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Opponents of Soviet ideology
Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them
Soviet_dissidents
Person who actively challenges an established political or religious system
considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. Dissidents in democratic or semi-democratic states often
Dissident
Many dissidents were sent to regular psychiatric hospitals, which were unhygienic, overcrowded and often ran by drunks and sadists. Dissidents who were
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union
Criminal offense against the Marxist-Leninist Eurasian state
offence was widely used against Soviet dissidents. The new Criminal Codes of the 1920s introduced the offence of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda as one
Anti-Soviet_agitation
Russian author (1884–1937)
incorruptible and uncompromising courage," is now considered one of the first Soviet dissidents. He is most famous for his highly influential and widely imitated
Yevgeny_Zamyatin
undermining, restricting and containing the event organised by former Soviet dissidents. The reaction to a similar proposal seven months later was much the
Human rights in the Soviet Union
Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union
Ukrainian microbiologist, immunologist, and Soviet dissident (1926–1998)
– 2 August 1998) was a Ukrainian dissident, Soviet microbiologist and immunologist. She was a member of the dissident movement in the USSR, a co-founder
Nina_Strokata_Karavanska
Soviet dissident and peace activist (born 1950)
Александр Иванович Шатравка; born 6 October 1950) is a Russian-born former Soviet dissident and peace activist who is known for his memoir Escape from Paradise
Alexander_Shatravka
Soviet dissident and Armenian politician (1946–1979)
(Armenian: Ստեփան Սեղբոսի Զատիկյան; June 20, 1946 - January, 1979) was a Soviet dissident and one of the founders of the Armenian NUP (National United Party)
Stepan_Zatikyan
Ukrainian linguist, lexicographer, and Soviet dissident (1920–2016)
December 2016) was a Ukrainian linguist, lexicographer, writer, and Soviet dissident. A member of the Red Army and the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists
Sviatoslav_Karavanskyi
Alienation from one's country, government, and culture
The similar term internal émigré was used in the Soviet Union as an insult towards Soviet dissidents, by suggesting that they had the same opinions as
Inner_emigration
Ukrainian writer, philosopher, and human rights activist
December 1920 – 1 April 2004) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, philosopher, Soviet dissident, human rights activist and World War II veteran. He was the founder
Mykola_Rudenko
Youngest child of Joseph Stalin (1926–2011)
later known as Lana Peters, was the youngest child and only daughter of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva. In 1967,
Svetlana_Alliluyeva
Russian-American poet and mathematician
role in ultrafinitism. Esenin-Volpin was a prominent Soviet dissident and a leader of the Soviet human rights movement during the 1960s. Esenin-Volpin
Alexander_Esenin-Volpin
Latvian politician (1931–2023)
him from engaging in dissident activities. In 1977 he collaborated with Viktors Kalniņš and Estonian and Lithuanian dissidents to try to create the
Ints_Cālītis
1988–1991 breakup of the sovereign state
Turkmen dissidents and oppositionists, but following the elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR in January 1990, several dissidents were able
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
Russian-British human rights activist (1942–2019)
was a Soviet and Russian human rights activist and writer. From the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, he was a prominent figure in the Soviet dissident movement
Vladimir_Bukovsky
Soviet labor camp
large population of Soviet dissidents. The Dubravlag became a corrective labor camp (ITL) in 1954 and part of the regular Soviet penitentiary system after
Dubravlag
Ukrainian literature after the collapse of the Soviet Union
modern Ukrainian literature was born during the 1970s and founded by Soviet dissidents from the sixties generation. Due to the increased freedom and openness
Contemporary Ukrainian literature
Contemporary_Ukrainian_literature
Soviet citizens denied permission to emigrate
KGB, so that future career prospects could be impaired. As a rule, Soviet dissidents and refuseniks were fired from their workplaces and denied employment
Refusenik
Soviet dissident and Russian-Israeli writer (1932–2020)
York City while her Jewish parents were stationed there as Soviet resident spies and Soviet intelligence officer illegals for the GRU. Her father was Alexander
Maya_Ulanovskaya
Israeli politician and refusenik (born 1948)
and Policy (ISGAP), an American non-partisan organization. A former Soviet dissident, he spent nine years imprisoned as a refusenik during the 1970s and
Natan_Sharansky
Soviet dissident (1938–1986)
Анато́лий Ти́хонович Ма́рченко, 23 January 1938 – 8 December 1986) was a Soviet dissident, author, and human rights campaigner, who became one of the first two
Anatoly_Marchenko
Russian opposition politician (born 1981)
dedicated to the history of the Soviet dissident movement. The documentary was based on interviews with Russian dissidents, including Vladimir Bukovsky,
Vladimir_Kara-Murza
during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union
Ukrainian human rights activist and former Soviet dissident
born 19 July 1947) is a Ukrainian human rights activist and former Soviet dissident who was a founding member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. For his
Mykola_Matusevych
Former forced labor colony in Kuchino, Perm Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
the incarceration of "especially dangerous state criminals", mostly Soviet dissidents. Built in 1946 and closed in December 1987, the camp was preserved
Perm-36
Soviet dissident
ambivalent years of Soviet history from 1978 to 1987 (and see below "External Links"). Lyubarsky's earlier years as a dissident and his work abroad,
Kronid_Lyubarsky
Ukrainian poet and dissident
active member of the Ukrainian dissident movement. For his political convictions, his works were banned by the Soviet regime and he spent 13 years in
Vasyl_Stus
Russian philosopher, theologian and dissident (1947–2025)
the Soviet Union, she and Leningrad colleagues formed a women's group known as the Mariia club. After Goricheva was forced to emigrate from the Soviet Union
Tatiana_Goricheva
Russian poet, translator and civil rights activist
1968 onwards Gorbanevskaya was active in what was later called the Soviet "dissident movement." She was founder and first editor of A Chronicle of Current
Natalya_Gorbanevskaya
Russian writer (1938–2020)
important document of the nationalist or Slavophile strand within the Soviet dissident movement. Vladimir Osipov was born on 9 August 1938 in Slantsy, Leningrad
Vladimir_Osipov
Soviet writer and prisoner (1907–1982)
in life, Shalamov got on bad terms with Solzhenitsyn and other fellow dissidents, and opposed the publication of his own works abroad. Gospodin Solzhenitsyn
Varlam_Shalamov
Ukrainian writer, human rights activist, and Soviet dissident (1949–2023)
– 19 June 2023) was a Ukrainian writer, human rights activist, and Soviet dissident who worked as a member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group and founded
Vasyl_Ovsienko
Latvian dissident
Doroņina-Lasmane (born Lidija Lasmane, July 28, 1925) is a Latvian dissident, a member of anti-Soviet resistance during the occupation of Latvia and a candidate
Lidija_Doroņina-Lasmane
Soviet Russian literary critic, writer and dissident
Синя́вский; 8 October 1925 – 25 February 1997) was a Russian writer and Soviet dissident known as a defendant in the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial of 1965. Sinyavsky
Andrei_Sinyavsky
Former Soviet dissident
Soviet dissidents to the West, it appealed to the international public to protest against the closed trial. The replies that he received from Soviet citizens
Pavel_Litvinov
1973 non-fiction book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
between 1958 and 1968 by Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Soviet dissident. It was first published in Russian in 1973 by the Parisian publisher
The_Gulag_Archipelago
Patrushev, V. A. Burlachenko and Vladimir Stepanov, established contact with dissidents in Moscow and received recommendations "to direct the wave of emigration
Boris_Perchatkin
Russian dissident, biologist, and historian (1925–2018)
maint: deprecated archival service (link) Barbara Martin, Dissident Histories in the Soviet Union: from de-Stalinization to Perestroika. London: Bloomsbury
Zhores_Medvedev
Russian poet and dissident (1944–2011)
Trifonov (1944–March 2011) was a Russian poet and one of the only Soviet dissidents who publicly criticized the regime for its oppression of gay people
Gennady_Trifonov
Anti-Soviet guerrilla movements
the Soviet Union Catacomb Church Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union Political repression in the Soviet Union Refusenik Soviet dissidents Red
Anti-Soviet_partisans
Human rights activist in the Soviet Union (1923–2011)
former Soviet Union and wife of the physicist, activist and 1975 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Andrei Sakharov. During her decades as a dissident, Bonner
Yelena_Bonner
Russian political writer (1925–2026)
Medvedev, Roy (1 January 1984). "Andropov and the dissidents: the internal atmosphere under the new Soviet leadership". Dissent. 31 (1): 97–102. Medvedev
Roy_Medvedev
Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist (1921–1989)
civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union, for which he was deemed a dissident and faced persecution from the Soviet establishment.[better source needed]
Andrei_Sakharov
Soviet physicist and dissident (1924–2020)
physicist, human rights activist, Soviet dissident, founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group, a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group. While
Yuri_Orlov
Georgian dissident, musician, and poet
Indiana University Press. pp. 309, 319. ISBN 978-0-25-320915-3. "Soviet Gives Georgian Dissidents 3 Years in Jail". New York Times. May 20, 1978. Retrieved September
Merab_Kostava
Ukrainian politician, lawyer, and businessman (born 1954)
member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. According to his Soviet court indictment, Volodymyr Medvedchuk had "joined the counter-revolutionary
Viktor_Medvedchuk
Ukrainian activist and politician (1937–1999)
the Soviet Union, the United States, and Canada. In the Soviet Union, the Helsinki Accords were seen as marking a new beginning for dissidents, who found
Viacheslav_Chornovil
Moldovan writer
screenwriter, translator, and journalist, as well as a former dissident in the Soviet Union. He primarily writes in Russian and is a member of the Moldovan
Boris_Marian
Lithuanian Soviet dissident
who killed himself by self-immolation in an act of protest against the Soviet regime in Lithuania. His death provoked the largest post-war riots in Lithuania
Romas_Kalanta
Soviet historian (1923-1982)
a Soviet historian who survived a childhood in the Gulag, and became well known as a critic of Stalinism, though ultimately he denounced dissident activity
Pyotr_Yakir
Soviet-Russian author and dissident (1918–2008)
August 2008) was a Soviet and Russian author and dissident who helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, especially
Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn
Russian writer (1943–2020)
exiliants and dissidents as he was still an unwavering and ardent communist that criticized western capitalism, denounced other dissidents like Solzhenitsyn
Eduard_Limonov
rejection of any 'underground' and violent struggle. Like other dissidents in the post-Stalin Soviet Union, human rights activists were subjected to a broad range
Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
Human_rights_movement_in_the_Soviet_Union
Russian poet (1940–1996)
Petersburg) in the Soviet Union, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972,
Joseph_Brodsky
Russian activist (born 1953)
apartment of Evgenia Debryanskaya, the recognized leader of the party".] "Dissidents No More: Three Russians Who Have Given Up Activism". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
Evgenia_Debryanskaya
Russian philanthropist (born 1939)
Солженицына née Светлова; born 22 July 1939) is a Russian philanthropist, former Soviet mathematician, and the widow of Nobel Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Natalia_Solzhenitsyna
Russian musician (1964–2008)
left alone — besides, a new stage of "perestroika" was beginning, and dissidents were no longer wanted. In addition, I was already widely known, constantly
Yegor_Letov
Transfer and deportation of people in the Soviet Union
effect remediable only by restoration of the group to its homeland". Soviet dissidents Ilya Gabay and Pyotr Grigorenko both classified the population transfers
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union
Soviet-Israeli human rights activist (born 1950)
New York: William Morrow and Company, 1979. Rubenstein, Joshua. Soviet Dissidents: Their Struggle for Human Rights. Boston: Beacon Press, 1980. 249
Avital_Sharansky
Russian author, former GRU officer (born 1947)
(Виктор Суворов), is a former Soviet GRU officer who is the author of non-fiction books about World War II, the GRU and the Soviet Army, as well as fictional
Viktor_Suvorov
American historian
book, To the Success of Our Hopeless Cause: The Many Lives of the Soviet Dissident Movement received the 2025 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction and
Benjamin_Nathans
position of the Soviet Government, many dissidents had problems reaching a "wide audience", and by the early 1980s, the Soviet dissident movement was in
History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964–1982)
Russian-Soviet political activist
December 1989) was a public defense lawyer in the Soviet Union. She defended various Soviet dissidents and from 1977 was a member of the Moscow Helsinki
Sofiya_Kalistratova
Russian writer and Soviet dissident (1932–2018)
2018) was a Russian writer and former Soviet dissident, and the "first genuine comic writer" produced by the Soviet system. Among his most well-known works
Vladimir_Voinovich
Russian journalist, poet, human rights activist and dissident
needed] In April 1979, he was with four other dissidents deprived of his citizenship and exchanged for two Soviets who had been jailed for espionage. Throughout
Alexander_Ginzburg
Russian activist and Soviet dissident
Russian historian, activist and Soviet dissident. Skobov has been convicted and subjected to punitive psychiatry for ″anti-Soviet propaganda″ twice, one time
Aleksandr_Skobov
Ukrainian literary critic, activist and political prisoner
political dissidents close to Badzyo such as Dzyuba and Stus as well as a KGB raid on his apartment in 1972 prompted him to write treatise on the Soviet political
Yuriy_Badzyo
Soviet human rights activist
Некипе́лов, 29 September 1928 – 1 July 1989) was a Soviet Russian poet, writer, Soviet dissident, and a member of the Moscow Helsinki Group. He spent
Viktor_Nekipelov
Soviet dissident (1931–2008)
founder of United Party for the Liberation of Ukraine, Soviet dissident and a victim of Soviet (1959–1968) camps. Bohdan Hermaniuk was born on August
Bohdan_Hermaniuk
Ukrainian poet, Soviet dissident and human rights activist (1940–1992)
Григо́рович Соку́льський; 13 July 1940 – 22 June 1992) was a Ukrainian poet, Soviet dissident and human rights activist who was a member of the Ukrainian Helsinki
Ivan_Sokulskyi
Ukrainian politician
conduct”, insisting that dissidents should be prepared to accept personal sacrifice, which was an implied criticism of his fellow dissident Ivan Dziuba, who had
Valentyn_Moroz
Russian-American scientist (1933–2020)
in the Soviet aviation, space and rocket industries and lectured in Moscow universities, before being arrested in 1972 by the KGB as a dissident. He served
Alexander_Bolonkin
Russian mathematician and dissident
1929 – 23 June 2013) was a mathematician, dissident and a key figure in the civil rights movement in the Soviet Union. Alexander Lavut was born on 4 July
Alexander_Lavut
Estonian activist (1950–2021)
Sweden), he used the pseudonym Silver Ronk. He was a political dissident and prisoner of the Soviet Union. Madisson was born in Tallinn. He was one of the organizers
Tiit_Madisson
Russian and Soviet writer (1890–1960)
Pasternak (10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1890 – 30 May 1960) was a Russian and Soviet poet, novelist, and literary translator. Composed in 1917, Pasternak's first
Boris_Pasternak
Russian sociologist and publicist
Marxist theoretician and sociologist who has been a political dissident in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. He is an associate of the Transnational
Boris_Kagarlitsky
Ukrainian human rights activist and politician
Григорович Лук'яненко; 24 August 1928 – 7 July 2018) was a Ukrainian Soviet dissident and politician. He was one of the founders of the Ukrainian Helsinki
Levko_Lukianenko
Russian mathematician (1935–2024)
philosopher, and political prisoner. In 1968, Yankov co-signed a letter of 99 Soviet mathematicians [ru] asking for the release of imprisoned mathematician Alexander
Vadim_Yankov
(Russian: Валерий Сендеров; 17 March 1945 – 12 November 2014) was a Soviet dissident, mathematician, teacher, and advocate of human rights known for his
Valery_Senderov
Soviet-American physicist, computer scientist, and human rights activist
Tverdokhlebov and was working closely with the well-known physicist and Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov. In 1974 he lost his position at the Institute and
Valentin_Turchin
Controversial psychiatric diagnosis
frequently used for Soviet dissidents. Sluggish schizophrenia as a diagnostic category was created to facilitate the stifling of dissidents and was a root
Sluggish_schizophrenia
Soviet Ukrainian writer and dissident (1931–2022)
February 2022) was a Ukrainian literary critic, social activist, and Soviet dissident. Honoured as a Hero of Ukraine in 2001, Dziuba was an academic of National
Ivan_Dziuba
Ukrainian poet, Soviet dissident, and human rights activist (1929–1991)
September 1991), also spelled Zenovij Krasivskyj, was a Ukrainian poet, Soviet dissident, and human rights activist. He was a member of the Ukrainian Helsinki
Zenovii_Krasivskyi
French physicist (Nobel Prize), born in East Galicia Abram Ioffe, prominent Soviet physicist (Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute) Isaak Khalatnikov, BKL conjecture
List_of_people_from_Ukraine
Soviet-born historian and demographer
Massachusetts) was a Soviet and US geologist, historian, demographer, and sociologist. He was a specialist in the study of the loss of the Soviet population. Son
Alexander_Babyonyshev
Soviet sexologist and dissident
(Russian: Михаил Шаевич Штерн, 1918 – 17 June 2005) was a Soviet endocrinologist, sexologist and dissident. Stern was born in a Jewish family in a small Ukrainian
Mikhail_Stern
Soviet poet (1946-1983)
(Russian: Леони́д Гео́ргиевич Губа́нов; 20 July 1946 – 8 September 1983) was a Soviet poet, creator of the unofficial literary circle SMOG. He began writing poetry
Leonid_Gubanov_(poet)
Ukrainian writer, journalist, and human rights activist
Ukrainian lyrical and prose writer, journalist, human rights activist, and Soviet dissident. Lytvyn was born in a village of Ksaverivka, Vasylkiv Raion on 26 November
Yuriy_Lytvyn_(dissident)
Russian politician and labor activist (1943–2020)
Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland in 1981, Soviet crackdowns on dissidents and strikers became more common. Two days later, on December
Grigory_Isayev
Soviet-Russian human rights activist (1927–2018)
of the Moscow Helsinki Watch Group and one of the last Soviet dissidents active in post-Soviet Russia. In April 1968, Alexeyeva was expelled from the
Lyudmila_Alexeyeva
First President of Georgia (1991–92)
Gamsakhurdia was involved in Soviet dissident movement from his youth. His activities attracted attention of authorities in the Soviet Union and Gamsakhurdia
Zviad_Gamsakhurdia
Soviet-British psychiatrist (born 1934)
1100 dissidents were detained in psychiatric hospitals of the USSR. Her case, together with other incidents, led to the condemnation of the Soviet Union
Marina_Voikhanskaya
Ukrainian doctor and politician (1937–2024)
Хма́ра; 12 October 1937 – 21 February 2024) was a Ukrainian doctor, Soviet dissident and politician. As a student of the Lviv State Medical Institute Khmara
Stepan_Khmara
Type of incarceration in Russia
In the late Soviet Union a typical administrative jail time was 15 days, and this sentence was routinely applied to Soviet dissidents. Russian writer
Administrative arrest (Russia)
Administrative_arrest_(Russia)
Russian and Soviet poet (1891–1938)
14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1891 – 27 December 1938) was a Russian and Soviet poet. He was one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school. Osip Mandelstam
Osip_Mandelstam
Russian human rights activist (1929–2017)
anti-soviet propaganda (Article 70). He was subjected to intense KGB interrogation and agreed to cooperate. Based on his testimony, many Soviet dissidents
Victor_Krasin
Ukrainian Soviet writer and poet (1929–1992)
1929 – 25 October 1992) was a Ukrainian poet, literary critic, and Soviet dissident. Ivan Svitlychnyi was born on 20 September 1929 in Polovynkyne, Luhansk
Ivan_Svitlychnyi
Ukrainian literary generation active in the 1950s and 1960s
literature and a sense of Ukrainian nationalism within the intelligentsia of the Soviet Union. The Sixtiers entered Ukraine's cultural and political life during
Sixtiers
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