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Scientific organization based in Estonia
of the Society of Estonian Literati was adopted in 1871. In March 1872 the first meeting was held in Viljandi. The society included the main Estonian
Society_of_Estonian_Literati
Country in Northern Europe
to establish an Estonian-language secondary school, the founding of the Society of Estonian Literati and the Estonian Students' Society, and the first
Estonia
Estonian writer and folklorist (1852–1888)
College. He became a member of the Estonian Students' Society in 1873, and he was a member of the Society of Estonian Literati, serving as its deputy chairman
Juhan_Kunder
Organization based in Estonia
Society of Estonian Literati Finnish Literary Society Latvian Literary Society Lithuanian Literary Society Toivo Miljan, Historical Dictionary of Estonia
Learned_Estonian_Society
1796–1917 unit of Russia
were seen, especially for the Estonian-language Alexander School [et], the Society of Estonian Literati, and the all-Estonian song festivals. The prominent
Governorate_of_Estonia
Designs of Estonian currency
Estonian euro coins feature a single design for all eight coins. This is a design by Lembit Lõhmus and features a silhouette map of Estonia together with
Estonian_euro_coins
Estonian ethnologist, folklorist and linguist
president of the Society of Estonian Literati, he oversaw a project to collect hundreds of thousands of works of poetry and folklore in the Estonian language
Jakob_Hurt
Estionian pharmacist
first Estonian-speaking pharmacist with a university degree. Mildebrath was also a member of the Society of Estonian Literati and considered one of the
Oskar_Mildebrath
Second most populous city in Estonia
Since Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the Estonian-language Tartu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑrtˑu]), alternative South Estonian spelling:
Tartu
This is a timeline of Estonian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Estonia and its predecessor states
Timeline_of_Estonian_history
Estonian historian
located in Abja Parish. He was a member of many Estonian national societies, such as the Society of Estonian Literati. In 1874 he started to register archeological
Jaan_Jung
Estonian folkore includes elements of Estonian mythology and Baltic Finnic paganism. Henry of Livonia at the beginning of the 13th century described Estonian
Estonian_folklore
Estonian writer and politician (1841–1882)
role in the establishment of the Society of Estonian Literati, which was an influential Estonian association in the second half of the 19th century. Jakobson
Carl_Robert_Jakobson
Estonian educator (1845–1912)
March 1912) was an Estonian educator. He was the founder of the Hugo Treffner Gymnasium in Tartu, and he was a figure in the Estonian national awakening
Hugo_Treffner
Ethnic Germans living around the Baltic Sea
(Latin: Livonia; Estonian: Liivimaa; Latvian: Vidzeme), roughly the southern half of present-day Estonia and the northern and eastern part of today's Latvia
Baltic_Germans
Estonian journalist and composer
newspaper Valgus. He belonged to the Society of Estonian Literati and was an honorary alumnus of the Estonian Students' Society. He died in 1909 in Tartu, and
Karl_August_Hermann
Estonian artist (1826–1899)
1891 to 1893 Köler was the president of the Society of Estonian Literati (Eesti Kirjameeste Selts). The town of Viljandi inaugurated a monument to Köler
Johann_Köler
Museum in Estonia
The Estonian Open Air Museum (Estonian: Eesti Vabaõhumuuseum) is a life-sized reconstruction of an 18th-19th century rural/fishing village, which includes
Estonian_Open_Air_Museum
Publication series about Estonian folklore
the presidency of the Estonian Literati Society in 1872, a project was initiated for the systematic collection of folklore across Estonia. Both collecting
Monumenta_Estoniae_Antiquae
Museum in Tartu, Estonia
the Society of Estonian Literati (1872–1882) and the Estonian Students’ Society (1874–1902) have also been active in the house of Jaama 14. On 19 July 1903
Song_Celebration_Museum
Estonian writer (1916–2003)
communist, but as a literary functionary, he tried to protect Estonian literature and literati from ideological suppression. Paul Kuusberg died in 2003. Rebas
Paul_Kuusberg
Estonian poet and linguist (1843–1890)
around the Estonian intellectuals and journalists Carl Robert Jakobson. From 1882 to 1886 Veske was the President of the Society of Estonian Literati. 1884
Mihkel_Veske
Estonian linguist (1880–1973)
an Estonian linguist and innovator of the Estonian language. Aavik was born at the Nurga farm in Randvere, Saaremaa, in the Governorate of Livonia of the
Johannes_Aavik
Estonian agriculturalist and publisher (1862–1919)
Order of Saint Anna and Order of Saint Stanislaus, and he was promoted to honorary citizen in 1909. He was a member of the Society of Estonian Literati. Hendrik
Hendrik_Laas
Estonian writer (1856–1930)
1886–1889). Truusmann became a member of the Society of Estonian Literati in 1881. Already at that time, the work of the society was characterized by fierce ideological
Jüri_Truusmann
Country in East Asia
literati, Buddhism greatly influenced other Chinese religious and philosophical traditions. Although the PRC and CCP are legally atheist, freedom of religion
China
University in Finland (1640 to 1828); now the University of Helsinki
and multilingual instruction at the University of Helsinki Scholars and Literati at the University of Åbo (Turku) (1640–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum
Royal_Academy_of_Turku
Soviet national security agency (1934–1943)
Division 5 [literati, press, publishing, theatres, cinema, art] Division 6 [academies of sciences, science and research institutes, scientific societies] Division
Main Directorate of State Security
Main_Directorate_of_State_Security
Mythological interpretations of the origin of the Milky Way
in the creation and transformation of Mulian's mother". Presence and presentation: Women in the Chinese literati tradition. New York: St. Martin's Press
Milky_Way_in_mythology
Development of Christian thought in the West
persecution. Christian thought played a supportive role, as did the literati, a group of ambitious intellectuals who had contempt for those they thought beneath
History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance
the Qin to the Ming dynasty, literati discussed Zhongguo as both a historical place or territory and as a culture. Writers of the Ming period in particular
Names_of_China
October 6, 2025. "Frederic Prokosch Is Dead at 81; Novelist and Portrayer of Literati". The New York Times. June 3, 1989. p. 1 11. Retrieved March 23, 2024
Deaths_in_June_1989
Failed attempt to unseat Mikhail Gorbachev
signal was kept on the air after a handful of Estonian Defence League (the unified paramilitary forces of Estonia) members barricaded themselves in the tower's
1991_Soviet_coup_attempt
Chinese Chan Buddhist branch
successful among elite literati in the Southern Song (1127–1279), when the Imperial Court decreased their influence on society, and Chán schools became
Caodong_school
Japanese poetry form
within the Italian literati. Two notable influences are the haiku of his close friend Gabriele d'Annunzio, and to a lesser extent, those of Ezra Pound, to
Haiku
Commemorative coins of the Eurozone
representing Croatian cities. Estonia: Estonian National Symbols (2021–future) – coins representing national symbols of Estonia. France: 2024 Summer Olympics
2_euro_commemorative_coins
missionary's revolutionary program. The literati sensed from the very beginning that Christianization would deprive them of their power. So intense was their
Christianity_in_China
University in Leipzig, Germany
book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Scholars and Literati at the University of Leipzig (1409–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE
Leipzig_University
Pan-Nordic neo-Nazi movement
2020). "A global neo-Nazi organisation led by a 13-year-old Estonian schoolboy". Estonian World. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved
Nordic_Resistance_Movement
tradition. Local elites gained administrative positions and adopted Confucian literati lifestyles but were not easy to attain high-level positions. During Japanese
Christianity_in_Korea
by the most distinguished Jewish literati; but it was destroyed again in 5420 (1660)." [1] Joel Rappel. History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to
History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel
Public university in Vilnius, Lithuania
Cyberthon" Archived 24 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine Scholars and Literati at the University of Vilnius (1578-1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE
Vilnius_University
Swedish university
For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Lund from its creation until 1800
Lund_University
Short instructive text in some Buddhist practices
developed which was influenced by "educated literati" of the Song era. These collections included quotations of encounter-dialogue passages (the "cases"
Koan
Form of written Chinese used in Chinese Buddhist Literature
speakers and learned literati who edited and polished the translations. As explained in Graham & Linebarger: For example, a translation of the Madhyama Agama
Buddhist_Chinese
father of Belarusian letters. He wrote in his native Ruthenian (Chancery Slavonic) language, as was typical for literati in the earlier phase of the Renaissance
History_of_Lithuania
Chinese Buddhist ritual
officials of the past are summoned. The next group to be summoned is the orphaned souls of the scholars and members of the Confucian literati. Other groups
Yujia_Yankou
level of education required of courtesans, coupled with their frequently literati clientele, meant that many wrote poetry commenting on current society and
Women in ancient and imperial China
Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China
Style of painting and sculpture
public. Independent critics and literati also played an important role in shifting the economic and social center of gravity of the art system, protecting
Academic_art
American street artist and activist (born 1970)
of the Young Literati, a philanthropic group of the Library Foundation of Los Angeles. Fairey has created artwork and curated several Young Literati Annual
Shepard_Fairey
Meditation-based school of Mahāyāna Buddhism
composition of the classic koan-collections (e.g. Blue Cliff Record) which reflect the influence of the literati class on the development of Chan. In this
Zen
Zen Buddhist traditions of Japan
monasteries whose classification and appointment of abbots were influenced by the imperial state, officials and literati patrons. Patronage enabled Chan institutions
Japanese_Zen
Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism
Charles B. (2010), "Review of Monks, Rulers and Literati: The Political Ascendancy of Chan Buddhism" (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics Kalupahana, David
Chan_Buddhism
(1835–1897), together known as the "triumvirate". Along with members of the Saint-Petersburg literati, such as Evgenia Konradi (1838–1898), they petitioned universities
Women_in_Russia
Jews of Spanish or Portuguese origin
collector of valuable notes and of manuscripts, and of anecdotes of the literati Abraham de Caceres – Portuguese-Dutch composer of the late baroque period Isaac
Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The range of authors (including Buddhists, Confucians, and Daoists) indicates the text’s wide dissemination and popularity among the literati. The continued
Śūraṅgama_Sūtra
Overview of the history of China-Japan relations
visiting, making contact with Chinese literati in Ningbo, Beijing, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, the valley of the Huai and Tianjin. Song Suqing became
History of China–Japan relations
History_of_China–Japan_relations
Official privileged social class
many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm
Nobility
every character of the sutra. Siming Zhili Yuanzhao Zhang, Hanruo (2024). "Bridging the Other World: Pure Land Buddhism and Literati Culture in Song Dynasty
Zongxiao
Council of Learned Societies, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 March 2016. Uglow, Jennifer S., ed. (1982). The International Dictionary of Women's
List of women in the Heritage Floor
List_of_women_in_the_Heritage_Floor
Visible features of a land area
written in more empty areas of the scroll itself. Many painters also wrote poetry, especially in the scholar-official or literati tradition. Landscape images
Landscape
Sacred utterance or sound used in meditation, often repeated
amongst the literati, and Confucianism which was the dominant political ideology. In particular, Kūkai was able to use this new theory of language to
Mantra
Subgenre of crime and mystery fiction
following a tradition cherished by Chinese literati, sought to elucidate the moral and social implications of the narrative. However, unlike earlier practices
Detective_fiction
the development of Philippine media. During World War II, the Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Philippine literati in developing the
Filipino_women_writers
Opponents of Soviet ideology
well as the publication of The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. In literary world, there were dozens of literati who participated in dissident
Soviet_dissidents
Japanese branch of Buddhism
(1615–1868) periods and many of the most famous artists and literati were drawn from their ranks. Although the various sects of Nichiren Buddhism were administratively
Nichiren_Buddhism
Canon of Chinese Buddhism, and much of the Sinosphere
more moral and less rebellious. Monks, literati and even commoners also supported the copying and printing of the canon to a lesser extent, sometimes
Chinese_Buddhist_canon
Artistic practices influenced by Buddhism
The rise of Neo-Confucianism under Zhu Xi in the twelfth century resulted in considerable criticism of the monk-painters by the literati. Despite this
Buddhist_art
Principal disciple of Gautama Buddha and leader at the First Council
the story became well known among both Buddhist monks and Chan-oriented literati. It was incorporated as a meditative topic in the 1228 Chan text The Gateless
Mahākāśyapa
Buddhist monasteries in Myanmar
2016-11-13. Huxley, Andrew (2007). "Review of Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885". South East Asia Research
Kyaung
Traditions of Vajrayana Buddhism
introduction of "the secret teaching of supreme bliss" (tantric sexual practice) caused quite a scandal among Chinese literati. A common perception among some
Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism
Spiritual teacher-disciple lineage in Zen-Buddhism
and Literati: The Political Ascendancy of Chan Buddhism, page 62. Oxford University Press, 2006. Mario Poceski. Chan and the Routinization of Charisma
Dharma_transmission
Founder of the Linji school of Chan Buddhism (died 866)
Translation of the Lin-chi lu, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11485-0 Welter, Albert (2006), Monks, Rulers, and Literati: The Political
Linji_Yixuan
Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. ISBN 955-24-0127-5 Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning. Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last
Buddhism_in_Myanmar
instrument of the zither family that is plucked. The guqin has traditionally been considered by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety
Women_in_music
School of Mahāyāna Buddhism
monastery at the top of Mount Lu and invited well-known literati to study and practice Buddhism there, where they formed the White Lotus Society. He also corresponded
Pure_Land_Buddhism
Chinese Huayan and Chan Buddhist monk and scholar
nationally honored Buddhist master with extensive contacts among the literati of the day, such as the devout Buddhist layman and scholar-official Pei
Guifeng_Zongmi
12th-century Chinese Chan master
mainly of commenting on "old cases", adding comments and poetry. This use of written comments and poetry shows the influence of Chinese literati culture
Dahui_Zonggao
Chinese literati, and the Song authors Shen Kuo and Su Dongpo both described spirit-writing practices, especially those associated with the cult of the Zigu
Women_in_Taoism
School of Mahayana Buddhism established and practiced in China
Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: McMillan, ISBN 0-02-865910-4 Zhang, Hanruo (2024), Bridging the Other World: Pure Land Buddhism and Literati Culture in
Tiantai
Buddhist texts composed in Sanskrit
promoting the study of Sanskrit among Tibetan literati. The Fifth's regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705), also continued to promote the study of Sanskrit texts
Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature
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