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How semiconductor lasers work
Optical gain is the most important requirement for the realization of a semiconductor laser because it describes the optical amplification in the semiconductor
Semiconductor_optical_gain
Device that amplifies an optical signal
amplifier's gain medium causes amplification of incoming light. In semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), electron–hole recombination occurs. In Raman
Optical_amplifier
Optical phenomenon
light varies: reflection from optical components, fiber edges, spectroscopy cell windows. Operation of the semiconductor laser is very sensitive to OF
Optical_feedback
Theory of laser diodes
important factors for laser performance. In semiconductor laser theory, the optical gain is produced in a semiconductor material. The choice of material depends
Semiconductor_laser_theory
Semiconductor laser
diode lasers is the use of optical pumping. Optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL) use a III-V semiconductor chip as the gain medium, and another laser
Laser_diode
Device that emits light via optical amplification
in fiber-optic and free-space optical communications, optical disc drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, semiconductor chip manufacturing (photolithography
Laser
Intentional introduction of impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor
modulating its electrical, optical and structural properties. The doped material is referred to as an extrinsic semiconductor. Small numbers of dopant atoms
Doping_(semiconductor)
American semiconductor company
ON Semiconductor Corporation (stylized and doing business as onsemi) is an American semiconductor supplier company, based in Scottsdale, Arizona. Products
Onsemi
Semiconductor materials with a larger band gap
semiconductors (also known as WBG semiconductors or WBGSs) are semiconductor materials which have a larger band gap than conventional semiconductors.
Wide-bandgap_semiconductor
Transmitting information over optical fiber
provide gain in the ITU C band at 1550 nm. For the same band, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) can be used. Praseodymium-doped optical fiber amplifiers
Fiber-optic_communication
Device that switches or amplifies optical signals
the speed of light in an optical medium is typically much faster than the drift velocity of electrons in semiconductors. Optical transistors can be directly
Optical_transistor
Laser light source
An optical parametric amplifier, abbreviated OPA, is a laser light source that emits light of variable wavelengths by an optical parametric amplification
Optical_parametric_amplifier
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
the same crystal, they form a semiconductor junction. The term "semiconductors" is sometimes used to refer to semiconductor devices such as microchips and
Semiconductor
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. They integrate photodetectors and signal processing circuitry on a single chip. CMOS image sensors have gained popularity
Photodetector
Arrangement of mirrors
a cavity resonator confines microwaves. Optical cavities are a major component of lasers, surrounding the gain medium and providing feedback of the laser
Optical_cavity
Source of optical gain in a laser
active laser medium (also called a gain medium or lasing medium) is the source of optical gain within a laser. The gain results from the stimulated emission
Active_laser_medium
Laser fundamental design principles
referred to as the pump or pump source), A gain medium or laser medium, and Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator. The pump source is the part
Laser_construction
Method to store and retrieve computer data using optics
widely used. It was the introduction of semiconductor lasers that provided the technology needed to make optical storage more practical in both storage
Optical_storage
II-VI semiconductor compounds are compounds composed of a metal from either group 2 or 12 of the periodic table (the alkaline earth metals and group 12
II-VI_semiconductor_compound
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
influences the electronic structure of semiconductors and, therefore, their optical band gaps. In a regular semiconductor crystal, the band gap is fixed owing
Band_gap
Describe the optical response of semiconductors
The semiconductor Bloch equations (abbreviated as SBEs) describe the optical response of semiconductors excited by coherent classical light sources, such
Semiconductor_Bloch_equations
Method to produce extremely short duration laser pulses
short duration, of the order of picoseconds (10−12 s). In a semiconductor laser, the optical pulses are generated by injecting many carriers (electrons)
Gain-switching
Optoelectronics component
exponentially on the optical gain. Obviously a high modal gain is required to obtain high optical output power. The total optical power emitted by an SLED
Superluminescent_diode
Type of laser diode
high-speed fiber-optic telecommunications. Semiconductor DFB lasers in the lowest loss window of optical fibers at about 1.55 μm wavelength, amplified
Distributed-feedback_laser
Distortion of laser beams in media
typically used when describing thermal effects in the laser's gain medium itself. Optical Kerr effect Lukin, V.P.; Fortes, B.V. (2002). Adaptive Beaming
Thermal_blooming
Gem variety of the mineral corundum
it useful for watch crystals, protective and optical windows, scientific instruments, and semiconductor substrates. Sapphire wafers are used in silicon
Sapphire
Process in microfabrication
dictionary. BYU Photolithography Resources Semiconductor Lithography – an overview of lithography Optical Lithography Introduction – IBM site with lithography-related
Photolithography
Laser using an optical fiber as the active gain medium
laser in Commonwealth English) is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium
Fiber_laser
Microchip manipulating light instead of electricity
A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) or integrated optical circuit is a microchip containing two or more photonic components that form a functioning circuit
Photonic_integrated_circuit
American electrical engineer and inventor (1931–2022)
light-emitting diode (LED), the optical isolator, Schottky clamped logic circuits, silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor read-only memory (MOS ROM), a low
James_R._Biard
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ
Quantum_dot
Converts light into current
A photodiode is a semiconductor diode sensitive to photon radiation, such as visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.
Photodiode
John A.; Piryatinski, Andrei (24 May 2007). "Single-exciton optical gain in semiconductor nanocrystals". Nature. 447 (7143): 441–446. Bibcode:2007Natur
Core–shell semiconductor nanocrystal
Core–shell_semiconductor_nanocrystal
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
These components are fabricated onto a thin, flat piece ("chip") of semiconductor material, most commonly silicon. Integrated circuits are integral to
Integrated_circuit
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics
Transistor
Chemical compound
a duller color due to the effects of oxidation. It is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of about 2.70 eV at 25 °C (77 °F), equivalent to a wavelength
Zinc_selenide
Type of semiconductor laser
thinness of the semiconductor gain region in the direction of propagation, less than 100 nm. In contrast, a conventional in-plane semiconductor laser entails
Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser
Vertical-external-cavity_surface-emitting-laser
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
(APD) is a highly sensitive type of photodiode, which in general are semiconductor diodes that convert light into electricity via the photovoltaic effect
Avalanche_photodiode
Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
A semiconductor device is an electronic component that relies on the electronic properties of a semiconductor material (primarily silicon, germanium,
Semiconductor_device
Indian-American physicist
cited books in the fields of non-linear fiber optics, optical communications, and semiconductor lasers. Agrawal was born on July 24, 1951, in Kashipur
Govind_P._Agrawal
Laser with a variable wavelength
lasers (liquid and solid state), transition-metal solid-state lasers, semiconductor crystal and diode lasers, and free-electron lasers. Tunable lasers find
Tunable_laser
German theoretical physicist
seminal contributions to the optical and electronic properties of semiconductors, semiconductor quantum optics, and semiconductor laser designs. Major portion
Stephan_W._Koch
Material with a continuous, unbroken crystal lattice
single crystals is that of silicon in the semiconductor industry. The four main production methods for semiconductor single crystals are from metallic solutions:
Single_crystal
Type of field-effect transistor
In electronics, the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, MOS FET, or MOS transistor) is a type of field-effect transistor
MOSFET
material parameters such as carrier lifetime, photon lifetime, and the optical gain. The rate equations may be solved by numerical integration to obtain
Laser_diode_rate_equations
Quantum optics in silicon
receiver side, the optical signal is typically converted back to the electrical domain using a semiconductor photodetector. The semiconductor used for carrier
Silicon_photonics
Taiwanese businessman and electrical engineer (born 1931)
first semiconductor foundry, and is regarded as the founder of Taiwan's semiconductor industry. He pioneered the foundry model of semiconductor fabrication
Morris_Chang
Japanese multinational corporation
manufacturer of optical and precision equipment headquartered in Nishi-Ōi, Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its businesses include cameras and lenses, semiconductor and flat-panel-display
Nikon
American computer technology company
Caustic Graphics was a computer graphics and fabless semiconductor company that developed technologies to bring real-time ray-traced computer graphics
Caustic_Graphics
Type of semiconductor laser diode
type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
Vertical-cavity_surface-emitting_laser
Semiconductor manufacturing processes with a 350 nm MOSFET technology node
process) is a level of semiconductor process technology that was reached in the 1995–1996 timeframe by leading semiconductor companies like Intel and
350_nm_process
German theoretical condensed matter physicist
for his 'pioneering work in active nano-plasmonics and optical metamaterials with quantum gain'. Bridging condensed matter theory and quantum optics he
Ortwin_Hess
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
efficiency gains from learned experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel
Moore's_law
Light-conducting fiber
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers are widely used
Optical_fiber
Light emission from substances after they absorb photons
(2011). Semiconductor Quantum Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521875097. Haug, H.; Koch, S. W. (2009). Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic
Photoluminescence
configuration – as shown in the figure – consists of: semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as gain medium fiber Fabry Perot tunable filter (FFP-TF) as
Fourier_domain_mode_locking
Device that emites acoustic radiation
electrical bias to a semiconductor superlattice is increasing the amplitude of coherent folded phonons generated by an optical pulse. This increase of
Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Sound_amplification_by_stimulated_emission_of_radiation
Way to produce very short laser bursts
primarily by the gain medium from which the laser is constructed, and the range of frequencies over which a laser may operate is known as the gain bandwidth
Mode_locking
Discrete device in an electronic system
klystron (obsolete) Carcinotron Optical detectors or emitters Phototube or photodiode – tube equivalent of semiconductor photodiode Photomultiplier tube
Electronic_component
Physics professor
She has investigated semiconductor lasers that emit femtosecond optical pulses. In 2006 Tropper was elected a Fellow of The Optical Society. Tropper was
Anne_Tropper
Molecule investigation technique
transversal-optical phonons, to which THz photons can couple, lies for most semiconductors at several THz. Free carriers in doped semiconductors or optically excited
Terahertz_spectroscopy
Optical instrument
An optical waveguide is first fabricated out of the quantum cascade material to form the gain medium. The ends of the crystalline semiconductor device
Quantum-cascade_laser
Free-moving particle which carries an electric charge
heating up the semiconductor (thermal recombination, one of the sources of waste heat in semiconductors), or released as photons (optical recombination
Charge_carrier
Semiconductor light source
gap of the semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction, design features of the devices, such as special optical coatings
Light-emitting_diode
Alloy
invented and demonstrated a new kind of semiconductor laser based on photon emission by an electron making an optical transition between subbands in the quantum
Indium_gallium_arsenide
Laser that uses a carbon-based material as the gain medium
organic lasers include the organic semiconductor lasers that use conjugated polymers as gain media. These semiconductor materials can also be configured
Organic_laser
Type of computer disk storage drive
laser assembly, laser optical assembly, optical pickup head/unit or optical assembly. It usually consists of a semiconductor laser diode, a lens for
Optical_disc_drive
Spectral linewidth of a laser beam
"the gain is smaller than the losses". This fact has been known for decades and exploited to quantify the threshold behavior of semiconductor lasers
Laser_linewidth
Laser whose optical feedback occurs from scattering
laser in which optical feedback is provided by scattering particles. As in conventional lasers, a gain medium is required for optical amplification. However
Random_laser
American semiconductor equipment manufacturer
supplies equipment to global semiconductor fabrication plants, and also makes tools for nanotechnology applications by optical networking, data storage and
Ultratech
Transistor using different semiconductor materials
is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, creating a heterojunction
Heterojunction bipolar transistor
Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor
Semiconductor foundry company
GlobalFoundries Inc. is a multinational semiconductor technology development, design and contract manufacturing company domiciled in the Cayman Islands
GlobalFoundries
French physicist (1948-)
Jean-Claude Simon (born 1948) is a researcher in the field of semiconductor optical amplifiers. Since 1998 he was permanent professor at ENSSAT / University
Jean-Claude_Simon
Technique of measuring electromagnetic spectra
lasers. When an ultra-short (100 femtoseconds or shorter) optical pulse illuminates a semiconductor and its wavelength (energy) is above the energy band-gap
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy
Laser which emits light with blue wavelengths
at Nichia Chemicals, invented the first blue semiconductor LED using an InGaN active region, GaN optical guide and AlGaN cladding, and four years later
Blue_laser
Type of gas laser
educational and research optical laboratories. They are also unsurpassed for use in nano-positioning in applications such as semiconductor device fabrication
Helium–neon_laser
Software company in Canada
quantum well/wire/dot optical gain and spontaneous emission rates are computed self-consistently. Advanced Physical Models of Semiconductor Devices, is based
Crosslight_Software
Laser pulsing technique
variable attenuator inside the laser's optical resonator. When the attenuator is functioning, light which leaves the gain medium does not return, and lasing
Q-switching
Branch of physics that studies light
common in consumers' homes, beginning in 1982. These optical storage devices use a semiconductor laser less than a millimetre wide to scan the surface
Optics
American technology company
In April 2001, the company acquired Dallas Semiconductor in Dallas, Texas in a stock transaction, to gain expertise in digital and mixed-signal CMOS design
Maxim_Integrated
Simultaneous absorption of two photons by a molecule
cesium vapor and then in cadmium sulfide, a semiconductor. Two-photon absorption is a nonlinear optical process dependent on the third-order nonlinear
Two-photon_absorption
arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor crystal that is mounted on the end of an optical fibre. The probe is completely non-metallic. The fibre optical sensor is completely
Fiber-optical_thermometer
Storage of digital data readable by computers
floating-gate semiconductor memory known as flash memory has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. Non-volatile semiconductor memory
Computer_data_storage
Electronic component
be used with analog signals. The value of optically coupling a solid state light emitter to a semiconductor detector for the purpose of electrical isolation
Opto-isolator
Sub-field of quantum physics and optics
Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry that studies the behavior of photons (individual quanta of
Quantum_optics
French physicist and professor
fields of optoelectronics and photonics, with a focus on semiconductor lasers and quantum optical technologies. As of 2025, he holds a professorship at Université
Frédéric_Grillot
Laser which uses a solid gain medium
solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, usually a crystal or glass. Semiconductor-based lasers such as laser diodes are generally
Solid-state_laser
British semiconductor laser physicist
whose research focused on semiconductor lasers, optical waveguides and optical devices. His published work included semiconductor-laser filamentation, multilayer
George_Horace_Brooke_Thompson
Photodetector sensitive to infrared radiation
thin layers of semiconductors characterized by different energy band-gaps. In each period, the first quantum well (also called optical well) is devoted
Quantum_cascade_detector
Physical equations of light emission in semiconductors
as well as light–semiconductor entanglement. Such investigations are the basis of realizing and developing the field of quantum-optical spectroscopy which
Semiconductor luminescence equations
Semiconductor_luminescence_equations
Optical imaging technique
Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole
Confocal_microscopy
Alexander V.; Klar, Thomas A. (2018-09-19). "Power Balance and Temperature in Optically Pumped Spasers and Nanolasers". ACS Photonics. 5 (9): 3695–3703. Bibcode:2018ACSP
List_of_laser_types
Laser that uses surface plasmon polaritons
the spasing mechanism is an active (gain) medium that is excited externally. This excitation field may be optical and unrelated to the spaser's operating
Spaser
Electric current through a photosensitive device
(2018). "Photocurrent Spectroscopy". Spectroscopy of Semiconductors. Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Vol. 215. pp. 185–205. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94953-6_6
Photocurrent
B.; Peyghambarian, N. (1994). "A photorefractive polymer with high optical gain and diffraction efficiency near 100%". Nature. 371 (6497). Springer Science
Organic photorefractive materials
Organic_photorefractive_materials
Type of sensor
and semiconductor steppers. Linear encoders are transducers that exploit many different physical properties in order to encode position: Optical linear
Linear_encoder
Image sensor, consisting of an integrated circuit
(MILCs), and lensless imaging for, e.g., blood cells. In a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) active-pixel sensor, MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are
Active-pixel_sensor
Branch of physics
no signal input). Optical parametric generation (OPG), like parametric oscillation but without a resonator, using a very high gain instead. Half-harmonic
Nonlinear_optics
percentage of the optical energy concentrated in the cascade stages. As with other semiconductor lasers, ICLs have a tradeoff between optical loss in the waveguide
Interband_cascade_laser
Material property in which absorbing EM radiation increases electrical conductivity
or gamma radiation. When light is absorbed by a material such as a semiconductor, the number of free electrons and holes increases, resulting in increased
Photoconductivity
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SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL-GAIN
SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL-GAIN
SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL-GAIN
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