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Epistemological view centered on reason
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "the position that reason has
Rationalism
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up rationalism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Rationalism is a philosophical position, theory, or view that reason is the source of knowledge
Rationalism_(disambiguation)
Epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper
Critical rationalism is Karl Popper's answer to what he considered the most important problems of epistemology and philosophy of science: the problems
Critical_rationalism
20th-century Italian architectural style
In architecture, Rationalism (Italian: razionalismo) is an architectural current which mostly developed from Italy in the 1920s and 1930s. Vitruvius had
Rationalism_(architecture)
Concept in macroeconomic policy in Australia
Economic rationalism is an Australian term often used in the discussion of macroeconomic policy, applicable to the economic policy of many governments
Economic_rationalism
Internet community
TESCREAL: Transhumanism, extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, rationalism, effective altruism, and longtermism. Members who diverge from typical
Rationalist_community
View that moral principles are knowable a priori, by reason alone
Moral rationalism, also called ethical rationalism, is a view in meta-ethics (specifically the epistemology of ethics) according to which moral principles
Moral_rationalism
Hybrid of natural religion, Christianity, and rationalism
Theistic rationalism is a hybrid of natural religion, Christianity, and rationalism, in which rationalism is the predominant element. According to Henry
Theistic_rationalism
Theory developed by William Warren Bartley
Pancritical rationalism (literally "criticism of all things", from pan-, "all", also known as PCR), also called comprehensively critical rationalism (CCR),
Pancritical_rationalism
Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism
Secular Humanism is an outgrowth of eighteenth century enlightenment rationalism and nineteenth century freethought... A decidedly anti-theistic version
Secular_humanism
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
It is one of several competing views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricists argue that empiricism is a more reliable
Empiricism
Philosophical study of knowledge
was characterized by the contrasting perspectives of empiricism and rationalism. Epistemologists in the 20th century examined the components, structure
Epistemology
English polymath (1642–1727)
Midlands Modernity Natural philosophy Objectivity Progressivism Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Spanish America
Isaac_Newton
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
Nietzsche, as well as novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky, all of whom critiqued rationalism and concerned themselves with the problem of meaning. The word existentialism
Existentialism
Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994)
philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy", namely critical rationalism. In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of liberal
Karl_Popper
epistemology – Continental philosophy – Cosmicism – Cosmopolitanism – Critical rationalism – Critical realism – Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)
List_of_philosophies
Philosophy carried out by Jews or in relation to the religion of Judaism
part of classic Rabbinic literature, though the decline of scholastic rationalism coincided with historical events that drew Jews to the Kabbalistic approach
Jewish_philosophy
Opposite position of realism
Realistic Rationalism. In this book, he put forward a position called realistic rationalism, which combines metaphysical realism and rationalism. A more
Anti-realism
Philosophical principle
pointed out that critical rationalism only shows how theories can be falsified, but it omits how our belief in critical rationalism can itself be justified
Fallibilism
French public secularization movement
often embrace secular governance. Quebec Laicism Laicization Jewish rationalism Sharia Secularism Secularism in France Secularism in Turkey Theocracy
Laicism
1994 book by David Miller
Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence (1994) is a book on the philosophy of science by the philosopher David Miller. Book reviews include those
Critical_Rationalism
Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796
Midlands Modernity Natural philosophy Objectivity Progressivism Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Spanish America
Catherine_the_Great
Knowledge acquired by means of the senses
rational intuition and therefore as not dependent on empirical evidence. Rationalism fully accepts that there is knowledge a priori, which is either outright
Empirical_evidence
Study of the logic, methods, and foundations of social sciences
between individual people and their wider social involvement. Scientific rationalism tried to dissociate logical transactions from the emotional motivation
Philosophy_of_social_science
Theory of international relations
Rational choice (also termed rationalism) is a prominent framework in international relations scholarship. Rational choice is not a substantive theory
Rationalism (international relations)
Rationalism_(international_relations)
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist
believes that subjective impressions (empiricism) or innate knowledge (rationalism) are the sole possible or proper starting point for philosophical construction
Solipsism
Basic distinction in philosophy
evidence before forming a hypothesis. Partially in response to Kant's rationalism, logician Gottlob Frege applied objectivity to his epistemological and
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Theology reliant on rational and empirical arguments
Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action Theistic evolution Theistic rationalism Theophysics Etymology: φὐσις, physis (nature) Chignell, Andrew; Pereboom
Natural_theology
Awareness of facts
Hetherington 2023, 3b. Observational Knowledge. O’Brien. Martinich & Stroll, Rationalism and empiricism. Steup & Neta 2020, 5.2 Introspection. Hohwy 2013, p. 245
Declarative_knowledge
Study of the development of philosophy
occurring simultaneously during the scientific revolution. Empiricism and rationalism differ concerning the type of method they advocate. Empiricism focuses
History_of_philosophy
Political philosophy emphasising social ownership of production
diverse range of philosophies such as civic republicanism, Enlightenment rationalism, romanticism, forms of materialism, Christianity (both Catholic and Protestant)
Socialism
Study of general and fundamental questions
Knowing Purely by Thinking Blackburn 2008, Empiricism Blackburn 2008, Rationalism Steup & Neta 2020, 4. The Structure of Knowledge and Justification Truncellito
Philosophy
Spiritual practices from ancient India
discernment" (adhyavasaya) of prakrti and purusa (dualism), their metaphysical rationalism, and their three epistemological methods of obtaining knowledge. Larson
Yoga
Philosophy of the Western world
was another classic empiricist, with his arguments helping it overtake rationalism as the generally preferred approach. Together with David Hume, they form
Western_philosophy
Critical views of rationalist philosophy
emphasizing the non-rational dimension of human life, and criticising rationalism. As they reject logic, irrationalists argue that instinct and feelings
Irrationalism
Philosophical and literary concepts
Orphic trajectory, replacing instinct, myth, and artistic frenzy with rationalism, dialectic, and moral didacticism. By doing so, they undermined the ecstatic
Apollonian_and_Dionysian
Empiricist philosophical theory
humanity as the time since the Enlightenment, a time steeped in logical rationalism, to the time right after the French Revolution. This second phase states
Positivism
Philosophical movement
attempt to reconcile the empiricism of thinkers like David Hume with the rationalism of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza. Hume's skepticism had
German_idealism
Political classification system
freedom. The y-axis, "Attitude toward planned social progress" (labeled rationalism), refers to the extent which a political philosophy is compatible with
Pournelle_chart
Intellectual and cultural movement in 18th-century France
educate and improve society in France through science, political theory, rationalism and skepticism about religion and the nature of good. However, the "Encyclopédie"
French_Enlightenment
18th-century Bavarian secret society
Neugebauer-Wölk states that the Illuminati cultivated not only Enlightenment rationalism, but also Christian theosophy and Gnosticism and were not unfriendly
Illuminati
Totality of existing entities
University. Retrieved 6 June 2026. Markie, Peter; Folescu, M. (2023). "Rationalism vs. Empiricism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics
Reality
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
Institutionalism Epistemology Empiricism Fideism Naturalism Particularism Rationalism Skepticism Solipsism Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will
Utilitarianism
Specialty in philosophy, focused on German language origin
German philosophers are central to major philosophical movements such as rationalism, German idealism, Romanticism, dialectical materialism, existentialism
German_philosophy
American philosopher, historian, and author (born 1982)
philosophies: transhumanism, extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, rationalism, effective altruism, and longtermism. Torres grew up in Maryland. They
Émile_P._Torres
2002 short story collection by Ted Chiang
and compassionate". Here "humanism is inextricable from rationalism", and "it is the rationalism of the characters – and the writer – that makes them emotional
Stories of Your Life and Others
Stories_of_Your_Life_and_Others
Greek philosopher (c. 470–399 BC)
hostility towards Socrates was his anti-rationalism; he considered Socrates the father of European rationalism. In the mid-20th century, philosopher Walter
Socrates
Panrationalism (or comprehensive rationalism) holds two premises true: A rationalist accepts any position that can be justified or established by appeal
Panrationalism
Absence, indifference to, rejection of or hostility towards religion
perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, religious skepticism, rationalism, secularism, and non-religious spirituality. These perspectives can vary
Irreligion
German philosopher (1921–2023)
universities, such as the 1990 lectures at the University of Graz on Critical Rationalism, the 1995 Walter Adolf Lectures at Hochschule St. Gallen, and the 1998
Hans_Albert
Philosophical school and tradition
Institutionalism Epistemology Empiricism Fideism Naturalism Particularism Rationalism Skepticism Solipsism Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will
Post-structuralism
Greek philosophers active before and during the time of Socrates
impact on several concepts of Western philosophy, such as naturalism and rationalism, and paved the way for scientific methodology. Pre-Socratic is a term
Pre-Socratic_philosophy
How one process influences another
article is the "efficient" one. David Hume, as part of his opposition to rationalism, argued that pure reason alone cannot prove the reality of efficient
Causality
Revival in the study of Classical antiquity
exile Olaus Magnus. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy describes the rationalism of ancient writings as having tremendous impact on Renaissance scholars:
Renaissance_humanism
Political alignment in the right-wing spectrum
the deep "cultural despair" of thinkers feeling uprooted within the rationalism and scientism of the modern world. It was characterized by a rejection
Far-right_politics
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
and the scandal of philosophy". In contrast, Karl Popper's critical rationalism claimed that inductive justifications are never used in science and proposed
Problem_of_induction
Major branch of Protestantism
countering Rationalism and striving to advance a revival known as the Erweckung, or Awakening. In 1806, Napoleon's invasion of Germany promoted Rationalism and
Lutheranism
Esoteric philosophy originally developed by Ramon Llull
Lullism (Catalan: lul·lisme) is a term for the philosophical and theological currents related to the thought of Ramon Llull (ca. 1232–1315). Lullism also
Lullism
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990
Selsdon Group Related movements Conservatism (United Kingdom) Economic rationalism (Australia) Libertarianism (United Kingdom) New Right Powellism (United
Margaret_Thatcher
English novelist
Llewelyn Powys (13 August 1884 – 2 December 1939) was a British essayist, novelist and younger brother of John Cowper Powys and T. F. Powys. Powys was
Llewelyn_Powys
International society which espouses pluralistic rationalism
social philosophy of pluralistic rationalism (also plurationalism or methodological rationalism). Pluralistic rationalism is described in cultural media
The Circle of Reason (society)
The_Circle_of_Reason_(society)
Cultural and artistic movement
Modernism took a critical stance towards the Enlightenment concept of rationalism. The movement also rejected the concept of absolute originality — the
Modernism
Range of Indian religious traditions
Hindus today". Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan sought to reconcile western rationalism with Hinduism, "presenting Hinduism as an essentially rationalistic and
Hinduism
Awareness of facts, or competency
Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-7211-230-1. Markie, Peter J. (1998). "Rationalism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on
Knowledge
Branch of ethics
cannot alone instruct people how they ought to act. Moral rationalism, also called ethical rationalism, is the view according to which moral truths (or at least
Metaethics
Government system where political power lies with the people
Midlands Modernity Natural philosophy Objectivity Progressivism Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Spanish America
Democracy
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
distrust of established authorities, Bazarov follows a cold scientific rationalism. He openly expresses his hate toward conventional beliefs, societal norms
Nihilism
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924
Socialism portal v t e Positivism Perspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legal positivism Logical positivism Positivist
Vladimir_Lenin
Group of Italian Rationalist architects
Italian architects who wanted to reform architecture by the adoption of Rationalism. It was founded in 1926 by Luigi Figini, Guido Frette, Sebastiano Larco
Gruppo_7
Philosophy in recent times
a groundbreaking philosophical system that claimed to bring unity to rationalism and empiricism. Whether or not he was right, he did not entirely succeed
Modern_philosophy
Indian social activist and politician (1879–1973)
Dravida Nadu (land of the Dravidians). Periyar promoted the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women's rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the
Periyar
Proposed ideological bundle
for Transhumanism, Extropianism, Singularitarianism, (modern) Cosmism, Rationalism (denoting the ideology of the rationalist community), Effective Altruism
TESCREAL
Philosophical position
Conceptual Idealism and Stove's Gem in A. Musgrave, Essays on Realism and Rationalism, Rodopi, 1999 also in M.L. Dalla Chiara et al. (eds), Language, Quantum
Idealism
Largest main branch of Islam
al-Ash'ari and al-Maturidi found a middle ground between Mu'tazilite rationalism and Athari literalism, using the rationalistic methods championed by
Sunni_Islam
Max Weber's thesis on self-denial
Inner-worldly asceticism (German innerweltliche) was characterized by Max Weber in Economy and Society as the concentration of human behavior upon activities
Inner-worldly_asceticism
British academic (1936–2021)
Hugo Anthony Meynell (23 March 1936 – 1 October 2021) was an English academic and author. Born in Meynell Langley, Derbyshire, England, half a year after
Hugo_Anthony_Meynell
Proto-Romanticist movement in German literature and music
were given free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements. The
Sturm_und_Drang
Empiricist. René Descartes (1596–1650). Heliocentrism, mind-body dualism, rationalism. Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658). Spanish Catholic philosopher François
Timeline of Western philosophers
Timeline_of_Western_philosophers
English philosopher (1901–1990)
(1962). Rationalism in Politics, and Other Essays. Basic Books Publishing Company. Retrieved 14 October 2025. Oakeshott, Michael (1991). Rationalism in Politics
Michael_Oakeshott
The study of the methodological principles of interpretation
Quantitative Philosophical schools Antipositivism Constructivism Critical rationalism Empiricism Fallibilism Positivism Postpositivism Pragmatism Realism Critical
Hermeneutics
Emphasis on reason and experience over doctrinal authority
Liberal Christians view their theology as an alternative to both atheistic rationalism and theologies based on traditional interpretations of external authority
Liberal_Christianity
Range of related ideas and movements that have developed in the Western world
distinctness both from orthodox Abrahamic religion and Age of Enlightenment rationalism. It has influenced, or contributed to, various forms of Western philosophy
Western_esotericism
Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal
scripture was prompted by Muslim anti-Jewish polemics and the spread of rationalism, as well as the anti-Rabbanite polemics of Karaites. The cultural and
Sephardic_Jews
16th-century movement in Western Christianity
Protestant orthodoxy Peace of Westphalia Simultaneous rise of Pietism and Rationalism Monuments Reformation Wall Luther Monuments Calendrical commemoration
Reformation
American philosopher (1932–2002)
the autonomous theory of sense (ATS). Katz was a staunch defender of rationalism (although not in a Cartesian/Fregean sense) and the metaphysical import
Jerrold_Katz
Central category of dialectics
Institutionalism Epistemology Empiricism Fideism Naturalism Particularism Rationalism Skepticism Solipsism Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will
Unity_of_opposites
Public park system in Barcelona, Spain
elements from the Arts and Crafts movement, Symbolism, Expressionism, and Rationalism, and presaged and influenced many forms and techniques of 20th-century
Park_Güell
Symbolic AI and its influence on philosophy and psychology
intelligence. This was not just hubris or speculation -- this was entailed by rationalism. If it was not true, then it brings into question a large part of the
GOFAI
Sunni school of Islamic theology
guideline, based on scriptural authority, rationality, and theological rationalism. The disciples of the Ash'ari school are known as Ash'arites, and the
Ash'arism
Some Protestants created biblical criticism while others responded to rationalism with Pietism and religious revivals that created new denominations. Nineteenth
History_of_Christianity
Australian politician (born 1954)
for the return of high-tariff protectionism, and criticism of economic rationalism. Her speech was delivered uninterrupted by her fellow parliamentarians
Pauline_Hanson
1866 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
novel, Dostoevsky pinpointed the dangers of both utilitarianism and rationalism, the main ideas of which inspired the radicals, continuing a fierce criticism
Crime_and_Punishment
2025 Indian Telugu film by Srinivas Manne
claims and exposing fraudulent spiritual practitioners. Firm believers in rationalism, they set out to investigate cases of alleged possession and supernatural
Eesha_(film)
2024) was an English philosopher and prominent exponent of critical rationalism. He taught in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Warwick
David_Miller_(philosopher)
American diplomat and politician (1923–2023)
Chinese school of international relations Classifications Postpositivism Rationalism Reflectivism "Great Debates" Inter-paradigm debate Other approaches International
Henry_Kissinger
Branch of philosophy
Institutionalism Epistemology Empiricism Fideism Naturalism Particularism Rationalism Skepticism Solipsism Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will
Philosophy_of_mind
State of being real
Institutionalism Epistemology Empiricism Fideism Naturalism Particularism Rationalism Skepticism Solipsism Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will
Existence
Twelver Shia Islamic scholar (1238–1299)
part of a thirteenth-century Bahrain school of theology that emphasised rationalism. At the same time, Maytham Al Bahrani was profoundly influenced by the
Al-Bahrani
Leader of the Republic of China from 1925 to 1975
Heaven Meritocracy Irredentism Law and order Rectification of names Rationalism Ren Respect Sinicization Sinocentrism Social stratification Social structure
Chiang_Kai-shek
American philosopher (1892–1987)
1987) was an American philosopher known primarily for his defense of rationalism and idealism. Brand Blanshard was born August 27, 1892, in Fredericksburg
Brand_Blanshard
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Water; Beloved; Dear
Girl/Female
Australian, German, Romanian
Magnificent
Girl/Female
Irish
Brings joy.
Girl/Female
Tamil
One end of Saree which is free
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French, Greek
God of Wine; A Form of Deontae; Abbreviation of Dionysius
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
Leading
Boy/Male
Tamil
God gift, Inherent, Inscribed into something, Within something
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Dream; Vision
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Strongest of his Time
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of the priest Inhehemto.
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
v. i.
To use, and rely on, reason in forming a theory, belief, etc., especially in matters of religion: to accord with the principles of rationalism.
n.
Rationalism.
n.
The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed; sensualism; -- opposed to intuitionalism, and rationalism.
n.
One who accepts rationalism as a theory or system; also, disparagingly, a false reasoner. See Citation under Reasonist.
n.
The doctrine or system of those who deduce their religious opinions from reason or the understanding, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation.
n.
The system that makes rational power the ultimate test of truth; -- opposed to sensualism, or sensationalism, and empiricism.
a.
Belonging to, or in accordance with, the principles of rationalism.
n.
A characteristic of the Germans; a characteristic German mode, doctrine, etc.; rationalism.
v. t.
To make rational; also, to convert to rationalism.
n.
A new doctrine; specifically, rationalism.
n.
A new doctrine; esp. (Theol.), a doctrine at variance with the received interpretation of revealed truth; a new method of theological interpretation; rationalism.