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Process of learning a second language
other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language. SLA research spans cognitive, social
Second-language_acquisition
Language spoken in addition to one's first language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language
Second_language
Academic journal
Second Language Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of linguistics, concerned foremost with second language acquisition and second-language
Second_Language_Research
field, more and more second language researchers are now trying to have a bigger lens on examining the complexities of second language acquisition. As SLA
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational
Second-language acquisition classroom research
Second-language_acquisition_classroom_research
second languages. Research on second-language phonology has been done not only on segments, but also on prosody. Second-language prosody, like second-language
Second-language_phonology
on the form and operations of grammar. Subsequently, research within the Generative Second-Language Acquisition (GenSLA) tradition describes and explains
Generative second-language acquisition
Generative_second-language_acquisition
Language skill phenomenon
conference "The Loss of Language Skills", and language attrition was recognized as a field in the research of second-language acquisition. Since then
Second-language_attrition
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
English as a second or foreign language (ESL or EFL) is the teaching and learning of English by people whose first language is not English. The field includes
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Academic journal
The Journal of Second Language Writing is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the fields of linguistics and language education. Its scope encompasses
Journal of Second Language Writing
Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing
Dörnyei's book Motivational Dynamics in Language Learning was influential in reorienting second language motivation research by claiming that motivation is dynamic
Complex dynamic systems theory
Complex_dynamic_systems_theory
Process of losing a language
both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production
Language_attrition
Academic journal
Language Teaching Research is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes research within the area of second or foreign language teaching. Although articles
Language_Teaching_Research
Artificial intelligence division of Meta Platforms
to be discontinued for developing a language that was unintelligible to humans. FAIR clarified that the research had been shut down because they had accomplished
Meta_AI
Writing performed by non-native users of a language
foreign language. The process of second language writing has been an area of research in applied linguistics and second language acquisition theory since the
Second_language_writing
Overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition
topical guide to second-language acquisition: Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often
Outline of second-language acquisition
Outline_of_second-language_acquisition
Linguist
is a linguist who specializes in applied linguistics, second language acquisition and research methodology and is one of the most highly cited scholars
Alison_Mackey
2003 Online virtual world platform
(Linden Scripting Language) is the scripting language that gives behavior to Second Life primitives, objects, and avatars. "LSO - Second Life Wiki". May
Second_Life
Knowledge of multiple languages
of language transfer, or the first language affecting the second, has long been known. More recent research has also shown that the second language also
Multi-competence
Academic journal
journal. Language Learning covers research on "fundamental theoretical issues in language learning such as child, second, and foreign language acquisition
Language_Learning_(journal)
Teaching English as a second (TESL) or foreign language (TEFL) and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) are terms that refer to teaching
Teaching English as a second or foreign language
Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
British linguist
Tokyo, Japan. He is known for his research on the cognitive and psycholinguistic processes involved in adult second language learning. His work has been published
Peter_Robinson_(linguist)
Hypothesis that younger people are better at language acquisition
the field of linguistics and second language acquisition that claims a person can achieve native-like fluency in a language only before a certain age. It
Critical_period_hypothesis
Process and practice of acquiring a language
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually
Language_education
Influence one language has on the acquisition or intelligibility of another
both languages in the acquisition of a simultaneous bilingual. It may also occur from a mature speaker's first language (L1) to a second language (L2)
Language_transfer
concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother
Motivation in second-language learning
Motivation_in_second-language_learning
Use of multiple languages
is offered in a different language. Based on the research in Ann Fathman's The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability, there
Multilingualism
affecting language acquisition. More detailed research on many of these specific factors continues today. For this reason, individual variation in second-language
Individual variation in second-language acquisition
Individual_variation_in_second-language_acquisition
Canadian academic (born 1956)
Educational Research Association (AERA), she was the first recipient in 2010 of the Senior Research Leadership Award of AERA's Second Language Research SIG.
Bonny_Norton
Scholarly society based in Colchester, UK
European Second Language Association (EuroSLA) is a learned society for researchers with an interest in second language and second language acquisition
European Second Language Association
European_Second_Language_Association
British linguist (1940–2021)
of the European Second Language Association (EuroSLA), and co-founder of the Oxford University Press journal Writing Systems Research. He died in December
Vivian_Cook_(linguist)
Educational agency of the U.S. Department of Defense
assigned languages, and international personnel in English. Other functions include planning, curriculum development, and research in second-language acquisition
Defense_Language_Institute
Type of machine learning model
widespread internet access, researchers began compiling massive text datasets from the web ("web as corpus") to train statistical language models. Moving beyond
Large_language_model
English research institution
School of Advanced Study based on the second floor of the Senate House, the Institute of Modern Languages Research promotes and facilitates national and
Institute of Modern Languages Research
Institute_of_Modern_Languages_Research
Efforts to teach other apes human communication
Great ape language research historically involved attempts to teach chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans to communicate using imitative human speech
Great_ape_language
Academic journal
Writing Systems Research was a peer-reviewed academic journal, founded in 2009, relating to the analysis, use and acquisition of writing systems. The editors
Writing_Systems_Research
Teachability Hypothesis is based on previous psycholinguistic research in second language acquisition done by Meisel, Clahsen, and Pienemann (1981) and
Teachability_Hypothesis
Academic journal
founded by Thomas Sebeok in May 1968 as a publication of the Research Center for the Language Sciences at Indiana University. In its current version, the
Language_Sciences
Academic journal
Studies in Language is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in linguistics as viewed from discourse-pragmatic, functional, and typological
Studies_in_Language
Academic journal
Bernard Bloch, Language was the vehicle for publication of many of the important articles of American structural linguistics during the second quarter of
Language_(journal)
Relative ability to learn a foreign language
Aptitude on Adult Second Language Speech Attainment in Foreign Language Classrooms" (PDF). Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies. 67
Language-learning_aptitude
West Germanic language
second language in the world, with more second‑language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third‑most spoken native language
English_language
Academic journal
and Language is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal of cognitive science, which focuses primarily on the issues of memory and language comprehension
Journal of Memory and Language
Journal_of_Memory_and_Language
Unease when using a foreign language
apprehension experienced in learning or using a second or foreign language. The feelings may stem from any second language context whether it is associated with
Foreign_language_anxiety
Romance language
global language with 519 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 636 million speakers total, including second-language speakers
Spanish_language
Language scientist
the Language Acquisition Lab and the Child English Second Language (CHESL) Center. Paradis is the Editor in Chief of the Journal of Child Language and
Johanne_Paradis
Academic journal
Ethics. First Language focuses on original research in child language acquisition. The journal is multidisciplinary, containing research from diverse theoretical
First_Language_(journal)
Language for controlling a computer
programming, assembly languages (or second-generation programming languages—2GLs) were invented, diverging from the machine language to make programs easier
Programming_language
Branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language
linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what language is; how it works; how universal grammar
Theoretical_linguistics
Canadian linguist
perspective of generative grammar. Her 1989 survey of SLA research, Universal Grammar and Second Language Acquisition, has become a standard textbook in many
Lydia_White
Academic journal
Teachers Associations. It covers research and discussion about the learning and teaching of foreign and second languages. Types of articles published include
The_Modern_Language_Journal
Academic journal
Language Documentation & Conservation is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering all topics related to language documentation and conservation
Language Documentation & Conservation
Language_Documentation_&_Conservation
Scientific study of language
properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include language change
Linguistics
Idiolect used by a second language learner
idiolect developed by a learner of a second language (L2) which preserves some features of their first language (L1) and can overgeneralize some L2 writing
Interlanguage
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable form of contact language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing
Creole_language
relatively little research on the subject since then. No comprehensive list of strategies has been agreed on by researchers in second-language acquisition,
Communication strategies in second-language acquisition
Communication_strategies_in_second-language_acquisition
ways to measure language proficiency and knowledge of grammar cross-linguistically. It was first introduced to second language research by Jacqueline S
Near-native_speaker
Structured system of communication
including language." In March 2024, researchers reported that the beginnings of human language began about 1.6 million years ago. The study of language, linguistics
Language
other minor language families and isolates. According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after
Languages_of_India
Academic journal
The Journal of Language Contact is a peer-reviewed academic journal published in English and French. It covers research on language contact, use, and change
Journal_of_Language_Contact
Northwest Semitic language
a first language until after 200 CE and as the liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. The language was revived
Hebrew_language
American applied linguist (born 1944)
whose research focuses on the teaching and acquisition of second and/or foreign languages in a classroom context. Her theories of second language acquisition
Patsy_M._Lightbown
Academic journal
Language Testing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering language testing and assessment. Its editors-in-chief are Talia Isaacs (University
Language_Testing
of Language Development in the Curriculum (NALDIC) from 2018 to 2021. Murphy's research focuses on the connections between child second language learning
Victoria_Murphy
faculties. Researchers have found a very consistent order in the acquisition of first-language structures by children, which has drawn interest from Second Language
Order_of_acquisition
East Slavic language
Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is
Russian_language
General-purpose programming language
typically ranked as the most or second-most popular language in the TIOBE index. C is an imperative, procedural language with a free-form source layout
C_(programming_language)
West Germanic language
European Union. German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language, after English, both as a first and as a second language. German is also widely taught
German_language
American linguistics professor (1940–2024)
professor and researcher. She examined the ways people learn new languages (called second-language acquisition), and one of her research papers was considered
Georgette_Ioup
Processing of natural language by a computer
Theory) and other areas of natural language understanding (e.g., in the Rhetorical Structure Theory). Other lines of research were continued, e.g., the development
Natural_language_processing
Romance language
Francophone Africa it is spoken mainly as a second language or lingua franca, though it has also become a native language in a several urban areas. In some North
French_language
Chinese as a foreign or second language is when non-native speakers study Chinese varieties. The increased interest in China from those outside has led
Chinese_as_a_foreign_language
Japonic language
Japanese (日本語, Nihongo; [ɲihoŋɡo] ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people. It has around 123 million speakers
Japanese_language
Brittonic language
Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken
Welsh_language
of non-native languages, a branch of developmental linguistics and cognitive science. He is a founding editor of Second Language Research, successor to
Mike_Sharwood_Smith
Indo-Aryan language
43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the sixth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number
Bengali_language
Academic journal
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of linguistics focusing on the study of multilingualism, including bilingual
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
Bilingualism:_Language_and_Cognition
Language of the Basque people
Basque (/ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ BASK, BAHSK; endonym euskara [eus̺ˈkaɾa]) is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that
Basque_language
Romance language
third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13 million EU citizens (3%)
Italian_language
tongue of the population. According to a 2020 Pew Research survey, the most commonly spoken languages at home were: German (90% of households) Turkish
Languages_of_Germany
Central Semitic language
Arabic is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization
Arabic
U.S. presidential administration since 2025
the authoritarian politics researcher Alex Norris described the maximalist interpretation of executive power in Trump's second term as president, including
Second presidency of Donald Trump
Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump
Large language model by Meta AI
replacement for Llama. After the release of large language models such as GPT-3, a focus of research was up-scaling models, which in some instances showed
Llama_(language_model)
Language and Cognition Language Learning Language Testing Journal of Second Language Writing LEARN Journal System TESOL Quarterly The Modern Language
List_of_linguistics_journals
Academic centre at the University of Ibadan focused on Yoruba language teaching and research
to the teaching of Yoruba as a second and foreign language, as well as research in Yoruba language pedagogy, curriculum development, and linguistic documentation
Yoruba Language Center, University of Ibadan
Yoruba_Language_Center,_University_of_Ibadan
American linguist
applied linguist, known for her work in second language acquisition, English as a second or foreign language, language teaching methods, teacher education
Diane_Larsen-Freeman
Academic journal
Natural Language & Linguistic Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering theoretical and generative linguistics. It was established
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
Natural_Language_and_Linguistic_Theory
Sino-Tibetan language
Zhōngwén) is an umbrella term for all Sinitic languages, widely recognized as a collection of language varieties, spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese
Chinese_language
Dutch institute in Nijmegen
and use. The department combined attention to both first and second languages, researching production as well as comprehension of speakers of different
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psycholinguistics
Indo-European language
[helːɛːnikɛ́ː]) is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to the territories
Greek_language
Dravidian language
long-term Tamil Sangams, which researched, developed and made amendments to the Tamil language. Although the name of the language which was developed by these
Tamil_language
Academic journal
annual academic journal published by the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory (ASLIP) that has been published since 1995. Its goal is to
Mother_Tongue_(journal)
Hungarian-born British linguist (1960–2022)
for his work on second language acquisition and the psychology of the language learner, in particular on motivation in second language learning, having
Zoltán_Dörnyei
State in southern India
classical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and primary official language, while Urdu has been conferred second official language status. Additionally
Telangana
cuts). Broad research areas targeted so far have included addiction, climate change, cancer research, vaccine hesitancy, HIV/AIDS research, COVID-19, mental
Science policy of the second Trump administration
Science_policy_of_the_second_Trump_administration
American applied linguist
interested in how language learners acquire their second languages. During his Masters study at Temple University, Japan, he began researching how students
Norbert_Schmitt
Below are some notable researchers in language acquisition listed by intellectual orientation and research topic.
List of language acquisition researchers
List_of_language_acquisition_researchers
Old language with established literature or use
this is an indication that the second language is a classical language.[citation needed] In comparison, living languages with a large sphere of influence
Classical_language
Radio show
as iTunes. ESL Podcast uses a pedagogical approach based upon research in second language acquisition focusing on providing comprehensible input in a relaxed
English as a Second Language Podcast
English_as_a_Second_Language_Podcast
Biannual linguistic journal
Turkic Languages is a peer-reviewed biannual academic journal published by Harrassowitz. The journal covers research on all aspects of linguistics concerning
Turkic_Languages_(journal)
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful Language
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Language
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Child Language
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language of God
Girl/Female
Indian
Second
Female
English
From the name of the state of Arizona in the United States of America, a place considered sacred by the Native Americans. It was named after Sedona Miller Schnebly (1877-1950), the wife of the city's first postmaster. Meaning unknown.
Boy/Male
Indian
Second
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Girl/Female
Tamil
Second
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Richward, a Norman personal name composed of the Germanic elements rīc ‘power(ful)’ + ward ‘guard’.French : from Old French record, recort ‘recollection’, ‘account’, ‘testimony’, and by extension ‘witness’, hence perhaps a nickname for someone who had given evidence in a court of law, or a metonymic occupational name for a clerk who recorded court proceedings.New England variant of French Ricard, reflecting an Americanized spelling of the Canadian pronunciation.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Langdale, Cumbria, named in Old Norse as ‘long valley’, from lang ‘long’ + dalr ‘valley’.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Langdal, Langdalen, Langdahl, habitational names from any of numerous farmsteads named Langdal(en), having the same etymology as 1.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language
Male
English
Variant spelling of Middle English Estmond, ESMOND means "gracious protector."Â
Female
English
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Seònaid, SEONA means "God is gracious."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Language
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Tongue; Language
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Language
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Language
Girl/Female
Biblical
Second.
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
Girl/Female
Australian, Jamaican
Of a Noble Kind
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
One who Wields a Mace
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian, British, English, Jamaican
Welsh Friend
Girl/Female
Biblical
City of Baal, or of a ruler.
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Tamil Girl
Boy/Male
Biblical
It is the Lord.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sucharita | ஸà¯à®šà®°à®¿à®¤à®¾
Of good character
Male
Russian
Variant spelling of Russian Vasiliy, VASILI means "king."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Whitman.Altered spelling of German Wittmann.
Boy/Male
British, English, Portuguese
Happy
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
SECOND LANGUAGE-RESEARCH
adv.
In the second place.
n.
The second part in a concerted piece.
imp. & p. p.
of Language
a.
Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a protype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge.
a.
Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion.
n.
The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology.
n.
One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion.
n.
The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto.
a.
The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place.
n.
The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
adv.
Secondly; in the second place.
a.
To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage.
imp. & p. p.
of Second
v. t.
To communicate by language; to express in language.
a.
Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition.
a.
Of the rank or degree below the best highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage.
a.
Having the power of second-sight.
n.
The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc.
n.
The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively.