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Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes
Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (sing.: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin
Scribal_abbreviation
Shortened form of a word or phrase
An abbreviation (from Latin brevis 'short') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which
Abbreviation
Monogram for Jesus Christ
monograms and mere scribal abbreviations somewhat fluid. The name Jesus, spelled ΙΗΣΟΥΣ in Greek capitals, has the abbreviations IHS (also written JHS
Christogram
Letter of the Latin alphabet
other symbols. Ꝥ (minuscule: ꝥ), or Þ (thorn) with stroke was a scribal abbreviation common in the Middle Ages. It was used for Old English: þæt (Modern
Thorn_with_stroke
Unit of mass
descended from the Roman libra (hence the symbol lb, descended from the scribal abbreviation, ℔). The English word pound comes from the Roman libra pondo ('the
Pound_(mass)
abbreviations List of Latin phrases Scribal abbreviation "United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, Chapter 9: Abbreviations and Letter Symbols" (PDF)
List_of_Latin_abbreviations
Type of abbreviation
Latin: brevis, 'short', and Greek grapho, 'to write') is a type of scribal abbreviation in the form of an easily written symbol, character, flourish or stroke
Breviograph
Letter of Old English and some Scandinavian languages
printings by the or that, respectively. ꝥ, þͤ, yͤ The following were scribal abbreviations during Middle and Early Modern English using the letter thorn: ꝥ –
Thorn_(letter)
Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase
just one of many kinds of conventional scribal abbreviation, used to reduce the time-consuming workload of the scribe and save on valuable writing materials
Acronym
Punctuation and accent mark (~, ◌̃)
of marks written over an omitted letter or several letters as a scribal abbreviation (a "mark of contraction"). Thus, the commonly used words Anno Domini
Tilde
Sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
(girl) Ꝑ ꝑ, Ꝓ ꝓ, Ꝕ, ꝕ : Various forms of P were used for medieval scribal abbreviations U+0050 P LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P U+0070 p LATIN SMALL LETTER P U+FF30
P
Twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet
symbol) £ : pound sign Ꝉ ꝉ : Forms of L were used for medieval scribal abbreviations Ł or ł, "L with stroke" used in Polish and many neighbouring languages
L
English archaic 2nd person singular pronoun
with a scribal abbreviation that put a small "u" over the letter thorn: þͧ (later, in printing presses that lacked this letter, this abbreviation was sometimes
Thou
Latin abbreviation meaning "namely"
symbols. Viz. is shorthand for the Latin adverb videlicet using scribal abbreviation, a system of medieval Latin shorthand. It consists of the first two
Viz.
Word used in English language for several purposes
as in 'Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'. Thus ⟨yͭ⟩ replaced ⟨þͭ⟩ as the scribal abbreviation to represent that, as seen in the gravestone of William Shakespeare:
That
Fifteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
English Phonotypic Alphabet Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval scribal abbreviations ∅ : empty set symbol º : Masculine ordinal indicator Calligraphic
O
Letter of the Latin alphabet
through descender Ꝑ (minuscule: ꝑ) used in the medieval period as a scribal abbreviation for per, par-, por-. The minuscule form, U+1D7D ᵽ LATIN SMALL LETTER
P_with_stroke
Nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
variant of s ẜ ẝ : Various forms of long s were used for medieval scribal abbreviations. ẞ ß : German Eszett or "sharp S", derived from a ligature of long
S
Eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet
₭ : Lao kip Ꝃ ꝃ, Ꝅ ꝅ : Various forms of K were used for medieval scribal abbreviations Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859
K
Seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet
signature mark Ꝗ ꝗ, Ꝙ ꝙ: Various forms of Q were used for medieval scribal abbreviations U+0051 Q LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q U+0071 q LATIN SMALL LETTER Q U+FF31
Q
Symbol (¶) to identify a paragraph
form, the mark was an open C crossed by a vertical line or two, a scribal abbreviation for capitulum, the Latin word for chapter. David Sacks (2003). "K
Pilcrow
French Catholic priest convicted of witchcraft and burned at the stake in 1634
Another, which looks illegible, is written backwards, in Latin with scribal abbreviation, and has since been published and translated in a number of books
Urbain_Grandier
Jewish scribe
Jewish Scribal Rules (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Yiddishkeit 101, 2021). Brian Tice, K'tav Tam Teimani: A Compendium of Classic Sources on Jewish Scribal Rules
Sofer
English language during the Middle Ages
14th century and was replaced by ⟨th⟩. Anachronistic usage of the scribal abbreviation yͤ (þe, "the") has led to the modern mispronunciation of thorn as
Middle_English
Twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet
as abbreviations, such as sov for sovereign. The /ʌ/ sound is spelled ⟨o⟩, not ⟨u⟩, before the letter ⟨v⟩. This originated with a mediaeval scribal practice
V
however, actively uses both alphabets. History of the alphabet Scribal abbreviation "Latin alphabet". britannica.com. Algeo, J., Butcher, C., The Origins
History_of_the_Latin_script
Purposely unassigned Unicode code points
Initiative (MUFI). This project is attempting to support all of the scribal abbreviations, ligatures, precomposed characters, symbols, and alternate letterforms
Private_Use_Areas
Common abbreviation of the word "Christmas"
various forms of chi-rho monogram. In English, "X" was first used as a scribal abbreviation for "Christ" in 1100; "X'temmas" is attested in 1551, and "Xmas"
Xmas
Diacritical mark (◌̄)
Over a u at the end of a word, the macron indicated um as a form of scribal abbreviation. In romanizations of Hebrew, the macron below is typically used to
Macron_(diacritic)
Pseudo-Early Modern English phrase
the Old English letter thorn, ⟨þ⟩. During the Tudor period, the scribal abbreviation for þe was þͤ or þᵉ ; here, the letter ⟨þ⟩ is combined with the letter
Ye_olde
Unicode character block
Medieval Unicode Font Initiative, many of which are representative of scribal abbreviations used in Medieval manuscript texts. The following Unicode-related
Latin_Extended-D
Name of monetary currency
sign is first attested in business correspondence in the 1770s as a scribal abbreviation "ps", referring to the Spanish American peso, that is, the "Spanish
Dollar
Latin letter O with loop
including Old Norse, Norwegian, and Icelandic. The letter was used as a scribal abbreviation during the Middle Ages to represent the phonemic /ǫ/, /ø:/, and /ey/
O_with_loop
Abbreviated symbolic writing method
Alternative English-language alphabet Scribal abbreviation – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes Shavian alphabet – Phonemic, featural
Shorthand
Roman shorthand system
County Limerick, with the P⁊Ꞇ (P&T) logo Ampersand Gaelic script Scribal abbreviation Di Renzo, Anthony (2000). "His Master's Voice: Tiro and the Rise
Tironian_notes
Earliest historical form of English language
character similar to the digit ⟨7⟩) for the conjunction and. A common scribal abbreviation was a thorn with a stroke ⟨ꝥ⟩, which was used for the pronoun þæt
Old_English
Artificial script in Tolkien's writings
voiceless stops, occurring frequently in Khuzdul as kh and th. D. ^D scribal abbreviation to represent a conjunction, identical to the ampersand ⟨&⟩ in Latin
Cirth
Uppercase or lowercase
beneventan script the macron abbreviation featured a dot above. Lost variants such as r rotunda, ligatures and scribal abbreviation marks are omitted; long
Letter_case
Topics referred to by the same term
science) Suspend and resume (disambiguation) Suspension, a form of scribal abbreviation in medieval manuscripts Suspended animation Suspended meal This disambiguation
Suspension
Horizontal line immediately above a portion of writing
macron is narrower than the character box. In most forms of Latin scribal abbreviation, an overline or macron indicates omitted letters similar to use of
Overline
Book of the New Testament
uncharacteristic of Paul. Payne has adduced the Latin Codex Fuldensis and scribal abbreviation in Vaticanus as early evidence that the passage was marked as an
First Epistle to the Corinthians
First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians
Monetary symbol used in many national currencies
holds that among the very many latinate scribal abbreviations the dollar sign developed out of an abbreviation for the Spanish and Spanish-American ps
Dollar_sign
Collection of poems by Horace
garlic is the penultimate word of the second line, written with a scribal abbreviation; the names Canidia and Medea may be read near the small hole, which
Epodes_(Horace)
Humanoid monster in Tolkien's fiction
be a mistranscription for þyrs. The original text uses "ꝉ", the scribal abbreviation for Latin vel meaning "or", which Wright has silently expanded as
Orc
Diacritic used in some languages
seven is with a bar.) In medieval English scribal abbreviations, a stroke or bar was used to indicate abbreviation. For example, the pound sign ⟨£⟩, is L
Bar_(diacritic)
Sword, British crown jewel
source in each case, it is printed as is from the manuscript (using scribal abbreviation), so that Hope which expands the text into longhand and blockquotes
Curtana
Symbol of death
consistently protrudes beyond the circle. Scribal abbreviation – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes Mednikarova, Iveta (2001). "The Use of
Theta_nigrum
Typefaces to reproduce medieval manuscripts
include many special characters intended to replicate the various scribal abbreviations and other unusual glyphs typically found in such manuscripts. They
Record_type
Song written by Henry VIII
signature: The '9'-like symbol in the first line in the original is a scribal abbreviation for the com of "company"; another is 'cō', as used in the ninth line
Pastime_with_Good_Company
Glyph combining two or more letterforms
made by overlapping two or more letters Scribal abbreviation – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes Text shaping – Process of converting text
Ligature_(writing)
Faked Viking runestone in Minnesota, US
in their 2004 paper argued that this notch is consistent with a scribal abbreviation for a final -e used in the 14th century. Norse colonies are known
Kensington_Runestone
Historic European script and typeface
marks, but lacks letter alternatives like long ⟨s⟩ and ⟨r⟩ rotunda, scribal abbreviations and ligatures, and contains several relatively modern versions of
Blackletter
Variant of the Latin letter R (ꝛ)
scribal practice during Late Antiquity. The r rotunda shape of cursive ⟨r⟩ resembling the numeral ⟨2⟩ is also found in a number of medieval scribal abbreviations
R_rotunda
Early Cyrillic and Glagolitic diacritic
stroke up, horizontal line, short stroke down. A titlo is used as a scribal abbreviation mark for frequently written long words and also for nouns describing
Titlo
Listicles of various abbreviations
adopted by Modern English) List of medieval abbreviations (Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin
Lists_of_abbreviations
Capital letter-only writing system in Greek and Latin
probably because Irish scribes did not speak a language descended from Latin. They also use specifically Insular scribal abbreviations not found in other
Uncial_script
Currency of the United States
sign was perhaps the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation ps for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were
United_States_dollar
Abbreviations used by Freemasons
Masonic abbreviations of technical terms or official titles are very extensively used in Freemasonry traditionally using the Masonic three dots. They
List_of_Masonic_abbreviations
French medieval and Renaissance poetic and musical genre
mid-15th century, this feature came to be regarded no longer as a mere scribal abbreviation, but as an actual part of the poetry. As the form was gradually divorced
Rondeau_(forme_fixe)
Shorthand code used by news telegraph operators
Telegraph & Telephone Age. 1925 Morse code Morse code abbreviations Wire signal Scribal abbreviation List of shorthand systems Phillips, Walter P. (1975)
Phillips_Code
Medieval writing system common to Ireland and England
are very wide. The script uses many ligatures and has many unique scribal abbreviations, along with many borrowings from Tironian notes. Insular script
Insular_script
Prepositions in the Spanish language
written and printed word-character, that originated as a lapidary scribal abbreviation. The preposition de is part of many compound prepositions, such as
Spanish_prepositions
King of Alba from 967 to 971
151; Skene (1867) p. 10. The n in Culenri[n]g is expanded from a scribal abbreviation. Woolf (2007) p. 203. Woolf (2007) p. 203; Busse (2006b); Duncan
Cuilén
Cryptic phrases purporting to predict popes
infimae latinitatis, ad vocem. [1] The symbol like a raised 9 is a scribal abbreviation for the Latin suffix us. In several later printings of the prophecies
Prophecy_of_the_Popes
Slang terms and languages used on the Internet
medieval abbreviations used to save space on manuscripts and epigraphs: Scribal abbreviations – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes Tironian
Internet_slang
Requirement that courts respect all legal rights owed to people
original text, which is in Law French, reads (after expansion of scribal abbreviations): "Item, que nul homme, de quel estate ou condicion qil soit, ne
Due_process
Character encoding standard
Phaistos Disc, Mahjong tiles, Domino tiles, additions to Burmese, Scribal abbreviations, U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S 5.2 October 2009 ISBN 978-1-936213-00-9
Unicode
System of handwriting scripts
Minims may also have finials of their own. The script has many more scribal abbreviations than Carolingian, adding to the speed in which it could be written
Gothic_script_(palaeography)
Marks to indicate pacing of written text
capitalization, word breaks, and emphasis Scribal abbreviations, abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin Terminal punctuation
Punctuation
Poem in the Poetic Edda
Bugge, Sæmundar Edda (1867). Cursive type indicates expansions from scribal abbreviations. Finnur Jonsson (1932), De gamle Eddadigte, digitalized at heimskringla
Sigrdrífumál
(ΧΡ) since the 4th century. In English, "X" was first used as a scribal abbreviation for "Christ" in 1021. The word crap did not originate as a back-formation
List of common misconceptions about arts and culture
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_arts_and_culture
Topics referred to by the same term
Ruisheng and Zhang Xinsheng (film) CCSS, a scribal abbreviation for Consulibus duobus CC.SS., an abbreviation for Spanish: ciencias sociales, lit. 'social
CCSS_(disambiguation)
Abbreviated slang used in text messaging
language spelling reform Tironian notes, scribal abbreviations and ligatures (Roman and medieval abbreviations used to save space in manuscripts and epigraphs)
SMS_language
Form of the Latin script used to write Czech language
⟨ó⟩ [oː] changed into the diphthong ⟨uo⟩ [ʊo]. As was common with scribal abbreviations, the letter ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong was sometimes written as a ring
Czech_orthography
Handwriting style in medieval English law courts
earlier documents; in its inscription coincided with the sign of the abbreviation đđ; þ - used until the XVI century, by which time it coincided in writing
Court_hand
Name list
the Books of Chronicles of the Hebrew Bible. The name is a probable abbreviation of the name Azaryahu (עזריהו) which means "Yahweh helps". The name alternatively
Ezra_(name)
Visual symbol expressing the Christian Trinity
persons of the Trinity, traditionally the Latin-language names, or scribal abbreviations thereof: The Father (PATER), The Son (FILIUS), and The Holy Spirit
Shield_of_the_Trinity
Process of transforming text into a single canonical form
modernization and standardization – for example in the extension of scribal abbreviations and the transliteration of the archaic glyphs typically found in
Text_normalization
distinguished by the very different ways in which they wrote the symbol & (a scribal abbreviation) and the letter ð ("edh", a voiced or unvoiced dental fricative)
Trinity_Homilies
Systems for transcribing the Old Norse language
special glyph for the various r-endings so common in Old Norse. These scribal abbreviations are categorized as follows: Suspension, truncation, or curtailment:
Old_Norse_orthography
Biblical term of Greek origin
Receptus, Peshitta etc. This textual issue is complicated by the scribal abbreviations of nomina sacra where "G-d" and "S-n" are abbreviated in the Greek
Monogenēs
Clauses in the 5th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution
original text, which is in Law French, reads (after expansion of scribal abbreviations): "Item, que nul homme, de quel estate ou condicion qil soit, ne
Due_Process_Clause
Study of handwriting and manuscripts
various styles of handwriting, common writing customs, and scribal or notarial abbreviations, annotations conventions, annexures, addenda and specifics
Palaeography
Greek New Testament codex, dated to the 6th century
spiritus lenis, or accents. The manuscript was written by two scribes. Abbreviations are rarely used in the codex. The handwriting style is very close
Codex_Zacynthius
List of erroneous Latin words
that the format is "[correct spelling], not [incorrect spelling]". Scribal abbreviations have been expanded. speculum non speclum masculus non masclus uernaculus
Appendix_Probi
Between the seventh and ninth centuries, the ancient Roman system of abbreviations used in the Catholic Church gave way to a more difficult one that gradually
List of ecclesiastical abbreviations
List_of_ecclesiastical_abbreviations
King of the Isles
Sumerledus with scribal abbreviations (Cambridge Corpus Christi College 139, folio ar)
Somerled
Geometric sans-serif typeface
many more, designed in style of the original typeface, such as scribal abbreviations and diacritics used in various languages. The font is distributed
Polish_road_signs_typeface
Act of the Parliament of England
plement, approevent & afferment pour touz jours ... (The text uses scribal abbreviations which cannot be reproduced here; they have been expanded instead
De_natis_ultra_mare
Medieval and post-medieval English financial documents
including its scribal abbreviations. This policy was abandoned in 1903, and all volumes since have been published in normal type with abbreviations extended
Pipe_rolls
Published collection of British and Irish historical materials
vast bulk of the texts are in Latin, printed without translation. Scribal abbreviations are silently extended. Texts in Old French, Old English, Irish,
Rolls_Series
Project coordinating the encoding of medieval texts using the Private Use Area
Beeke Stegmann, Iceland. In medieval texts, many special ligatures, scribal abbreviations, and letter forms existed, which are no longer a part of the Latin
Medieval Unicode Font Initiative
Medieval_Unicode_Font_Initiative
Culture depending on handwritten manuscripts
monks in monasteries to booksellers and scribes making a living from their work in the cities. Individuals did scribal work, but collaboration has been suggested
Manuscript_culture
This is a list of Hebrew abbreviations. This list is far from complete; you can help by expanding it. The entries are sorted according to the Hebrew alphabet
List_of_Hebrew_abbreviations
Dictionary of German legal terminology from the Middle Ages to the 19th century
research work. Owing to clarity, the DRW provides the used titles with scribal abbreviations. The catalogue of these so called Siglen amount to over 8000 titles
Deutsches_Rechtswörterbuch
Letter of the Latin alphabet
descender. The letter was used by scribes during the Middle Ages, where it was employed primarily as an abbreviation—a modern parallel of this would be
Q_with_stroke
2024 game show hosted by Rob Lowe
Theresa Grad Student Waterboro, Maine 25 U.S. Abbreviations Barbershop Disney Muppets 17 64. U.S. Abbreviations – Kayleigh defeats Demetria (Ep. 8) 94. Barbershop
The Floor (American game show)
The_Floor_(American_game_show)
Christian scribal practice
In Christian scribal practice, nomina sacra (singular: nomen sacrum, Latin for 'sacred name') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine
Nomina_sacra
only, there are also ligatures (combinations of single letters), scribal abbreviations, and letters encircled in counters in the more luxurious version
Liber_selectarum_cantionum
Greek translation of Hebrew scriptures
Septuaginta. The Roman numeral LXX (seventy) is commonly used as an abbreviation, in addition to G {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} or G. According to
Septuagint
travel, tourism, insurance
SCRIBAL ABBREVIATION
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travel, tourism, insurance