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Abstract model of computation
The RA-machine's equivalent of the universal Turing machine – with its program in the registers as well as its data – is called the random-access stored-program
Random-access_machine
data. The random-access Turing machine is characterized chiefly by its capacity for direct memory access: on a random-access Turing machine, there is
Random-access_Turing_machine
Computation model defining an abstract machine
Church's work intertwined with Turing's to form the basis for the Church–Turing thesis. This thesis states that Turing machines, lambda calculus, and other
Turing_machine
Ability of a computing system to simulate Turing machines
cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine (devised by English mathematician
Turing_completeness
Type of abstract computing machine
a register machine is a generic class of abstract machines, analogous to a Turing machine and thus Turing complete. Unlike a Turing machine that uses a
Register_machine
parallel random-access machine) [cf. van Emde Boas (1990)]. Nutshell description of a RASP: The RASP is a universal Turing machine (UTM) built on a random-access
Random-access stored-program machine
Random-access_stored-program_machine
amount of computation time on a deterministic Turing machine. It must be defined on a random-access Turing machine, since otherwise the input tape is longer
DLOGTIME
Abstract computer for designing parallel algorithms
In computer science, a parallel random-access machine (parallel RAM or PRAM) is a shared-memory abstract machine. As its name indicates, the PRAM is intended
Parallel_RAM
Models of computation
deterministic, rather than random, uncomputable functions. A computational model going beyond Turing machines was introduced by Alan Turing in his 1938 PhD dissertation
Hypercomputation
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing. Turing, Sara (2012). Alan M. Turing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02058-0
Alan_Turing
Model of computation over real numbers
describe computations over the real numbers. Essentially, a BSS machine is a random-access machine with registers that can store arbitrary real numbers and that
Blum–Shub–Smale_machine
First electronic stored-program computer, 1948
century later, in 1936, mathematician Alan Turing published his description of what became known as a Turing machine, a theoretical concept intended to explore
Manchester_Baby
Abstract machine used in a formal logic and theoretical computer science
power of Turing machines. Due to their unary processing style, counter machines are typically exponentially slower than comparable Turing machines. The counter
Counter_machine
Mathematical model describing how an output of a function is computed given an input
Finite-state machines Post machines (Post–Turing machines and tag machines). Pushdown automata Register machines Random-access machines Turing machines Decision
Model_of_computation
Abstract machine used to study decision problems
oracle Turing machines, as discussed below. The one presented here is from van Melkebeek (2003, p. 43). An oracle machine, like a Turing machine, includes:
Oracle_machine
Streaming media difference between sequential and random access operations[dead link] Turing machine model of computation sequential access memory v t e
Sequential_access_memory
Hypothetical computing devices
A Turing machine is a hypothetical computing device, first conceived by Alan Turing in 1936. Turing machines manipulate symbols on a potentially infinite
Turing_machine_equivalents
Abstract computational machine model
the von Neumann architecture. Turing machine—generic tape-based abstract machine computational model Post–Turing machine—minimalist one-tape, two-direction
Pointer_machine
Concept from evolutionary biology
The Turing pattern is a concept introduced by English mathematician Alan Turing in a 1952 paper titled "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis", which describes
Turing_pattern
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
science began to converge. In 1980, Paul Benioff introduced the quantum Turing machine, which uses quantum theory to describe a simplified computer. When digital
Quantum_computing
Thesis on the nature of computability
numbers is called Turing computable if some Turing machine computes the corresponding function on encoded natural numbers. Turing proposed that effectively
Church–Turing_thesis
Complexity class (logarithmic space)
solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a logarithmic amount of writable memory space. Formally, the Turing machine has two tapes, one of which
L_(complexity)
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
developed by Alan Turing which reduced the need for bombes: electromechanical devices as used by British cryptologists Welchman and Turing to decipher German
Joan_Clarke
Mathematical model of computer
In computing, especially computational geometry, a real RAM (random-access machine) is a mathematical model of a computer that can compute with exact
Real_RAM
Programmable machine that processes data
be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. Early computing machines had
Computer
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
Computation Interconnect bottleneck Little Man Computer (LMC) Random-access machine Turing machine von Neumann, John (1945), First Draft of a Report on the
Von_Neumann_architecture
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
deterministic Turing machine, but many complexity classes are based on non-deterministic Turing machines, Boolean circuits, quantum Turing machines, monotone
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Low-space search for a majority element
counter. In the random access model of computing usually used for the analysis of algorithms, each of these values can be stored in a machine word and the
Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm
Boyer–Moore_majority_vote_algorithm
Theoretical computer used for defining a model of computation
theory, such as with finite state machines, Mealy machines, push-down automata, and Turing machines. Abstract machines are typically categorized into two
Abstract_machine
Action performed by computers
audio and video input ports. Reading is one of the core functions of a Turing machine. A read cycle is the act of reading one unit of information (e.g., a
Reading_(computer)
Subset of artificial intelligence
Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery, and Intelligence", in Epstein, Robert; Peters, Grace (eds.), The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical
Machine_learning
the set of languages recognised by alternating Turing machines in logarithmic time with random access and i − 1 {\displaystyle i-1} alternations, beginning
LH_(complexity)
Existential second order logic captures NP
Étienne Grandjean have provided tighter bounds on nondeterministic random-access machines. For example, consider the problem of deciding if a graph is 3-colorable
Fagin's_theorem
Given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems
about time-bounded computation on Turing machines. Informally, these theorems say that given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems. For example
Time_hierarchy_theorem
observe that "the proof of this universality [of digital computers to Turing machines] ... seems to have been first written down by Hermes, who showed in
Counter-machine_model
Cryptographic model of a random function
attacks. According to the Church–Turing thesis, no function computable by a finite algorithm can implement a true random oracle (which by definition requires
Random_oracle
10% difference in overall accuracy between using support vector machines (SVMs) and random forest. Some algorithms can also reveal hidden important information:
Machine learning in earth sciences
Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences
Algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure
obtained. Computational complexity theory models randomized algorithms as probabilistic Turing machines. Both Las Vegas and Monte Carlo algorithms are considered
Randomized_algorithm
Amir M.; Galil, Zvi (2001), "Topological Lower Bounds on Algebraic Random Access Machines", SIAM Journal on Computing, 31 (3): 722–761, doi:10.1137/S0097539797329397
Element_distinctness_problem
Parallel computing platform and programming model
"Dissecting the NVidia Turing T4 GPU via Microbenchmarking". arXiv:1903.07486 [cs.DC]. Burgess, John (2019). "RTX ON – The NVIDIA TURING GPU". 2019 IEEE Hot
CUDA
Concept in computer science
(BPP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time with an error probability bounded by 1/3 for all
BPP_(complexity)
Attempts to formalize the concept of algorithms
Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access
Algorithm_characterizations
Ability to solve a problem by an effective procedure
computability notions weaker than Turing machines are studied in automata theory, while computability notions stronger than Turing machines are studied in the field
Computability
German cipher machine during World War II
easily portable, the Enigma machine filled that need. Hans-Thilo Schmidt was a German who spied for the French, obtaining access to German cipher materials
Enigma_machine
French computer scientist (born 1960)
"Artificial-intelligence pioneers win $1 million Turing Award". Washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Metz, Cade (2019). "Turing Award Won by 3 Pioneers in Artificial
Yann_LeCun
Arbitrary code execution exploit
layout randomization (ASLR) makes it hard to use gadgets without an information leakage to get their exact positions in memory. Although Turing-complete
Sigreturn-oriented programming
Sigreturn-oriented_programming
Type of computer
machines extend push-down automata with additional load/store operations or multiple stacks and hence are Turing-complete. Most or all stack machine instructions
Stack_machine
capability-based addressing, to check and balance the computation as a pure Church–Turing machine. The PP250 was manufactured and sold commercially by Plessey company
Plessey_System_250
Two-dimensional cellular automaton
Conway. Theoretically, the Game of Life has the power of a universal Turing machine: anything that can be computed algorithmically can be computed within
Conway's_Game_of_Life
Estimate of time taken for running an algorithm
deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time NP: The complexity class of decision problems that can be solved on a non-deterministic Turing machine in polynomial
Time_complexity
Class in computational complexity theory
be a parallel, random-access machine (PRAM). That is a parallel computer with a central pool of memory, and any processor can access any bit of memory
NC_(complexity)
Physical components of a computer
In 1936, Alan Turing developed the concept of the universal Turing machine to model any type of computer, demonstrating that no machine could solve the
Computer_hardware
Class of interactive proof
1)-\kappa (x).} The result ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } signifies that the Turing machine E {\displaystyle E} did not come to a conclusion. The knowledge error
Proof_of_knowledge
workshop, the first AI program, Logic Theorist, was presented by future Turing Awardee Allen Newell and future Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon, with help
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Interdisciplinary research area
Seung-Woo; Kim, Jaewan (2019). "Optimal usage of quantum random access memory in quantum machine learning". Physical Review A. 99 (1) 012326. arXiv:1809
Quantum_machine_learning
1990 non-fiction book by Ray Kurzweil
including contributions by Bertrand Russell, Alan Turing, Alonzo Church, and Kurt Gödel. The Turing test is introduced as a way to gauge whether the field
The Age of Intelligent Machines
The_Age_of_Intelligent_Machines
Proof checkable by a randomized algorithm
no randomness and no access to a proof.) PCP[O(log n), 0] = P (A logarithmic number of random bits doesn't help a polynomial time Turing machine, since
Probabilistically checkable proof
Probabilistically_checkable_proof
Amount of resources to perform an algorithm
recursive functions, lambda calculus, and Turing machines. The model of random-access machines (also called RAM-machines) is also widely used, as a closer counterpart
Computational_complexity
Intelligence of machines
8–17), Moravec (1988, p. 3) Turing's original publication of the Turing test in "Computing machinery and intelligence": Turing (1950) Historical influence
Artificial_intelligence
2011 book by James Gleick
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation Turing machine – Computation model defining an abstract machine "Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27
The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood
Algorithmic runtime requirements for common math procedures
refers to the time complexity of performing computations on a multitape Turing machine. See big O notation for an explanation of the notation used. Note: Due
Computational complexity of mathematical operations
Computational_complexity_of_mathematical_operations
Software that emulates an entire computer
needed] Other components of a virtual machine can also be included in a snapshot, such as the contents of its random-access memory (RAM), BIOS settings, or
Virtual_machine
Concept in computational complexity theory
set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine using time 2 n O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle 2^{n^{O(1)}}} . In terms of NTIME
NEXPTIME
American multinational technology company
technological innovations, including the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM), the floppy disk, Generalized Markup Language
IBM
American physicist of quantum computing (1930–2022)
quantum mechanics by describing a Schrödinger equation description of Turing machines. Benioff's body of work in quantum information theory encompassed quantum
Paul_Benioff
Decryption of World War II cipher
keyboard, Alan Turing reviewed decrypted messages and determined that the word eins ("one") appeared in 90% of messages.[citation needed] Turing automated
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
Hypothesis in computational complexity theory
deterministic and alternating Turing machines, which is where the thesis originated. Given two models of computation, such as Turing machines and PRAM, they would
Parallel_computation_thesis
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
well as a neural Turing machine, or a neural network that may be able to access an external memory like a conventional Turing machine, resulting in a computer
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Contractual transaction on a decentralized platform
in a Turing-complete programming language called Solidity, and compiled into low-level bytecode to be executed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Due to
Smart_contract
British statistician and cryptographer (1916–2009)
cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing. After the Second World War, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers and Bayesian
I._J._Good
Software for understanding biological data
Trees:Bagging, Boosting, and Randomization. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 139–157. Breiman, Leo (2001). "Radom Forests". Machine Learning. 45 (1): 5–32.
Machine learning in bioinformatics
Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics
Branch of machine learning
1109/TSMC.1972.4309133. Turing, Alan (1992) [1948]. "Intelligent Machinery". In Ince, D.C. (ed.). Collected Works of AM Turing: Mechanical Intelligence
Deep_learning
Museum in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
ISBN 0-14-00-5305-0 "The Turing Bombe: The History of the Rebuild Project". 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024. Harper, John (2020). "The Turing Welchman Bombe Rebuild
The National Museum of Computing
The_National_Museum_of_Computing
American screenwriter and author (born 1981)
Imitation Game", Deadline.com; accessed February 23, 2015. Hanks, E.A. (September 27, 2013). "How Benedict Cumberbatch And Alan Turing Helped A Writer Find Success
Graham_Moore_(writer)
Overview of and topical guide to computers
memory Direct memory access Distributed memory Distributed shared memory Drum memory Dynamic memory allocation Dynamic random-access memory Dynamic video
Outline_of_computers
AI research laboratory
DeepMind introduced neural Turing machines (neural networks that can access external memory like a conventional Turing machine). The company has created
Google_DeepMind
Sterling, Bruce (13 February 2020). "Web Semantics: Microsoft Project Turing introduces Turing Natural Language Generation (T-NLG)". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Proving validity without revealing other data
computational model, the most common one being that of a Turing machine. Let P, V, and S be Turing machines. An interactive proof system with (P,V) for a language
Zero-knowledge_proof
halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt
History_of_computing_hardware
British artificial intelligence researcher
the effort to solve "Tunny", a German teleprinter cipher. He founded The Turing Institute in Glasgow in 1982, alongside Peter Mowforth and Tim Niblett.
Donald_Michie
Artificial neural network architecture
better than alternatives such as long short-term memory or a neural turing machine. With a reinforcement learning approach to a block puzzle problem inspired
Differentiable neural computer
Differentiable_neural_computer
Property of some cryptosystems
security, the adversary is modeled by a probabilistic polynomial time Turing machine, meaning that it must complete the game and output a guess within a
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
specified by the advice function and simulated by the Turing machine. In the other direction, a Turing machine with logarithmic writable space and a polynomial
L/poly
Interactive proof system in computational complexity theory
generated random coin flips and Merlin's message. In other words, a language L is in AM if there exists a polynomial-time deterministic Turing machine M and
Arthur–Merlin_protocol
– TPU – Trac – Transparency (computing) – Trin II – Trin VX – Turing machine – Turing – 2B1Q UAT – Unicode – Unicon – Unix – Unix shell – UNIX System
Index_of_computing_articles
Attack model for cryptanalysis with access to both plaintext and ciphertext
operators had been instructed to encode numbers by spelling them out, Alan Turing reviewed decrypted messages and determined that the number "eins" ("one")
Known-plaintext_attack
Type of machine learning model
e. a 540-billion-parameter model) in 2022 cost $8 million, and Megatron-Turing NLG 530B (in 2021) cost around $11 million. The qualifier "large" in "large
Large_language_model
Type of large language model
Bruce (February 13, 2020). "Web Semantics: Microsoft Project Turing introduces Turing Natural Language Generation (T-NLG)". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Computer security exploit technique
programming builds on the borrowed code chunks approach and extends it to provide Turing-complete functionality to the attacker, including loops and conditional
Return-oriented_programming
Study of computation
computation including Petri nets, process calculi and the parallel random access machine model. When multiple computers are connected in a network while
Computer_science
Data structure with nodes pointing to the next node
that the prior node be accessed beforehand (which introduces difficulties in pipelining). Faster access, such as random access, is not feasible. Arrays
Linked_list
Stream cipher
providing access to a random number generator originally based on RC4. The API allows no seeding, as the function initializes itself using /dev/random. The
RC4
1984 science fiction novel by William Gibson
Neuromancer, but because of the severe restrictions placed on AI programs by the Turing Registry, it cannot achieve this on its own. It directed Armitage to recruit
Neuromancer
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
be tens to hundreds of times slower to access. Cache memory is typically implemented with static random-access memory (SRAM), which requires multiple
CPU_cache
Secure communication method
physically access Alice and Bob's encoding and decoding devices. The random number generators used by Alice and Bob must be trusted and truly random (for example
Quantum_key_distribution
Class of problems solvable in polynomial time
contains all decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a polynomial amount of computation time, or polynomial time. Cobham's
P_(complexity)
AI whose outputs can be understood by humans
M. F.; Garcke, J. (2020). "Explainable Machine Learning for Scientific Insights and Discoveries". IEEE Access. 8: 42200–42216. arXiv:1905.08883. Bibcode:2020IEEEA
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable_artificial_intelligence
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
discipline. Pioneers of the discipline were Kurt Gödel, Alonzo Church, Alan Turing, Stephen Cole Kleene, Claude Shannon, John von Neumann and Noam Chomsky
Theoretical_computer_science
Computational model used in machine learning
universal Turing machine, using a finite number of neurons and linear connections. Further, the use of irrational values for weights results in a machine with
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Proposed cryptographic primitive
from black-box access. Broadly, they start by engineering a special pair of programs that cannot be obfuscated together. For some randomly selected strings
Black-box_obfuscation
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
Boy/Male
English
Son of Rand.
Boy/Male
English American
Son of Rand.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Rand 1.
Male
Hungarian
 Variant spelling of Hungarian András, ANDOR means "man; warrior." Compare with another form of Andor.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Randall.Americanized spelling of Randel.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Randy, RANDI means "worthy of admiration."
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Rand(e) (see Rand 1).
Male
English
Pet form of English Randall and Randolph, both RANDY means "shield-wolf." Compare with feminine Randy.
Male
English
Medieval form of English Randolf, RANDAL means "shield-wolf."
Male
Norwegian
 Norwegian form of Old Norse Arnþórr, ANDOR means "eagle of Thor." Compare with another form of Andor.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Brandon.
Female
English
Elaborated form of English Tara, TARINA means "hill."
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Bengali, British, Christian, English, Indian
Springtime; Spring Season; Rapid Movement
Male
English
 Variant spelling of Middle English Randulf, RANDOLF means "shield-wolf." Compare with other forms of Randolf.
Girl/Female
Indian
Lively, Entertainer, From a stream or a Spring, The Spring season, The Spring season
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Old Norse Randolfr, RANDOLF means "shield-wolf." Compare with another form of Randolf.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Crandon, a habitational name from Crandon in Somerset or Crandean in Falmer, Sussex. Compare Grandin.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Rand 1, from the Old French oblique case.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; perhaps a variant of Francom.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Ransom.
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
Girl/Female
Biblical Hebrew
That makes the incense to fume.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Source of the Faith (Islam)
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Father's Love
Girl/Female
Norse
The tree that binds heaven hell and earth.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Morning, Dawn
Boy/Male
Native American
Rough; abrasive; witty.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Light of the Right Guidance of Allah
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon and Cornwall)
English (Devon and Cornwall) : habitational name from Scoble in Devon.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Gift
Biblical
delicious; delicate
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
RANDOM ACCESS-TURING-MACHINE
n.
The means, place, or way by which a thing may be approached; passage way; as, the access is by a neck of land.
n.
Increase by something added; addition; as, an access of territory. [In this sense accession is more generally used.]
n.
A series of tubes; tubes, collectively; a length or piece of a tube; material for tubes; as, leather tubing.
n.
A tiring-room.
n.
To exact a ransom for, or a payment on.
n.
Distance to which a missile is cast; range; reach; as, the random of a rifle ball.
n.
A roving motion; course without definite direction; want of direction, rule, or method; hazard; chance; -- commonly used in the phrase at random, that is, without a settled point of direction; at hazard.
adv.
In a random manner.
a.
Going at random or by chance; done or made at hazard, or without settled direction, aim, or purpose; hazarded without previous calculation; left to chance; haphazard; as, a random guess.
n.
Alt. of Goring cloth
prep.
In the time of; as long as the action or existence of; as, during life; during the space of a year.
n.
A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission; accessibility; as, to gain access to a prince.
n.
A paroxysm; a fit of passion; an outburst; as, an access of fury.
n.
The release of a captive, or of captured property, by payment of a consideration; redemption; as, prisoners hopeless of ransom.
n.
To redeem from captivity, servitude, punishment, or forfeit, by paying a price; to buy out of servitude or penalty; to rescue; to deliver; as, to ransom prisoners from an enemy.
v. i.
To go or stray at random.
n.
Random.
n.
The pieces, or chips, detached in the process of turning from the material turned.
n.
A second access or approach; a return.