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Return of a perturbed system into equilibrium
sciences, relaxation usually means the return of a perturbed system into equilibrium. Each relaxation process can be categorized by a relaxation time τ.
Relaxation_(physics)
Topics referred to by the same term
sciences, the term is used in the following ways: Relaxation (physics), and more in particular: Relaxation (NMR), processes by which nuclear magnetization
Relaxation
Oscillator that produces a nonsinusoidal repetitive waveform
In electronics, a relaxation oscillator is a nonlinear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a nonsinusoidal repetitive output signal, such as a
Relaxation_oscillator
Decay of nuclear spin polarization in MRI and NMR
proteins Protein dynamics Relaxation (physics) Relaxometry Spin–lattice relaxation Spin–spin relaxation Rinck, Peter A. (2022). Relaxation Times and Basic Pulse
Relaxation_(NMR)
Electrically insulating substance able to be polarised by an applied electric field
physics, dielectric relaxation refers to the relaxation response of a dielectric medium to an external, oscillating electric field. This relaxation is
Dielectric
Magnetic phenomenon
In physics, the spin–spin relaxation is the mechanism by which Mxy, the transverse component of the magnetization vector, exponentially decays towards
Spin–spin_relaxation
Medical imaging technique
sequence, different contrasts may be generated between tissues based on the relaxation properties of the hydrogen atoms therein. When inside the magnetic field
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Physical phenomenon
During nuclear magnetic resonance observations, spin–lattice relaxation is the mechanism by which the longitudinal component of the total nuclear magnetic
Spin–lattice_relaxation
Numerical simulations of physical problems via computers
Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical analysis to solve problems in physics. Historically, computational physics was the first
Computational_physics
Johari–Goldstein relaxation, also known as the JG β-relaxation, is a universal property of glasses and certain other disordered materials. Proposed in
Johari–Goldstein_relaxation
Iterative solving method
numerical mathematics, relaxation methods are iterative methods for solving systems of equations, including nonlinear systems. Relaxation methods were developed
Relaxation_(iterative_method)
Dutch-British physicist (born 1958)
and assumed his tenure in 2026. Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene. At that time
Andre_Geim
Study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures
In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR)
Cryogenics
Mathematical function common in physics
alpha-stable distribution. In physics, the stretched exponential function is often used as a phenomenological description of relaxation in disordered systems
Stretched exponential function
Stretched_exponential_function
Type of magnetometer
A spin exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer is a type of magnetometer developed at Princeton University in the early 2000s. SERF magnetometers
SERF
Notions in the de Broglie-Bohm theory
Quantum non-equilibrium and relaxation to equilibrium for a class of de Broglie–Bohm-type theories, 2010 New Journal of Physícs 12 043008 (abstract, fulltext)
Quantum_non-equilibrium
Medical imaging technique
by R. Damadian, C.F. Hazlewood and D.C. Chang that measurement of NMR relaxation times can be used to detect cancer. Soon after that, P.C. Lauterbur proposed
Magnetic_resonance_imaging
Ratio of shear stress to shear strain
area, m is the atomic mass, and f is the Lindemann constant. The shear relaxation modulus G ( t ) {\displaystyle G(t)} is the time-dependent generalization
Shear_modulus
"Relaxation of stationary states on a quantum computer yields a unique spectroscopic fingerprint of the computer's noise". Communications Physics. 5
Communication_physics
Relaxation model
The Cole–Cole equation is a relaxation model that is often used to describe dielectric relaxation in polymers. It is given by the equation ε ∗ ( ω ) =
Cole–Cole_equation
described by violent relaxation developed by Donald Lynden-Bell. The 2-body mechanism of relaxation is known in plasma physics. The difficulties with
Gurzadyan–Savvidy_relaxation
Capacity of a material to conduct heat
In physics, particularly in thermodynamics, the thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its intrinsic ability to locally conduct heat. It is
Thermal conductivity and resistivity
Thermal_conductivity_and_resistivity
Relativity of simultaneity Relativity priority dispute Relaxation (NMR) Relaxation (physics) Relaxation length Relaxed stability Relaxometry Relic particles
Index_of_physics_articles_(R)
March 1973. The factors leading to image contrast (differences in tissue relaxation time values) had been described nearly 20 years earlier by physician and
History of magnetic resonance imaging
History_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
statistical physics, mode-coupling theory (MCT) is a family of approximations for the dynamics of many-body systems. In MCT, a relaxation rate or transport
Mode-coupling_theory
American physicist
hierarchy problem with dynamic relaxation in the early universe instead of, as is usually the case, with new physics (such as supersymmetry, extra dimensions)
Peter_W._Graham
Armenian physicist (born 1955)
theoretical physics department of the Lebedev Physics Institute at Moscow (1977–1980; 1980 PhD.), DSci in theoretical and mathematical physics (1988). In
Vahe_Gurzadyan
Model in electromagnetism
Havriliak–Negami relaxation is an empirical modification of the Debye relaxation model in electromagnetism. Unlike the Debye model, the Havriliak–Negami relaxation accounts
Havriliak–Negami_relaxation
Theory in continuum mechanics
constant stress or strain rate, creep tests at constant force, and stress relaxation at constant elongation. One consequence of yielding is that as plastic
Viscoplasticity
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy effect
population of spin-active nuclei (e.g. 1H, 13C, 15N etc.) to another via cross-relaxation. A phenomenological definition of the NOE in nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear_Overhauser_effect
Branch of astrophysics
Stellar kinematics Poisson's equation Vector calculus Accretion disk Relaxation (physics) Dynamics and Evolution of Galactic Nuclei, D. Merritt (2013). Princeton
Stellar_dynamics
Type of neuroimaging
T2*-weighted imaging is built from the basic physics of magnetic resonance imaging where there is spin–spin relaxation, that is, the transverse component of
T2*-weighted_imaging
Movement of entangled polymer chains
relationship between molecular mass and chain relaxation time. The theory predicts that, in entangled systems, the relaxation time τ is proportional to the cube
Reptation
Nobel prize winning American chemical physicist (born 1953)
degree and a Ph.D. degree in physics in 1978 and 1982, respectively. His doctoral thesis was on vibrational relaxation dynamics of an IR-laser-excited
William_E._Moerner
Transparent non-crystalline solid material
1021/jz100633d. S2CID 93171134. Vannoni, M.; Sordini, A.; Molesini, G. (2011). "Relaxation time and viscosity of fused silica glass at room temperature". Eur. Phys
Glass
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
1926, forming the basis for the work that resulted in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. Conceptually, the Schrödinger equation is the quantum counterpart
Schrödinger_equation
Self-reinforcing single wave packet
In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a nonlinear, self-reinforcing, localized wave packet that is strongly stable, in that it preserves its shape
Soliton
Applications of machine learning to quantum physics
learning) methods to the study of quantum systems is an emergent area of physics research. A basic example of this is quantum state tomography, where a
Machine_learning_in_physics
Light emission from substances after they absorb photons
Jagdeep (1984). "Carrier energy relaxation in In0.53Ga0.47As determined from picosecond luminescence studies". Applied Physics Letters 45 (4): 401. doi:10
Photoluminescence
Third letter of the Greek alphabet
distributions. In solid-state physics, the center of the Brillouin zone In NMR and quantum information science, relaxation rates of a two-state quantum
Gamma
Nineteenth letter in the Greek alphabet
time variable, to avoid confusing t as temperature Time constant (also relaxation time) of any system, such as an RC circuit Torque, the rotational force
Tau
Transition rate formula
part of a continuum, if there is some decoherence in the process, like relaxation or collision of the atoms, or like noise in the perturbation, in which
Fermi's_golden_rule
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
McMillan, P. F.; Martin, S. W. (2000). "Relaxation in glassforming liquids and amorphous solids". Journal of Applied Physics. 88 (6): 3113–3157. Bibcode:2000JAP
Glass_transition
Concept in polymer physics
time–temperature superposition principle is a concept in polymer physics and in the physics of glass-forming liquids. This superposition principle is used
Time–temperature superposition
Time–temperature_superposition
Spin polarization of atomic nuclei beyond thermal equilibrium
contributing terms are for collisional relaxation (CR), magnetic field inhomogeneity (MFI) relaxation, and relaxation caused by the presence of paramagnetic
Hyperpolarization_(physics)
The Cole–Davidson equation is a model used to describe dielectric relaxation in glass-forming liquids. The equation for the complex permittivity is ε ^
Cole–Davidson_equation
Israeli-Russian physicist (1939–1994)
; Aronov, A. G.; Pikus, G. E. (1975). "Spin relaxation of electrons scattered by holes". Soviet Physics JETP. 42: 705. Altshuler, Boris L.; Aronov, Arkady
Arkady_Aronov
Type of electronic circuit
Gottlieb 1997, p. 69-73. Nave, Carl R. (2014). "Relaxation Oscillator Concept". HyperPhysics. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ. Retrieved
Electronic_oscillator
Dimensionless number in rheology
act solid when it is deformed rapidly enough. Materials that have low relaxation times flow easily and as such show relatively rapid stress decay. The
Deborah_number
Indian nuclear physicist (1909–1966)
Indian nuclear programme". He was the founding director and professor of physics at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), as well as the founding
Homi_J._Bhabha
Polarization in dielectric spectroscopy
J Inst Elect Eng 80:378 G.McGuinness, Polymer Physics, Oxford University Press, p211 Debye relaxation Dielectric dispersion Dielectric function Dielectrophoresis
Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization
Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars_polarization
Subfield of condensed matter physics
fluctuations. The science of soft matter is a subfield of condensed matter physics. Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular
Soft_matter
Elliptic partial differential equation
elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field
Poisson's_equation
Israeli chemical physics professor (born 1945)
Brownian Motion”, Physics Today 49(2), 33-39, 1996. • J. Klafter and M.F. Shlesinger, “On the Relationship Among Three Theories of Relaxation in Disordered
Joseph_Klafter
Spectroscopic technique based on change of nuclear spin state
determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Branch of physics
"Density-functional theory study of vibrational relaxation of CO stretching excitation on Si(100)". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 129 (17): 174702. Bibcode:2008JChPh
Heat_transfer_physics
British-Canadian computer scientist (born 1947)
at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Hinton, Geoffrey Everest (1977). Relaxation and its role in vision. Edinburgh Research Archive (PhD thesis). University
Geoffrey_Hinton
Argentine physicist
Spin Resonance: Data Sources, Computer Technology, Relaxation and ENDOR. American Institute of Physics. ISBN 1-563-96044-3. Poole, Charles P.; Datta, T
Horacio_Farach
Dutch-American physical chemist (1884–1966)
characteristic vibrational frequency of a crystalline lattice. Debye relaxation – The dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles
Peter_Debye
American physicist (1912–1997)
seminal contributions to solid state physics, with studies of spin-echo relaxation, nuclear magnetic relaxation, and negative spin temperature (important
Edward_Mills_Purcell
Study of dynamics of the Earth
stress and the material's physical properties, especially the stress relaxation time scale. Rocks are structurally and compositionally heterogeneous and
Geodynamics
Physical systems hotter than any other
A standard example of such a system is population inversion in laser physics. Temperature is also related to how a system's entropy changes as energy
Negative_temperature
Research institute in Kyiv, Ukraine
dispersion and processes of relaxation. He is also known for his work as the director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Academy of Sciences
NASU_Institute_of_Physics
Physics award
three years by the Commission on Statistical Physics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, during the STATPHYS conference. The award consists
Boltzmann_Medal
measures Stress relaxation Stress–energy tensor Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor Stretch rule String-net String-net liquid String (physics) String background
Index_of_physics_articles_(S)
physics) Transuranic waste Transverse Doppler effect Transverse flow effect Transverse isotropy Transverse mass Transverse mode Transverse relaxation
Index_of_physics_articles_(T)
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive
Time_crystal
Relaxation in the core of tokamak plasmas
A sawtooth is a relaxation that is commonly observed in the core of tokamak plasmas, first reported in 1974. The relaxations occur quasi-periodically and
Tokamak_sawtooth
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
capture, nuclear fission, or nuclear fusion. Gamma decay is also a mode of relaxation of many excited states of atomic nuclei following other types of radioactive
Gamma_ray
Theory of the strong nuclear interactions
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons. Quarks are fundamental
Quantum_chromodynamics
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
mathematics, physics, economics, computing, and statistics. He was a pioneer in building the mathematical framework of quantum physics, in the development
John_von_Neumann
Equations describing nuclear magnetic resonance
the nuclear magnetization M = (Mx, My, Mz) as a function of time when relaxation times T1 and T2 are present. These are phenomenological equations that
Bloch_equations
Non-crystalline solid
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is a
Amorphous_solid
The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size. To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below. !$@ 0–9
Index_of_physics_articles_(H)
Effect in surface physics
positions near the surface can be categorized as either a relaxation or a reconstruction. Relaxation refers to a change in the position of surface atoms relative
Surface_reconstruction
Theorem in physics
theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local
Bell's_theorem
British biophysicist, material scientist, and academic
received recognition for his work on dielectric spectroscopy and molecular relaxation processes, as well as for his current work on the interdisciplinary science
David_C._Watts
stretched-exponential and fast compressed-exponential relaxation from local event dynamics". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 33 (31): 315101. arXiv:2010
List of nonlinear ordinary differential equations
List_of_nonlinear_ordinary_differential_equations
Vibrational energy relaxation, or vibrational population relaxation, is a process in which the population distribution of molecules in quantum states of
Vibrational_energy_relaxation
Stochastic process modeling random walk with friction
physical sciences, and evolutionary biology. Its original application in physics was as a model for the velocity of a massive Brownian particle under the
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck_process
Disordered magnetic state
In condensed matter physics, a spin glass is a magnetic state characterized by randomness, despite cooperative behavior in freezing of spins at a temperature
Spin_glass
Natural phenomenon that hot water freezes faster than cold
Hirschberg, Ori; Vucelja, Marija (26 June 2019). "Mpemba index and anomalous relaxation". Physical Review X. 9 (2) 021060. arXiv:1711.05829. Bibcode:2019PhRvX
Mpemba_effect
Property of glass forming liquids
reflects the degree to which the temperature dependence of the viscosity (or relaxation time) deviates from Arrhenius behavior. This classification was originally
Fragility_(glass_physics)
Form of magnetism
of temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation time. In the absence of an external magnetic field, when the time used
Superparamagnetism
Physics is an annual American Physical Society (APS) award that is given in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of plasma physics.
James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics
James_Clerk_Maxwell_Prize_for_Plasma_Physics
Topics referred to by the same term
Restaurant (disambiguation) Rest stop (disambiguation) Death Leisure Relaxation technique This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the
Rest
Computer graphics simulation of deformable objects
methods, particularly in the case of finite element simulations. Several physics engines currently provide software for soft-body simulation. The simulation
Soft-body_dynamics
British physicist (1928–2026)
; Malkov, M. (2003). "Dynamics of helicity transport and Taylor relaxation". Physics of Plasmas. 10 (6): 2322–2329. Bibcode:2003PhPl...10.2322D. doi:10
John_Bryan_Taylor
Academic journal
Annalen der Physik (English: Annals of Physics) is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics; it has been published since 1799. The journal publishes
Annalen_der_Physik
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Index_of_physics_articles_(D)
Chemical Physics, 106 (18): 7802, Bibcode:1997JChPh.106.7802A, doi:10.1063/1.473780 Brownstein, K.R.; Tarr, C.E. (1977), "Spin-lattice relaxation in a system
Nuclear magnetic resonance in porous media
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_in_porous_media
Elementary particle with negative charge
in Physics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 18 (2): 225–290. Bibcode:1946RvMP...18..225G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.18.225. Smirnov, B.M. (2003). Physics of
Electron
States of matter for water as a solid
Chemical Physics. 3 (24): 5355–5357. Bibcode:2001PCCP....3.5355L. doi:10.1039/b108676f. S2CID 59485355. Hobbs, Peter V. (May 6, 2010). Ice Physics. Oxford
Phases_of_ice
Physical process
applied shear deformation; the second (negative) term is due to internal relaxations needed to keep local mechanical equilibrium in a strained disordered
Jamming_(physics)
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Index_of_physics_articles_(V)
Response of spin to electromagnetic radiation
both spin relaxation and any inhomogeneous effects which cause spins in the sample to precess at different rates. The first of these, relaxation, leads to
Spin_echo
English physicist (1933–2017)
received his PhD in 1962; his thesis was titled Proton magnetic resonance relaxation in solids by transient methods. Following his PhD, Mansfield was invited
Peter_Mansfield
Swiss professor of physics
Resolved Studies of Electron Relaxation at Metal Surfaces" followed by his promotion to professor of experimental physics at the University of Duisburg-Essen
Martin_Aeschlimann
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
material science and solid state physics, this model is used to describe the process of ultrafast carrier relaxation following excitation. Such dynamics
Two_temperature_model
Type of atom
ISBN 978-0-521-24241-7. J.H. Brewer (1994). "Muon Spin Rotation/Relaxation/Resonance". Encyclopedia of Applied Physics. 11: 23–53. K.P. Jungmann (2004). "Past, Present
Muonium
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