination and chain transfer reactions are absent and the rate of chain initiation is also much larger than the rate of chain propagation
Living_polymerization
Codon that marks the end of a protein-coding sequence
amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein; stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding release
Stop_codon
Topics referred to by the same term
lithic flake detaches from a core Chain termination, in chemistry, a chemical reaction which halts polymerization Termination shock, in solar studies, a feature
Termination
Self-amplifying chain of events
polymer chain). Termination (elementary step in which the active particle loses its activity; e. g. by recombination of two free radicals). The chain length
Chain_reaction
Average number of monomers added during chain-growth polymerization
to termination. This definition is a special case of the concept of chain length in chemical kinetics. For any chemical chain reaction, the chain length
Kinetic_chain_length
Method used for sequencing random DNA strands
the rapidly expanding, quasi-random shot grouping of a shotgun. The chain-termination method of DNA sequencing ("Sanger sequencing") can only be used for
Shotgun_sequencing
Catalyst for synthesis of polymers of 1-alkenes
occasion, the polymer chain is disengaged from the active centers in the chain termination reaction. Several pathways exist for termination: Cp2+Zr−(CH2−CHR)n−CH3
Ziegler–Natta_catalyst
DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing
first-generation sequencing—which is based on electrophoretic separation of chain-termination products produced in individual sequencing reactions. This methodology
Massively_parallel_sequencing
Chemical compound
an antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor which causes premature chain termination during translation. Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived
Puromycin
Type of mutation in a DNA sequence
nonsense mutations lead to premature termination of polypeptide chains, they are also called chain termination mutations. Missense mutations differ from
Nonsense_mutation
Science of genes, heredity and variation
at which genetic evolution occurs. One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger. This technology allows
Genetics
Type of chain polymerization
the chain must be held in a dormant state to ensure that the concentration of active carriers is sufficiently low as to render chain termination reactions
Reversible-deactivation polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_polymerization
Discipline in genetics
genome. The refinement of the Plus and Minus method resulted in the chain-termination, or Sanger method (see below), which formed the basis of the techniques
Genomics
DNA sequencing method
fragments cannot be sequenced in a single sequence read using the chain termination method. This method works by dividing the long sequence into several
Primer_walking
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
of chain propagation is as follows: Chain termination is inevitable in radical polymerization due to the high reactivity of radicals. Termination can
Radical_polymerization
Scientific instrument that automates the DNA sequencing process
specific bases whereas Sanger's technique is based on dideoxynucleotide chain termination. The Sanger method became popular due to its increased efficiency
DNA_sequencer
Antiviral medication
viral DNA, resulting in chain termination. It has also been shown that the viral enzymes cannot remove aciclo-GMP from the chain, which results in inhibition
Valaciclovir
Chemical compound
primarily of four reactions: chain initiation, chain growth, chain transfer, and chain termination. Specifically, chain growth is responsible for the
Ethylene-vinyl_acetate
Polymerization reaction initiated by a charge transfer to a monomer
temperature is raised, the energy barrier for the termination reaction is overcome, causing shorter chains to be produced during the polymerization process
Cationic_polymerization
Presence of functional groups within a molecule
Monofunctional monomers do not exist as such molecules lead to a chain termination. From the average functionality of the used monomers the reaching
Functionality_(chemistry)
Form of addition polymerization initiated with anions
addition of monomer to an alkyl lithium initiator occurred without chain transfer or termination. Twenty years later, living polymerization was demonstrated
Anionic addition polymerization
Anionic_addition_polymerization
halide in the chain propagation. Alternatively the phenyl radical can abstract any loose proton from 7 forming the arene 8 in a chain termination reaction
Radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution
Radical-nucleophilic_aromatic_substitution
Number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or polymer
reasons: chain termination may occur wholly or partly by recombination of two chain radicals, which doubles the degree of polymerization chain transfer
Degree_of_polymerization
Photochemical reaction
\mathrm {Cl{\cdot }+{\cdot }Cl\longrightarrow Cl_{2}\quad (chain\ termination)} } Chain termination occurs by recombination of chlorine atoms. Impurities such
Photochlorination
Method of DNA sequencing
production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam–Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour
Maxam–Gilbert_sequencing
Antiviral medication used against herpes, chickenpox, and shingles
monophosphate form also incorporates into the viral DNA, resulting in chain termination. Resistance to aciclovir is rare in people with healthy immune systems
Aciclovir
Chemical compound
Telbivudine impairs hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication by leading to chain termination. It differs from the natural nucleotide only with respect to the location
Telbivudine
Type of chain polymerization
but cannot be categorized as such as they are not without chain transfer or chain termination reactions. Several different names have been used in literature
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Antiviral medication
poor substrate for chain elongation. Once incorporated into viral DNA due to its structural similarity to dGTP, chain termination occurs once a single
Valganciclovir
Functional group at the extremity of an oligomer or other macromolecule
free radicals, by free radical polymerization techniques avoiding chain termination (ATRP, RAFT, nitroxide mediated, for example) and step-growth polymerization
End_group
Mutation at a location where intron splicing takes place
59 base-pair insertion and chain termination. The four families with both breast and ovarian cancer had chain termination mutations in the N-terminal
Splice_site_mutation
Chain-elongating inhibitor of DNA polymerase
is on the chain. This can lead to the termination of the DNA sequence. Thus, these molecules form the basis of the dideoxy chain-termination method of
Dideoxynucleotide
End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid
interrupt the replication of DNA. This technique is known as the dideoxy chain-termination method or the Sanger method, and is used to determine the order of
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality_(molecular_biology)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
directs the termination of translation in response to the peptide chain termination codons. Initially thought to have a role in the termination of mitochondria
Mitochondrial translational release factor 1
Mitochondrial_translational_release_factor_1
Chemical compound
analogues (NA) which act via the viral DNA polymerase, causing DNA chain termination and prevention of viral replication. First-line treatment is generally
Pritelivir
Early synthetic polymer developed as a textile fiber
to get the proportions exactly correct, and deviations can lead to chain termination at molecular weights less than a desirable 10,000 daltons. To overcome
Nylon
Any model explaining a chemical reaction
another chain carrier, but the product concentration is reduced. Chain termination: radicals combine and the chain carriers are lost. Inhibition: chain carriers
Reaction_mechanism
Transmission line impedance matching
with or without safety chains. Electrical connector Electrical network MIL-STD-1553 Telecommunications pedestal "Clock Termination Techniques and Layout
Electrical_termination
In genetics and biochemistry, determining the structure of an unbranched biopolymer
been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction
Sequencing
Interactive benchmarking tool by the World Bank
Container export dwell time, days Export supply chain initiation, days Import supply chain termination, days Lead time to import from port of origin to
Logistics_Performance_Index
Attachment of side chains to the backbone chain of a polymer
less premature chain termination and branching. IUPAC definition Branching index: A parameter, g, characterizing the effect of long-chain branches on the
Branching_(polymer_chemistry)
Runaway polymerization reaction
the rate constant for chain transfer f is the fraction of initiators which initiate chain growth Approximately, as the termination decreases by a factor
Autoacceleration
Alleles responsible for death of an organism
produces a "nonsense codon" within a gene that causes polypeptide chain termination during translation. This finding provided insight into a significant
Lethal_allele
Emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light
biosensors. Automated sequencing of DNA by the chain termination method; each of four different chain terminating bases has its own specific fluorescent
Fluorescence
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
of bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency
Gene
Class of chemical compounds
have an available 3' OH group to attach the next nucleotide, causing chain termination. This can be exploited for therapeutic uses in viral infections because
Nucleoside_triphosphate
Chemical reaction
another propagation reaction: the radical chain. Other products such as CH2Cl2 may also form. Chain termination Two free radicals (chlorine and chlorine
Free-radical_halogenation
Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
codons specify chain termination. As previously mentioned, translation occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. The completion
Biosynthesis
Protein family
release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They
Release_factor
Spontaneous oxidation by oxygen at normal temperature
->P\bullet +\ H2O}}} PO ∙ ⟶ Chain scission reactions {\displaystyle {\ce {PO\bullet ->Chain\ scission\ reactions}}} Termination POO ∙ + POO ∙ ⟶ cross
Autoxidation
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
radicals are shared equally, causing chains to have equal opportunities for growth and a narrow PDI. Termination: Chains in their active form react via a
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Type of saturated hydrocarbon compound
hydrogen from the alkane to give an alkyl radical. This reacts further. Chain termination where the radicals recombine. Experiments have shown that all halogenation
Alkane
Theory of gel formation
probability of chain termination is independent of chain length, and (2) multifunctional co-monomers react randomly with growing polymer chains. The Flory–Stockmayer
Flory–Stockmayer_theory
Redox reaction whose products have higher and lower oxidation states than the reactant
chain-growth polymerization, chain termination can occur by a disproportionation step in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from one growing chain molecule
Disproportionation
Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data
method of choice for virtually all genomes sequenced (rather than chain-termination or chemical degradation methods), and genome assembly algorithms are
Bioinformatics
American organic medicinal chemist (born 1950)
incorporation of FTC-TP into the growing viral DNA strand results in chain termination, disrupting viral DNA synthesis. Disruption of this process results
Raymond_Schinazi
Resin that cures when exposed to light of appropriate wavelengths
mechanism undergo chain-growth polymerization, which includes three basic steps: initiation, chain propagation, and chain termination. The three steps
Photopolymer
Antiviral drug
incorporation into nascent viral RNA transcripts and triggering delayed chain termination of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In vitro experiments in Crandell
GS-441524
Pharmaceutical drug
additional enzyme, an NPRS responsible for incorporating L-pipecolic acid, chain termination and cyclization of prerapamycin. In addition, genes rapI, rapJ, rapM
Sirolimus
Set of biological processes
the formation of more molecules, including "medium-chain" fatty acids via early chain termination. Enzymes, acyltransferases and transacylases, incorporate
Fatty_acid_metabolism
Antiviral drug
effect (as in Ebola) is to induce an irreversible chain termination. Unlike with many other chain terminators, this is not mediated by preventing addition
Remdesivir
Chemical compound
normal, nucleoside base to be added next to it. This leads to "masked chain termination" because gemcitabine is a "faulty" base, but due to its neighboring
Gemcitabine
Substances which prevent monomers from self-polymerizing
terminated by combining them with other radicals to form neutral species (chain termination). Most true inhibitors operate through this mechanism. In the simplest
Polymerisation_inhibitor
Organic addition reaction which involves free radicals
species Chain termination: Two radicals react with each other to create a non-radical species In a free-radical addition, there are two chain propagation
Free-radical_addition
Reaction in organic chemistry
polymerization reactions have three basic steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation step is the Michael addition of the nucleophile to a
Michael_addition_reaction
British biochemist (1918–2013)
one another. In 1977 Sanger and colleagues introduced the "dideoxy" chain-termination method for sequencing DNA molecules, also known as the "Sanger method"
Frederick_Sanger
Intentional food mislabelling
the lower-priced fish for a higher price. Once someone within the supply chain sells mislabeled seafood, every company or consumer that purchases the mislabeled
Seafood_mislabelling
demonstrates the dideoxy- or chain termination method for determining DNA sequences (1975). Kary Mullis demonstrates the polymerase chain reaction, a method for
List_of_experiments
Phenolic compound found in Norway spruces
binder in photoresists. During the polymerization of 4-hydroxystyrene, chain termination reactions can occur through hydrogen abstraction from the phenolic
Piceol
Chemical compound
Beigelman L, Deval J (July 2014). "Efficiency of incorporation and chain termination determines the inhibition potency of 2'-modified nucleotide analogs
Sofosbuvir
Antiviral drug used to treat or prevent HIV and hepatitis infections
linkage essential for DNA chain elongation. Once incorporated into a growing DNA strand, tenofovir causes premature termination of DNA transcription, preventing
Tenofovir_disoproxil
allowing all of the chains to grow at the same rate. A limited amount of termination does occur; however, the effect of termination of polymerization kinetics
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
complementary RNA product. Termination of the nascent RNA chain produced by RdRp is not completely known, however, RdRp termination is sequence-independent
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
Study of how wars end
War termination is a sub-field of war studies which focuses on the study on "how wars end", including theories of how wars can and should be ended. In
War_termination
Antibiotic
(Figure 6). The termination module in the NRPS assembly line has a C-A-T-TE organization. The thioesterase domain catalyzes chain termination and release
Daptomycin
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
Mutations can cause the polypeptide chain to be shorter by generating a stop sequence which causes early termination of translation. Alternatively, a mutation
Protein_biosynthesis
Type of chain
same chain to form a loop. The connectors require no tools to apply or remove and are reusable. Other common accessories include other terminations similar
Ball_chain
Method for sequencing DNA
that from the Sanger sequencing method based on dideoxynucleotide chain termination. The longer read length allows de novo genome sequencing and easier
Single-molecule real-time sequencing
Single-molecule_real-time_sequencing
Biological process
the hallmarks of cancer. Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked. Termination at a specific locus, when
DNA_replication
DNA polymerases that originate from thermophiles
sequencing with chain termination substrates (dideoxy method), their uniform incorporation and thus unbiased generation of all chain termination products is
Thermostable_DNA_polymerase
PMID 2296722. Fodde R, Edelmann W, Yang K, et al. (1994). "A targeted chain-termination mutation in the mouse Apc gene results in multiple intestinal tumors"
Mouse model of colorectal and intestinal cancer
Mouse_model_of_colorectal_and_intestinal_cancer
Class of antiretroviral drug
extend the DNA chain. Thus, when an NRTI or NtRTI is incorporated, viral DNA synthesis is halted, a process known as chain termination. All NRTIs and
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor
Chemical compound
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby disrupting RNA synthesis by chain termination. 3′-Deoxytubercidin: It is an antitrypanosomal agent with no toxicity
Tubercidin
by Francis Crick and the American James Watson DNA sequencing by chain termination – Frederick Sanger Electrolysis and electrochemistry discovered :
List of British innovations and discoveries
List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries
and propagation while minimizing side-reactions termination and chain transfer. Transfer and termination do occur but in ideal living systems the active
Living cationic polymerization
Living_cationic_polymerization
Determination of whether a given program halts for each input
In computer science, termination analysis is program analysis which attempts to determine whether the evaluation of a given program halts for each input
Termination_analysis
Class of pharmaceutical drugs
group, is the reason for the chain termination. Because of this mechanism, nucleoside inhibitors are sometimes called chain terminating inhibitors. Nucleoside
NS5B_inhibitor
Chemical reaction
involves acceleration of the propagation steps and/or retardation of the chain termination. The influence of certain acidic solvents on the photolytic Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag
Hofmann–Löffler_reaction
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
form the strong "backbone" of the DNA molecule. This is called DNA chain termination. Examples of nucleoside analogues are aciclovir for Herpes simplex
Virus
which inhibits the propagation of chain reactions, thus terminating peroxidation. Another method of termination is the reaction between a lipid radical
Chain reactions in living organisms
Chain_reactions_in_living_organisms
Chemical reaction
by a chain reaction. The Haber–Weiss reaction chain proceeds by successive steps: (i) initiation, (ii) propagation and (iii) termination. The chain is initiated
Haber–Weiss_reaction
Analytical technique
DNA or RNA is usually done by agarose gel electrophoresis. See the "chain termination method" page for an example of a polyacrylamide DNA sequencing gel
Gel_electrophoresis
same molecule. P• + XR → PX + R• This transfer involves termination of the initially growing chain to the completed macromolecule PX, where X denotes one
Degenerative_chain_transfer
Genetic technique for identifying organisms in mixed samples
for DNA sequencing. The classic Sanger chain‐termination method relies on the selective incorporation of chain‐elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase
Metabarcoding
of a while loop under some invariant conditions, thereby ensuring its termination. A loop variant whose range is restricted to the non-negative integers
Loop_variant
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