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Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
Utilitarianism is a family of theories in normative ethics that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals.
Utilitarianism
1861 essay by John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism is an 1861 book written by English philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill, considered to be a classic exposition and defense of utilitarianism
Utilitarianism_(book)
English philosopher and jurist (1748–1832)
philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. Bentham defined as the "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle
Jeremy_Bentham
English philosopher and author (1806–1873)
a theory repugnant to his predecessors". He was a proponent of the utilitarianism of his predecessor Jeremy Bentham, and contributed to the investigation
John_Stuart_Mill
Philosophical aim of minimizing suffering
Negative utilitarianism (NU) is a form of negative consequentialism that can be described as the view that people should minimize the total amount of aggregate
Negative_utilitarianism
Topic in ethics
Preference utilitarianism (also known as preferentialism) is a form of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Unlike value monist forms of utilitarianism, preferentialism
Preference_utilitarianism
Ethical principle; incorporates deontology into greatest-happiness thinking
Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness
Rule_utilitarianism
Ethical theory based on consequences
Historically, hedonistic utilitarianism is the paradigmatic example of a consequentialist moral theory. This form of utilitarianism holds that what matters
Consequentialism
Philosophical study of morality
of utilitarianism have developed, including the difference between act and rule utilitarianism and between maximizing and satisficing utilitarianism. Deontology
Ethics
Flavour of utilitarianism
Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that the morally right action is the one that produces the best results in that specific
Act_utilitarianism
Country in northwestern Europe
ethical theory of utilitarianism, a moral philosophy first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism. The BBC, founded
United_Kingdom
Polish utilitarian philosopher
ethical egoism and utilitarianism. She and Singer use an evolutionary debunking argument to damage egoism but leave utilitarianism unscathed. In On What
Katarzyna_de_Lazari-Radek
Family of views prioritizing pleasure
period but became a central topic in the modern era with the rise of utilitarianism. Various criticisms of hedonism emerged in the 20th century, prompting
Hedonism
Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for morality
an action is right or wrong. Classical theories in this vein include utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and some forms of contractarianism. These theories
Normative_ethics
Theory of ethics
well-being. Two-level utilitarianism combines act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. In terms of two-level utilitarianism, act utilitarianism can be likened
Two-level_utilitarianism
Moral theory
Thomas M. Scanlon (1982). Contractualism as an alternative account to utilitarianism was first proposed by John Rawls in his book A Theory of Justice (1971)
Contractualism
British philosopher and economist (1838–1900)
Essex, with his wife. Sidgwick summarizes his position in ethics as utilitarianism "on an Intuitional basis". This reflects, and disputes, the rivalry
Henry_Sidgwick
Thought experiment critiquing utilitarianism
ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism. A hypothetical being, which Nozick calls the utility monster, receives
Utility_monster
This is an incomplete list of advocates of utilitarianism and/or consequentialism. Epicurus Lucretius Mozi Roger Bacon Richard Cumberland John Gay Bernard
List_of_utilitarians
Theory of value based on well-being
often seen as a type of consequentialism, and can take the form of utilitarianism. It is important for various discussions and arguments about welfarism
Welfarism
Australian philosopher and academic
Utilitarianism. Smart gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism. According to the first, rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism because
J._J._C._Smart
Version of consequentialism
possible duties we may think of. A specific type of consequentialism is utilitarianism, which says that the consequences that matter are those that affect
Negative_consequentialism
View within ethics and political philosophy
give explicit priority to the worse off". Prioritarianism resembles utilitarianism, and is likewise a form of aggregative consequentialism. The term "prioritarianism"
Prioritarianism
Design philosophy of 19th–20th centuries
Form follows function is a principle of design associated with late 19th- and early 20th-century architecture and industrial design in general, which states
Form_follows_function
Acts which are good but not morally required to be done
schools of moral philosophy do not include supererogatory acts. In utilitarianism, an act can only be better because it would bring more good to a greater
Supererogation
Class of ethical theories
or rule-based ethics. Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted to utilitarianism and other consequentialist theories, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics
Deontology
Uruguayan writer (1871–1917)
sense of life against the limitations of utilitarianism”. He furthers his argument by stating that utilitarianism causes certain individuals to become specialized
José_Enrique_Rodó
Branch of sociology
common political and ethical motivations for formal punishment are utilitarianism and retributivism. Both these concepts have been articulated by law-makers
Sociology_of_punishment
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Nihilism
English coffee house
It was in this coffee house where Jeremy Bentham first conceived of Utilitarianism. In 2009, it rebranded itself as "QL". There is a second, smaller, QL
Queen's_Lane_Coffee_House
1828 novel by Benjamin Disraeli
call it THE COLONIAL SYSTEM'. The main target of Popanilla's satire is utilitarianism. Prior to discovering the knowledge of Benthamite theory brought to
Popanilla
Book by John Stuart Mill
with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill. It applied Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. Mill suggested standards for the relationship
On_Liberty
Study of general and fundamental questions
Consequentialists judge actions based on their consequences. One such view is utilitarianism, which argues that actions should increase overall happiness while minimizing
Philosophy
Concept of moral fairness and administration of the law
needed] Modern frameworks include concepts such as distributive justice, utilitarianism, retributive justice and restorative justice. In broad terms, distributive
Justice
View that people should only act in their own self-interest
obligation to help others. Egoism and altruism both contrast with ethical utilitarianism, which holds that a moral agent should treat one's self (also known
Ethical_egoism
considered the founders of utilitarianism, though the basic concept predates either of the two philosophers. Utilitarianism remains as one of the more
19th-century_philosophy
Political philosophy emphasising social ownership of production
(both Catholic and Protestant), natural law and natural rights theory, utilitarianism and liberal political economy. Another philosophical basis for a great
Socialism
Natural Supernaturalism – Nature, philosophy of – Nazism – Negative utilitarianism – Neo-Confucianism – Neoconservatism – Neo-Hegelianism – Neohumanism
List_of_philosophies
Decision rule of maximizing utility
"calibrate" the utility functions of the different individuals. Relative utilitarianism proposes a natural calibration mechanism. For every i ∈ I {\displaystyle
Utilitarian_rule
American philosopher (1957–2023)
related to animal rights and animal welfare, and R. M. Hare's two-level utilitarianism. At the time of his death, he was an emeritus professor in the department
Gary_Varner
Problem in ethics
Another response is the conclusion that total utilitarianism must be rejected in favour of average utilitarianism, which would result in situation A+ being
Mere_addition_paradox
Moral status and treatment of nonhuman animals
that are more widely accepted by society such as animal rights and utilitarianism. Some ethicists use the term speciesism to describe discrimination against
Animal_ethics
Pain, mental, or emotional unhappiness
the doctrine of hedonistic utilitarianism. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction
Suffering
Ideology supporting both civil and economic liberties
institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of utilitarianism. The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejected classical
Classical_liberalism
1866 novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Russian nihilism. In the novel, Dostoevsky pinpointed the dangers of both utilitarianism and rationalism, the main ideas of which inspired the radicals, continuing
Crime_and_Punishment
American academic
ethics, applied ethics, and political philosophy. He is a defender of utilitarianism. Norcross graduated from Oxford University in 1983 and earned his Ph
Alastair_Norcross
Philosophical thought experiment
happiness pump is a philosophical thought experiment. It is a critique of utilitarianism. A happiness pump is someone who will do anything to increase other
Happiness_pump
Study of the foundations of politics
developed, such as social contract theory, liberalism, conservatism, utilitarianism, Marxism, and anarchism. Political philosophy is the branch of philosophy
Political_philosophy
American political philosopher (1938–2002)
of Justice, see Nozick implicitly join Rawls's attempts to discredit utilitarianism. Nozick's case differs somewhat in that it mainly targets hedonism and
Robert_Nozick
Experience that feels good or is enjoyable
psychological tendency to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. Classical utilitarianism connects pleasure to ethics in stating that whether an action is right
Pleasure
English philosopher (1929–2003)
She had approached Williams to write the opposing view of utilitarianism for Utilitarianism: For and Against with J. J. C. Smart (1973), and they had
Bernard_Williams
American philosopher
He is known for his expertise on utilitarianism. Mill's On Liberty, Routledge, 1998, 2015 Liberal Utilitarianism: Social Choice Theory and J.S. Mill's
Jonathan_Riley
Ethical views prioritising the reduction of suffering
with less suffering. A form of negative consequentialism is negative utilitarianism, according to which one should seek to minimise aggregate suffering
Suffering-focused_ethics
American philosopher
History of English Utilitarianism (first published 1902; reprinted Routledge/Thoemmes 2003). The Beginnings of English Utilitarianism (reprinted by Wentworth
Ernest_Albee
Ethical and physical thought experiment
baby Hitler can demonstrate the outlook of various moral philosophies: utilitarianism holds that killing baby Hitler is justified, as the potential benefits
Killing_baby_Hitler
Philosophical tradition of the British people
tradition of advancing and defending utilitarianism. Mill's book Utilitarianism is a philosophical defense of utilitarianism. The essay first appeared as a
British_philosophy
Philosophical and literary concepts
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Apollonian_and_Dionysian
Systematic study of values
the overall value of the policy is positive or negative. Axiological utilitarianism accepts the additivity principle, saying that the total value is simply
Value_theory
Basic distinction in philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
The study of the methodological principles of interpretation
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Hermeneutics
2008 English-language philosophy book by Iain King
and presents new ideas in ethics, which have been described as quasi-utilitarianism. How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time has forty chapters
How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time
How_to_Make_Good_Decisions_and_Be_Right_All_the_Time
Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism
Many secular humanists derive their moral codes from a philosophy of utilitarianism, ethical naturalism, or evolutionary ethics, and some advocate a science
Secular_humanism
Epistemological view centered on reason
emphasized a "politics of reason" centered upon rationality, deontology, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism was later
Rationalism
Concept relating to distribution of rewards to group members
While the basic notion that utilitarianism builds on seems simple, one major dispute within the school of utilitarianism revolved around the conceptualisation
Distributive_justice
Branch of philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Philosophy_of_mind
Property law concept
Adverse possession in common law, and the related civil law concept of usucaption (also acquisitive prescription or prescriptive acquisition), are legal
Adverse_possession
1930 book by W. D. Ross
flaws in other ethical theories, for example, in G. E. Moore's ideal utilitarianism or in Immanuel Kant's deontology. Ross defends a realist position about
The_Right_and_the_Good
German philosopher (1844–1900)
prominent moral philosophies of his day: Christianity, Kantianism and utilitarianism. Nietzsche's concept "God is dead" applies to the doctrines of Christendom
Friedrich_Nietzsche
British philosopher (1942–2017)
Parfit distinguishes between average utilitarianism and total utilitarianism. He formulates average utilitarianism in two ways. One is what Parfit calls
Derek_Parfit
Ability to experience feelings and sensations
determining which entities deserve moral consideration, particularly in utilitarianism. The word "sentience" has been used to translate a variety of concepts
Sentience
Steps in reasoning
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Inference
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Lists_of_philosophers
Philosophical positions
journal requires |journal= (help) "Introduction to Utilitarianism – Utilitarianism.net". Utilitarianism. Retrieved 2022-04-14. Dundas, Paul (2002) p. 231
Moral_relativism
British moral philosopher (1919–2002)
formal features of moral discourse, and for his defence of preference utilitarianism based on his prescriptivism. Some of Hare's tutorial students, such
R._M._Hare
Philosophical school of thought
Bible. In parallel, utilitarianism was developed in Britain through the works of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism, a moral philosophy
Humanism
Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Virtue
1854 novel by Charles Dickens
this. The Utilitarians were one of the targets of Dickens's satire. Utilitarianism was a prevalent school of thought during this period, its founders being
Hard_Times_(novel)
1844 book by Max Stirner
Christianity and traditional morality on one hand; and on the other, humanism, utilitarianism, liberalism, and much of the then-burgeoning socialist movement, advocating
The_Ego_and_Its_Own
Thought experiment in ethics
obligatory to steer to the track with one man on it. According to classical utilitarianism, such a decision would be not only permissible, but, morally speaking
Trolley_problem
1971 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin
themes and philosophies such as positivism, Taoism, behaviorism, and utilitarianism. Its central plot surrounds a man whose dreams are able to alter past
The_Lathe_of_Heaven
Genre of literary prose
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Socratic_dialogue
1869 essay by John Stuart Mill
number of separate issues. Consistency in his approach is based on utilitarianism, and the good of society. Nothing should be ruled out because it is
The_Subjection_of_Women
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Determinism
Philosophical doctrine on the subjugation of all events to fate
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Fatalism
Manifesto. London, England: Penguin Books. Mills. J. S. (Ed.). (1979). Utilitarianism. Indianapolis: Hacket Pub. Co. Levinson, D. and Sadovnik, l. R. (2002)
Justice_and_the_Market
Theory advanced by social scientists to explain facts about the social world
theoretical traditions: functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, and utilitarianism. While modern sociological theory descends predominately from functionalist
Sociological_theory
Political philosophy and movement
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Anarchism
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
List of ancient Greek philosophers
List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers
Ethics textbook
subjectivism, divine command theory, ethical egoism, social contract theory, utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and deontology. The book uses real-life examples in
The Elements of Moral Philosophy
The_Elements_of_Moral_Philosophy
Value judgment that procreation is unethical
rectification is the limiting or conclusion of reproduction. Negative utilitarianism argues that minimizing suffering has greater moral importance than maximizing
Antinatalism
Branch of philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Philosophy_of_science
Study of fundamental reality
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Metaphysics
Concept in economics and decision theory
century has shown that insofar as utility represents happiness, as for utilitarianism, it is indeed proportional to log of income.) The first important use
Utility
Theory that life is meaningless
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Absurdism
Normative ethical theories
g. Hume) continued to emphasise the virtues, with the ascendancy of utilitarianism and deontological ethics, virtue theory moved to the margins of Western
Virtue_ethics
Logic System in India
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Tetralemma
Philosophical aspects and arguments about suicide
toleration, with some seeing it as laudatory, depending on circumstance. Utilitarianism offers perhaps a confusing stance. For example, using Jeremy Bentham's
Philosophy_of_suicide
American philosopher and professor
Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. American philosophy Ethics Business ethics Utilitarianism List of American philosophers The Nature
William_Shaw_(philosopher)
First-person shooter video game franchise
in-game narrative influenced by concepts such as objectivism, total utilitarianism, and American exceptionalism. The series consists of three main games
BioShock_(series)
Period of Western philosophy
Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo Kierkegaardianism Krausism Hegelianism
Hellenistic_philosophy
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Modern
Part of Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Muslim
Name of a liberal woman of baghdad who founded a religious school
Girl/Female
Biblical
A bush or thorn.
Boy/Male
Australian, Chinese
The Original
Boy/Male
Arabic
The Sword of the Faith
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sentence; Writing; Essay; Famous Poet; Blessing; Ibn-e-insha
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Tamil
Jahnavi | ஜாஹà¯à®¨à®µà¯€
River Ganga (Daughter of Jahnu)
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Latin Laurus, LÃRUS means "laurel."
Girl/Female
Indian
God Ganesh
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
n.
The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions.
n.
The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is determined by its usefulness.
n.
That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also, the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions.
a.
Of or pertaining to utilitarianism; supporting utilitarianism; as, the utilitarian view of morality; the Utilitarian Society.
n.
Happiness; the greatest good, or happiness, of the greatest number, -- the foundation of utilitarianism.
n.
One who holds the doctrine of utilitarianism.
n.
The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of the universe.