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Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
Utilitarianism is a family of theories in normative ethics that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals.
Utilitarianism
Topic in ethics
Preference utilitarianism (also known as preferentialism) is a form of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Unlike value monist forms of utilitarianism, preferentialism
Preference_utilitarianism
1861 essay by John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism is a book written by English philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill, considered to be a classic exposition and defense of utilitarianism
Utilitarianism_(book)
Philosophical aim of minimizing suffering
Negative utilitarianism (NU) is a form of negative consequentialism that can be described as the view that people should minimize the total amount of aggregate
Negative_utilitarianism
English philosopher and jurist (1748–1832)
philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. Bentham defined as the "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle
Jeremy_Bentham
English politician and philosopher (1806–1873)
a theory repugnant to his predecessors". He was a proponent of the utilitarianism of his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed to the investigation
John_Stuart_Mill
Flavour of utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that the morally right action is the one that produces the best results in that specific
Act_utilitarianism
Ethical principle; incorporates deontology into greatest-happiness thinking
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness
Rule_utilitarianism
Ethical theory based on consequences
Historically, hedonistic utilitarianism is the paradigmatic example of a consequentialist moral theory. This form of utilitarianism holds that what matters
Consequentialism
Philosophical study of morality
of utilitarianism have developed, including the difference between act and rule utilitarianism and between maximizing and satisficing utilitarianism. Deontology
Ethics
Theory of ethics
well-being. Two-level utilitarianism combines act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. In terms of two-level utilitarianism, act utilitarianism can be likened
Two-level_utilitarianism
Thought experiment critiquing utilitarianism
ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism. A hypothetical being, which Nozick calls the utility monster, receives
Utility_monster
Country in Northwestern Europe
ethical theory of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism. The BBC, founded
United_Kingdom
British philosopher and economist (1838–1900)
Essex, with his wife. Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an Intuitional basis". This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry
Henry_Sidgwick
Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for morality
an action is right or wrong. Classical theories in this vein include utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and some forms of contractarianism. These theories
Normative_ethics
Polish utilitarian philosopher
ethical egoism and utilitarianism. She and Singer use an evolutionary debunking argument to damage egoism but leave utilitarianism unscathed. In On What
Katarzyna_de_Lazari-Radek
Family of views prioritizing pleasure
period but became a central topic in the modern era with the rise of utilitarianism. Various criticisms of hedonism emerged in the 20th century, prompting
Hedonism
Moral theory
Thomas M. Scanlon (1982). Contractualism as an alternative account to utilitarianism was first proposed by John Rawls in his book A Theory of Justice (1971)
Contractualism
Version of consequentialism
possible duties we may think of. A specific type of consequentialism is utilitarianism, which says that the consequences that matter are those that affect
Negative_consequentialism
Design philosophy of 19th–20th centuries
Form follows function is a principle of design associated with late 19th- and early 20th-century architecture and industrial design in general, which states
Form_follows_function
Class of ethical theories
or rule-based ethics. Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to utilitarianism and other consequentialist theories, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics
Deontology
This is an incomplete list of advocates of utilitarianism and/or consequentialism. Epicurus Lucretius Mozi Roger Bacon Richard Cumberland John Gay Bernard
List_of_utilitarians
Australian philosopher and academic
Utilitarianism. Smart gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism. According to the first, rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism because
J._J._C._Smart
Branch of sociology
common political and ethical motivations for formal punishment are utilitarianism and retributivism. Both these concepts have been articulated by law-makers
Sociology_of_punishment
Study of general and fundamental questions
Consequentialists judge actions based on their consequences. One such view is utilitarianism, which argues that actions should increase overall happiness while minimizing
Philosophy
Normative ethical theories
g. Hume) continued to emphasise the virtues, with the ascendancy of utilitarianism and deontological ethics, virtue theory moved to the margins of Western
Virtue_ethics
Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law
needed] Modern frameworks include concepts such as distributive justice, utilitarianism, retributive justice and restorative justice. In broad terms, distributive
Justice
American philosopher (1957–2023)
related to animal rights and animal welfare, and R. M. Hare's two-level utilitarianism. At the time of his death, he was an emeritus professor in the department
Gary_Varner
English coffee house
It was in this coffee house where Jeremy Bentham first conceived of Utilitarianism. In 2009, it rebranded itself as "QL". There is a second, smaller, QL
Queen's_Lane_Coffee_House
Uruguayan writer (1871–1917)
sense of life against the limitations of utilitarianism”. He furthers his argument by stating that utilitarianism causes certain individuals to become specialized
José_Enrique_Rodó
Philosophical thought experiment
happiness pump is a philosophical thought experiment. It is a critique of utilitarianism. A happiness pump is someone who will do anything to increase other
Happiness_pump
American philosopher
He is known for his expertise on utilitarianism. Mill's On Liberty, Routledge, 1998, 2015 Liberal Utilitarianism: Social Choice Theory and J.S. Mill's
Jonathan_Riley
German philosopher (1844–1900)
prominent moral philosophies of his day: Christianity, Kantianism and utilitarianism. Nietzsche's concept "God is dead" applies to the doctrines of Christendom
Friedrich_Nietzsche
Book by John Stuart Mill
in 1859 under the latter's name. It applied their ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. The Mills suggested standards for the relationship
On_Liberty
Aspect of law enforcement
Preventive police is that aspect of law enforcement intended to act as a deterrent to the commission of crime. Preventive policing is considered a defining
Preventive_police
1874 book by Henry Sidgwick
one's own well-being) and utilitarianism (promoting everyone's well-being). According to Sidgwick, intuitionism and utilitarianism are in harmony with each
The_Methods_of_Ethics
View that people should only act in their own self-interest
obligation to help others. Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self (also known
Ethical_egoism
Philosophical work by Jeremy Bentham (1789)
important theoretical work," it is where Bentham develops his theory of utilitarianism and is the first major book on the topic. Bentham was the first major
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation
American philosopher and professor
Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. American philosophy Ethics Business ethics Utilitarianism List of American philosophers The Nature
William_Shaw_(philosopher)
Natural Supernaturalism – Nature, philosophy of – Nazism – Negative utilitarianism – Neo-Confucianism – Neoconservatism – Neo-Hegelianism – Neohumanism
List_of_philosophies
Pareto efficiency implies utilitarian rule
problem Risse, Mathias (2002). "Harsanyi's 'Utilitarian Theorem' and Utilitarianism". Noûs. 36 (4): 550–577. doi:10.1111/1468-0068.t01-1-00401. JSTOR 3506225
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
American academic
ethics, applied ethics, and political philosophy. He is a defender of utilitarianism. Norcross graduated from Oxford University in 1983 and earned his Ph
Alastair_Norcross
Pain, mental, or emotional unhappiness
the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction
Suffering
Moral status and treatment of nonhuman animals
that are more widely accepted by society such as animal rights and utilitarianism. Some ethicists use the term speciesism to describe discrimination against
Animal_ethics
Ideology supporting both civil and economic liberties
institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of utilitarianism. The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejected classical
Classical_liberalism
Experience that feels good or is enjoyable
psychological tendency to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. Classical utilitarianism connects pleasure to ethics in stating that whether an action is right
Pleasure
Axiological position which prioritizes avoiding preference frustration
preference utilitarianism is an ethical theory. Antinatalism The Asymmetry (population ethics) Buddhist ethics Frustration Negative utilitarianism Painism
Antifrustrationism
1854 novel by Charles Dickens
this. The Utilitarians were one of the targets of Dickens's satire. Utilitarianism was a prevalent school of thought during this period, its founders being
Hard_Times_(novel)
Concept relating to distribution of rewards to group members
While the basic notion that utilitarianism builds on seems simple, one major dispute within the school of utilitarianism revolved around the conceptualisation
Distributive_justice
Decision rule of maximizing utility
"calibrate" the utility functions of the different individuals. Relative utilitarianism proposes a natural calibration mechanism. For every i ∈ I {\displaystyle
Utilitarian_rule
Philosophical aspects and arguments about suicide
toleration, with some seeing it as laudatory, depending on circumstance. Utilitarianism offers perhaps a confusing stance. For example, using Jeremy Bentham's
Philosophy_of_suicide
English philosopher (1871–1947)
influential moral philosophers, such as John Rawls. Prichard attacks utilitarianism as not being capable of forming obligations. He states that one cannot
H._A._Prichard
well-being of the greatest number. Utilitarianism remains popular in the twenty-first century. Both Kantianism and Utilitarianism provide ethical theories that
History_of_ethics
Algorithm in utilitarian ethics
happiness in units. The concept of measuring hedonic utility arose in Utilitarianism, with Classical Utilitarians acknowledging that the actual pleasure
Felicific_calculus
American philosopher
History of English Utilitarianism (first published 1902; reprinted Routledge/Thoemmes 2003). The Beginnings of English Utilitarianism (reprinted by Wentworth
Ernest_Albee
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
contributor to the Commission's report, developed Jeremy Bentham's theory of utilitarianism, the idea that the success of something could be measured by whether
Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834
Thought experiment in ethics
obligatory to steer to the track with one man on it. According to classical utilitarianism, such a decision would be not only permissible, but, morally speaking
Trolley_problem
Philosophical study of knowledge
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Epistemology
Problem in ethics
Another response is the conclusion that total utilitarianism must be rejected in favour of average utilitarianism, which would result in situation A+ being
Mere_addition_paradox
English philosopher (1929–2003)
She had approached Williams to write the opposing view of utilitarianism for Utilitarianism: For and Against with J. J. C. Smart (1973), and they had
Bernard_Williams
Philosophical positions
journal requires |journal= (help) "Introduction to Utilitarianism – Utilitarianism.net". Utilitarianism. Retrieved 2022-04-14. Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 231
Moral_relativism
Binding rule that sovereign powers enforce
or political theories. The general normative theories of deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics are three general normative theories that significantly
Legal_norm
considered the founders of utilitarianism, though the basic concept predates either of the two philosophers. Utilitarianism remains as one of the more
19th-century_philosophy
Philosophical study of being
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Ontology
Systematic study of values
the overall value of the policy is positive or negative. Axiological utilitarianism accepts the additivity principle, saying that the total value is simply
Value_theory
Theoretical framework that connects Blackness and social death
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Afro-pessimism (United States)
Afro-pessimism_(United_States)
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Nihilism
1828 novel by Benjamin Disraeli
call it THE COLONIAL SYSTEM'. The main target of Popanilla's satire is utilitarianism. Prior to discovering the knowledge of Benthamite theory brought to
Popanilla
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Existentialism
Ancient Chinese philosophy
from the supreme deity Tian, stressing the virtues of austerity and utilitarianism. Illuminating its original doctrine, later Mohist logicians were pivotal
Mohism
American political philosopher (1938–2002)
of Justice, see Nozick implicitly join Rawls's attempts to discredit utilitarianism. Nozick's case differs somewhat in that it mainly targets hedonism and
Robert_Nozick
American philosopher (1910–1997)
in the field. He defended a version of rule utilitarianism in "Toward a credible form of utilitarianism" (1963) and performed cultural-anthropological
Richard_Brandt
Branch of moral philosophy
animals). For this reason, utilitarianism is often associated with the term welfarist consequentialism. In utilitarianism, it is the "end result" which
Secular_ethics
Argument raised against consequentialist ethical theories
The demandingness objection is a common argument raised against utilitarianism and other consequentialist ethical theories. It suggests that the consequentialist
Demandingness_objection
Property law concept
Adverse possession in common law, and the related civil law concept of usucaption (also acquisitive prescription or prescriptive acquisition), are legal
Adverse_possession
Concept in economics and decision theory
century has shown that insofar as utility represents happiness, as for utilitarianism, it is indeed proportional to log of income.) The first important use
Utility
Range of Indian religious traditions
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Hinduism
Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism
Many secular humanists derive their moral codes from a philosophy of utilitarianism, ethical naturalism, or evolutionary ethics, and some advocate a science
Secular_humanism
Philosophical view that matter is the fundamental substance of nature
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Materialism
Belief that events are determined by prior ones
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Determinism
Rights belonging to animals
he argues. Posner calls his approach "soft utilitarianism", in contrast to Singer's "hard utilitarianism". He argues: The "soft" utilitarian position
Animal_rights
Ability to experience feelings and sensations
determining which entities deserve moral consideration, particularly in utilitarianism. The word "sentience" has been used to translate a variety of concepts
Sentience
Philosophical school of thought
Bible. In parallel, utilitarianism was developed in Britain through the works of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism, a moral philosophy
Humanism
View within ethics and political philosophy
give explicit priority to the worse off". Prioritarianism resembles utilitarianism, and is likewise a form of aggregative consequentialism. The term "prioritarianism"
Prioritarianism
Study of the foundations of politics
developed, such as social contract theory, liberalism, conservatism, utilitarianism, Marxism, and anarchism. Political philosophy is the branch of philosophy
Political_philosophy
Biotechnological elimination of involuntary suffering
sentient beings. The idea is associated with some forms of transhumanism, utilitarianism, bioethics and animal welfare ethics. Supporters have proposed the use
Eradication_of_suffering
American researcher, ethicist, and essayist
truth. Tomasik is an advocate of negative utilitarianism. He supports a form of threshold negative utilitarianism based on consent. According to this view
Brian_Tomasik
Professor of Political Philosophy
Retrieved 16 November 2009. [dead link] See David Lyons ‘Bentham, Utilitarianism and Distribution’, Utilitas, vol. 4, no. 2, (1992), pp. 323-8 See discussion
Paul_Kelly_(professor)
Basic distinction in philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Lists_of_philosophers
Ethical views prioritising the reduction of suffering
with less suffering. A form of negative consequentialism is negative utilitarianism, according to which one should seek to minimise aggregate suffering
Suffering-focused_ethics
1973 short story by Ursula K. Le Guin
walk away from Omelas." Le Guin's short story explores the ideas of utilitarianism. Le Guin stated that the city's name is pronounced "OH-meh-lahss". Le
The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
The_Ones_Who_Walk_Away_from_Omelas
Philosophy of the Western world
and therefore forming the basis of ethics. Jeremy Bentham established utilitarianism, which was a consequentialist ethic based on 'the greatest happiness
Western_philosophy
Philosophical origins and foundation of Western civilization
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Ancient_Greek_philosophy
Ethical and physical thought experiment
baby Hitler can demonstrate the outlook of various moral philosophies: utilitarianism holds that killing baby Hitler is justified, as the potential benefits
Killing_baby_Hitler
Method of reasoning and philosophical argument
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Dialectic
Philosophical tradition of the British people
politics. Mill continued Bentham's tradition of utilitarianism in works like On Liberty (1859) and Utilitarianism (1863). Mill's conception of liberty justified
British_philosophy
Principle that an action is rational if it maximizes one's self-interest
persuasive reason for preferring rational egoism over utilitarianism. Although utilitarianism can be provided with a rational basis and reconciled with
Rational_egoism
Term in Martin Heidegger's philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Dasein
Branch of philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Philosophy_of_mind
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