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Idea that refutes itself
A self-refuting idea or self-defeating idea is an idea or statement whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to
Self-refuting_idea
Topics referred to by the same term
ostensible self-contradiction Paradox, a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation Self-refuting idea or reductio
Self-contradiction
Topics referred to by the same term
Self-defeating may refer to: Self-defeating personality disorder Self-defeating prophecy Self-refuting idea This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Self-defeating
List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
that allow them to be stated. Proof that 0.999... equals 1 Puzzle Self-refuting idea Theories of humor – Incongruity theory and the ridiculous. Lists of
List_of_paradoxes
Non-contradiction of a theory
Mathematical logic concept Proof by contradiction – Form of proof Self-refuting idea – Idea that refutes itself Tarski 1946 states it this way: "A deductive theory
Consistency
Prediction that prevents what it predicts from happening
successful planning means the planned-for danger was smaller than it was Self-refuting idea, a logical statement that negates itself Grandfather Paradox, similar
Self-defeating_prophecy
Epistemologically probative proposition
Introspection Law of identity Primitive notion Self-reference Self-refuting idea infinite regress Maddy, Penelope (1988). "Believing the Axioms" (PDF)
Self-evidence
Philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge or certainty
criticize philosophical skepticism based on the claim that it is a self-refuting idea since its proponents seem to claim to know that there is no knowledge
Philosophical_skepticism
Term in philosophy
Alternative pleading Logic: Mutual exclusivity Kettle logic Paradox Self-refuting idea Religion: Antinomianism (Christianity) Other: Oxymoron Double bind
Antinomy
Socratic argument
the "table-turning" argument that maintained Protagoras' doctrine was self-refuting. Peritrope – as the basic objection – has also been used by Greek philosophical
Peritrope
Logically self-contradictory statement
or 'lack' Oxymoron – Figure of speech Revision theory Self-refuting idea – Idea that refutes itself Syntactic ambiguity – Sentences with structures permitting
Paradox
Concept in logic
that arguing against self-ownership results in a performative contradiction. Liar paradox Performative utterance Self-refuting idea Kettle logic – Using
Performative_contradiction
Figure of speech
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously Contronym Meinong's jungle Paradox Performative contradiction Principle of contradiction Self-refuting idea Tautology
Oxymoron
Self-referential description of meaning
regress Lexicography Lexical definition Meta-circular evaluator Self-reference Self-refuting idea Recursive definition Revision theory Tautology Vicious circle
Circular_definition
Philosophical view that matter is the fundamental substance of nature
metaphysical scheme. Philosopher Mary Midgley argues that materialism is a self-refuting idea, at least in its eliminative materialist form. Arguments for idealism
Materialism
British philosopher (1931–2026)
"foundationalism" following Plantinga, arguing that foundationalism is a self-refuting idea. During the 2000s, Kenny wrote a history of Western philosophy, released
Anthony_Kenny
Axioms under the epistemological view called foundationalism
either self-evident axioms, or evident to the senses (empiricism). However Anthony Kenny and others have argued that this is a self-refuting idea. In modern
Basic_belief
Type of informal fallacy
(negative) Persuasive definition Poisoning the well Presupposition Self-refuting idea Terry J. Fadem, The Art of Asking: Ask Better Questions, Get Better
Double-barreled_question
Mental state of a reduced perception of self-awareness
Parnas sought to operationalize and revive the idea of schizophrenia as a disorder of the minimal self. This work resulted in the creation of the EASE
Self-disorder
Philosophical idea of a person having a unique existence
properties. The "no-self theory" holds that the self cannot be reduced to a bundle because the concept of a self is incompatible with the idea of a bundle. Propositionally
Personal_identity
Hindu tradition of textual interpretation
These ideas are exemplified in the Isha Upanishad – a sruti for Advaita, as follows: One who sees all beings in the self alone, and the self of all beings
Advaita_Vedanta
Philosophical treatise written by Spinoza
passive. In so far as it has adequate ideas it is necessarily active, and in so far as it has inadequate ideas, it is necessarily passive. The fourth
Spinoza's_Ethics
Philosophical theory attributed to Plato
The Theory of Forms or Theory of Ideas, also known as Platonic idealism or Platonic realism, is a philosophical theory credited to the Classical Greek
Theory_of_forms
1710 book by George Berkeley
designated by the names mind, spirit, soul, or self. Ideas exist by virtue of a perceiver. The existence of an idea consists in being perceived. What is meant
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge
Rhetorical device in the Qur'an
The self-referential discourse of the Quran is the set of rhetorical forms in which the Qur'an cites itself to varying degrees in a self-referential manner
Self-referential discourse of the Quran
Self-referential_discourse_of_the_Quran
Political ideology emphasising social ownership of production
socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes
Socialism
Incident in Beijing, China
government's crackdown on Falun Gong. Barend ter Haar was open to the idea that the self-immolators were Falun Gong practitioners, and postulated that former
2001 Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident
2001_Tiananmen_Square_self-immolation_incident
Concept in Catholic theology
of love towards God, others, and the self, often reflected in pastoral teachings or spiritual guidance. The idea of ordo amoris can also be applied to
Ordo_amoris
Fundamental unit of cognition
encodes shared features. Concepts make it possible to form and combine ideas, draw inferences, and refer to external objects. They act as the meanings
Concept
View that people should only act in their own self-interest
not self-refuting since that behaviour remains rational even though it is ultimately self-defeating, i.e. self-defeating does not imply self-refuting. Egoists
Ethical_egoism
1690 philosophical work by John Locke
the Essay is Locke's attempt to refute the rationalist notion of innate ideas. Book II sets out Locke's theory of ideas, including his distinction between
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding
Concept in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
seems to support the idea that armed resistance against the occupying power falls within the context of a legitimate struggle for self-determination...contribute
Palestinian right of armed resistance
Palestinian_right_of_armed_resistance
Intentional act causing one's own death
not been well studied. Suicidology is the scientific study of suicide and self-destructive behavior. Suicide accounts for an estimated 1.1% of deaths worldwide
Suicide
Superlative concept in the philosophy of Plato
"provides for knowledge and truth" (508e). Plato writes that the Form (or Idea) of the Good is the origin of knowledge although it is not knowledge itself
Form_of_the_Good
1095 CE book by al-Ghazali
particulars. Refuting their doctrine that disruption of causality is impossible. Refuting their statement that the human soul is a self-sustaining substance
The Incoherence of the Philosophers
The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers
German Catholic theologian (1904–1984)
counterfactual. Like others of his generation, Rahner was much concerned with refuting the propositional approach to theology typical of the Counter-Reformation
Karl_Rahner
Hypothetical consciousness in artificial systems
that combines Baars's idea of a global workspace with a mechanism for internal simulation ("imagination"). Hod Lipson defines "self-modeling" as a necessary
Artificial_consciousness
research in the past and today are considered refuted, but resurrected in a pseudoscientific fashion. Other ideas presented here are entirely non-scientific
List_of_pseudoscience_topics
Heuristic for rejecting claims made without evidence
to dismiss it. Hitchens used this phrase specifically in the context of refuting religious belief. The epistemological dictum appears in Hitchens's 2007
Hitchens's_razor
Two basic love feelings
PMID 33912094. Hatfield & Walster 1985, p. 9 Langeslag, Sandra (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love". Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383
Passionate and companionate love
Passionate_and_companionate_love
Philosophical concept
Boscovich had rejected the idea of "materialistic atomism", which Nietzsche calls "one of the best refuted theories there is". The idea of centers of force would
Will_to_power
Australian philosopher
eliminativism, and defends this position against claims that it is self-refuting by invoking deflationary semantic theories that avoid analysing predicates
Michael_Devitt
archaeology and Biblical archaeology have often focused on establishing or refuting Jewish indigeneity in the land. Archaeologist Brett Kaufman notes that
Indigeneity in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Indigeneity_in_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict
Malevolent creator in Gnosticism
[2015]. "Part I: The Self-deifying Rebel – 'I Am God and There is No Other!': The Boast of Yaldabaoth". Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish
Yaldabaoth
Behavioral effect in virtual worlds
negative stereotypes primed violent attitudes for users. While not refuting self-perception explanations, they claimed priming mechanisms were more parsimonious
Proteus_effect
American dietary supplements company
Rodrigues, Ashwin (June 7, 2021). "Dry Scooping Pre-Workout Is a Terrible Idea". Vice. Archived from the original on May 29, 2025. Retrieved July 31, 2024
Bodybuilding.com
Philosophical term
person. However, this theory has been criticized for being essentially self-refuting; if anything is true based on one's perspective, then there would be
Factual_relativism
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
February 25, 2019. Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report)
Wikipedia
Philosophical dispute in Buddhism
Madhyamika-Prasangika viewpoint: The Unique Way of Refuting a Mind-Basis-of-All The Unique Way of Refuting Self-Consciousness The Non-Assertion of Autonomous
Prasaṅgika according to Tsongkhapa
Prasaṅgika_according_to_Tsongkhapa
Thought experiment in philosophy
the term "imitation man". Chalmers further developed and popularized the idea in his work. There has been a lively debate over what the argument demonstrates
Philosophical_zombie
self or soul), Brahman (a universal eternal source of everything), and the existence of a creator God (Ishvara). Instead, Buddhism teaches not-self (anatman)
Buddhism_and_Hinduism
2016-10-04. Johnson, Ralph H.; Blair, J. Anthony (1994). Logical Self-Defense. Idea. ISBN 9781932716184. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved
List_of_fallacies
Mental state of being in love
doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.173. PMID 12529061. Langeslag, Sandra (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love". Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383
Romantic_love_(mental_state)
Buddhist views on the belief in a creator deity, or any eternal divine personal being
Asian Buddhists, who wrote critiques of Christianity, often centered on refuting Christian theism. Perhaps the earliest such attempt was that of the Chinese
Creator_in_Buddhism
Internet community
the subculture's self-understanding." Though this attitude is based on "the view that vile ideas should be countenanced and refuted rather than left to
Rationalist_community
2023 manifesto for effective accelerationism
common misconceptions and fears about technology, while attempting to refute the idea that technology is harmful to jobs, wages, and societal structures
Techno-Optimist_Manifesto
Ideas of 19th-century German philosopher
it through his idea of Eternal Return. In aphorisms 143 of The Gay Science he praises the greatest utility of the individualising self-creating values
Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche
1960 book by Philippe Ariès
Ozment and Nicholas Orme. Orme wrote Medieval Children, a book dedicated to refuting the Ariès thesis, which reviewers agree it did. Orme concluded that "medieval
Centuries_of_Childhood
2026 song by Boy George
Again" (Hebrew: עוד נרקוד, romanized: Od Nirkod) is a song by Boy George self-released on his Instagram and X profiles on 26 July 2026. In response to
We_Will_Dance_Again_(song)
Awareness of internal and external existence
paradox. In Buddhist philosophy, the concept of anattā refers to the idea that the self is an illusion.[citation needed] Other philosophers have argued that
Consciousness
Overuse of a shared resource
The tragedy of the commons is the idea that when a resource is shared and can benefit the individual at a cost to the community, it is rational for the
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Failed coup d'état in South Korea
the original on 5 December 2024. But still, the idea that Yoon might attempt martial law and a self-coup—where an existing leader seizes dictatorial
2024 South Korean martial law crisis
2024_South_Korean_martial_law_crisis
Mechanics of liking and romantic love
1023/A:1019888024255. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 12238608. Langeslag, Sandra (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love". Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383
Reward_theory_of_attraction
Love that is not reciprocated
referring to any strong romantic attraction." Langeslag, Sandra (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love". Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383
Unrequited_love
French assassin (1768–1793)
form, and her passport describes her hair as "chestnut" (châtains), refuting the idea that Corday had fair hair. On 17 July 1793, four days after Marat
Charlotte_Corday
Ownership of people as property
Σκλάβινοι (Sklábinoi), Ἐσκλαβηνοί (Esklabēnoí), borrowed from a Slavic tribe self-name *Slověne, turned into σκλάβος, ἐσκλαβῆνος (Late Latin sclāvus) in the
Slavery
Anglo-Irish philosopher and bishop (1685–1753)
the visual perception of spatial depth (la profondeur), and by way of refuting Berkeley's thesis. Berkeley wrote about the perception of size in addition
George_Berkeley
2021 book by Anil Seth
and Faber. The book explores the author's theory of consciousness and the self. Seth also looks at the relationship between humans, animals, and the potential
Being You: A New Science of Consciousness
Being_You:_A_New_Science_of_Consciousness
American TV series
season reads, "Tires gets some chuckles by kicking around Shane Gillis' self-aware persona, but this unambitious sitcom will need to rev up the inspiration
Tires_(TV_series)
View that entities have identifying attributes
J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism". Anthropology Southern Africa. 43 (2): 65–81. doi:10.1080/23323256
Essentialism
Philosophical argument
Plantinga gave the name "Darwin's Doubt" not to the idea that the conjunction of naturalism and evolution is self-defeating, but rather to the view that given
Evolutionary argument against naturalism
Evolutionary_argument_against_naturalism
Text by Buddhist scholar Vasubandhu
Sautrāntika perspective. The Kośa includes an additional chapter in prose refuting the idea of the "person" (pudgala) favoured by some Buddhists of the Pudgalavada
Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya
Work on ethics by Aristotle
Lack of self-control in the first case is simple lack of self-control, and is a sort of vice (in a similar domain to intemperance). Lack of self-control
Nicomachean_Ethics
1748 book by David Hume
press," as he put it, and so tried again to disseminate his more developed ideas to the public by writing a shorter and more polemical work. The end product
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding
Anti-government conspiracy movement
case by covering the most common pseudolegal arguments and tactics and refuting them in detail. Meads v. Meads, written by Associate Chief Justice John
Sovereign_citizen_movement
Notification given by U.S. police to criminal suspects on their rights while in custody
advising them of their right to silence and, in effect, protection from self-incrimination; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide
Miranda_warning
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
some degree of circularity, but the stated self-evident truth indicates a meaning particular to the ideas sought to be understood, and it is (the moral
Is–ought_problem
Act of explaining in a condescending manner
it pejorative. Research at Tilburg University on mansplaining refuted the simplistic idea of a man-explains-to-a-woman. The study indicate that men do
Mansplaining
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
"strong AI") that is actually held by many thinkers, and hence one worth refuting." Computationalism is the position in the philosophy of mind which argues
Chinese_room
European cultural movement
highlighting the darker aspects of the Enlightenment. She focussed on refuting the myth of anti-colonialism in Enlightenment thought, stating that the
Age_of_Enlightenment
Work of Plato
temperance might be the same as self-knowledge. Socrates confesses as they discuss this that his motive in refuting Critias is to examine himself, that
Charmides_(dialogue)
Renunciation or cessation of resentment, indignation, or anger
presence and practice of mindfulness. Self-forgiveness is an important part of self-acceptance and mental health. Lack of self-forgiveness can negatively affect
Forgiveness
How people's attitudes can resist change through weak counterargument exposures
nearly entirely on cognitive processes (like internal counterarguing, or refuting persuasive attempts silently, in one's own mind ), more recent research
Inoculation_theory
Love focused on feelings
pp. 43–44, 46–48, 102–103, 147–148, 189–196 Langeslag, Sandra (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love". Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383
Romance
2006 book by Keith Ward
methods of science, by public observation, measurement and experiment" is self-refuting. He contrasts four worldviews—Common Sense, Materialism, Idealism and
Is_Religion_Dangerous?
Journal by Mahatma Gandhi, 1919 to 1931
"welfare state" for Indians. 1. Critique of British Rule Rai rejects the idea that British governance uplifted India, instead arguing that it resulted
Young_India
Condition involving social and behavioral differences
conditions, such as anxiety, depression, irritability, ADHD, and epilepsy. The idea of autism as a disorder has been challenged by the neurodiversity framework
Autism
Austrian–British philosopher of science (1902–1994)
historicism, and other kinds of (in Popper's view) reactionary and irrational ideas, and identified modern liberal democracies as the best-to-date embodiment
Karl_Popper
Politics as self-interested competition
Randall L. (1997). "New Realist Research on Alliances: Refining, Not Refuting, Waltz's Balancing Proposition". The American Political Science Review
Realism (international relations)
Realism_(international_relations)
Explanation for a set of social behaviors
groups will implicitly express outgroup favoritism. Negative self-stereotyping refers to the idea that members of various groups will express or endorse group
Outgroup_favoritism
German philosopher (1806–1856)
philosopher, dealing mainly with the Hegelian notion of social alienation and self-consciousness. Stirner is often seen as one of the forerunners of nihilism
Max_Stirner
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
skepticism. Some objections state that radical skepticism is incoherent or self-refuting. For example, if there is no knowledge then skeptics cannot know that
Nihilism
American actor and filmmaker (born 1946)
American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [4 Volumes]: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. p. 1095. Vejpongsa, Tassanee (April 25, 2026)
Sylvester_Stallone
2026 DC Studios television series
They initially considered Sheriff Kerry Kane as the victim but rejected the idea to avoid using the "fridging" trope. Hal's hologram references Hal's multiple
Lanterns_(TV_series)
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
and Jason Josephson Storm have argued that Whorf's Hopi examples are self-refuting, as Whorf had to translate Hopi terms into English in order to explain
Linguistic_relativity
New religious movement based on pre-Christian Slavic beliefs
influences and hosts a variety of currents. "Rodnovery" is a widely accepted self-descriptor within the community, although there are Rodnover organisations
Slavic_Native_Faith
Student debating society at Oxford University
Christian. 2 February 1948, Elizabeth Anscombe and C. S. Lewis, "The Self-Refuting Nature of Naturalism" Catholic philosopher G.E.M. Anscombe debated Lewis
Socratic_Club
Bias confirming existing attitudes
"filter bubbles"". TED: Ideas Worth Spreading. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Self, Will (28 November 2016)
Confirmation_bias
American writer and feminist activist (1934–1992)
inspired black women to refute the designation of "Mulatto", a label which was imposed on them, and switch to the newly coined, self-given "Afro-German",
Audre_Lorde
Possessiveness and inability to accept rejection
original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-16. Langeslag, Sandra (2024). "Refuting Six Misconceptions about Romantic Love". Behavioral Sciences. 14 (5): 383
Obsessive_love
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