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Earth, minus the oceans and atmosphere
Solid earth refers to "the earth beneath our feet" or terra firma, the planet's solid surface and its interior. It excludes the Earth's fluid envelopes
Solid_earth
The internal structure of Earth is the spatial variation of chemical and physical properties in the solid Earth. The primary structure is a series of
Internal_structure_of_Earth
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,230 km (760 mi), which is
Earth's_inner_core
Displacement of the solid Earth's surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun
Earth tide (also known as solid-Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the solid earth's surface caused
Earth_tide
Peer-reviewed scientific journal
the Earth, Sun, and Solar System. It has seven sections: A (Space Physics), B (Solid Earth), C (Oceans), D (Atmospheres), E (Planets), F (Earth Surface)
Journal of Geophysical Research
Journal_of_Geophysical_Research
Academic journal
Solid Earth is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering Earth science, more specifically the solid Earth aspects. It was established in
Solid_Earth_(journal)
Fluid layer between Earth's solid inner core and its mantle
Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,260 km (1,400 mi) thick, composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below
Earth's_outer_core
Supermassive terrestrial planet
A mega-Earth or massive solid planet is a type of terrestrial exoplanet that is very massive and dense — more massive than super-Earths. The term "mega-Earth"
Mega-Earth
Volcano on eastern Umnak Island in the central-eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska
Deposition, Erosion, and Deformation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 125 (6). Bibcode:2020JGRB..12518977D. doi:10.1029/2019jb018977. S2CID 219928186
Mount_Okmok
Geophysicist
continental margins. Her research also investigates the interaction of the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere for the geological past by modelling paleo-bathymetry
Carmen_Gaina
The Moon's circuit around Earth
Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of tides in both the ocean and the solid Earth; the Sun has a smaller tidal influence. The solid Earth responds quickly
Orbit_of_the_Moon
History of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
Christian faith. Arda is, as critics have noted, "our own green and solid Earth at some quite remote epoch in the past." As such, it has not only an
History_of_Arda
Small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth
variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by and named after American
Chandler_wobble
Any of the five regular polyhedra
associated each of the four classical elements (earth, air, water, and fire) with a regular solid. Earth was associated with the cube, air with the octahedron
Platonic_solid
Reported luminous phenomenon associated with earthquakes
"Earthquake Lights". In Gupta, H.K. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Nature. At present there is
Earthquake_light
Topics referred to by the same term
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Terra firma ("solid earth" in Latin) may refer to: Solid earth, the planet's solid surface and its interior Terra firma forest
Terra_firma
Scientific study of Earth's physical composition
engineering. The majority of geological data comes from research on solid Earth materials. Meteorites and other extraterrestrial natural materials are
Geology
Natural phenomenon
in the Salton Trough, California". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B4). Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.4405L. doi:10.1029/2006JB004596. hdl:1912/3621
Earthquake_cycle
Electrical grounding for safety or function
earthing system. There are five types of neutral earthing: Solid-earthed neutral Unearthed neutral Resistance-earthed neutral Low-resistance earthing
Earthing_system
Type of seismic wave
studying the internal structure of the Earth... Fowler, C. M. R. (2005). "§4.1 Waves through the Earth". The solid earth: an introduction to global geophysics
P_wave
Tectonic plate underlying Africa
opening of the central Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 89 (B12): 9980–90. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.9980D. doi:10.1029/jb089ib12p09980
African_plate
Outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite
below Earth's surface. Carbonate–silicate cycle Climate system Cryosphere Geosphere Kola Superdeep Borehole Mohorovičić discontinuity Pedosphere Solid earth
Lithosphere
Earth's outer shell of rock
continental crust: A global view". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 100 (B6): 9761–9788. Bibcode:1995JGR...100.9761C. doi:10.1029/95JB00259
Earth's_crust
Highly viscous, ductile, and mechanically weak region of Earth's mantle
1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x. Kearey, P., ed. (1993). The Encyclopedia of the Solid Earth Sciences. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-1-4443-1388-8. OCLC 655917296
Asthenosphere
Type of earthquake at convergent plate boundaries
seismic, tsunami, and geodetic data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B7) 2006JB004728. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.7306I. doi:10.1029/2006JB004728
Megathrust_earthquake
Subdivisions of science defined by their scope
atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from physics, chemistry, biology, geography
Branches_of_science
Parameters describing a planet's rigidity
acceleration due to gravity. For a hypothetical solid Earth h = 0 {\displaystyle h=0} . For a liquid Earth, one would expect h = 1 {\displaystyle h=1} .
Love_number
Natural conduit through which lava flows beneath the solid surface
preliminary thermal budget for lava tubes on the Earth and planets". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 100 (B10): 20411–20420. Bibcode:1995JGR..
Lava_tube
Gravitational effect also known as the differential force and the perturbing force
but are not caused by the rotation. Further tidal phenomena include solid-earth tides, tidal locking, breaking apart of celestial bodies and formation
Tidal_force
Part of the Earth's mantle
i.e., between about 300 and 850 kilometres (190 and 530 mi) depth. Earth's solid, rocky mantle, including the mantle transition zone (often abbreviated
Transition_zone_(Earth)
Motion of Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust
Earth is the motion of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust. This is measured with respect to a reference frame in which the solid Earth
Polar_motion
Fields of natural science related to Earth
the Earth's crust. Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and
Earth_science
Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6. Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia
Lists_of_earthquakes
Measure in 3-dimensional geometry
same solid angle as a larger object farther away. For example, although the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, it is also much closer to Earth. Indeed
Solid_angle
Collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere
used instead of geosphere or solid Earth. The lithosphere, however, only refers to the uppermost layers of the solid Earth (oceanic and continental crustal
Geosphere
Seismic wave velocity variation
temperature. S-waves, in contrast, are constrained to solids and reveal information about the Earth's rigidity and internal composition, including the discovery
Seismic_velocity_structure
Organization
and online resources. This included the Research Experience in the Solid Earth Science for Students (RESESS) internship program. RESESS was a summer
UNAVCO
Ocean shape without winds and tides
Determination, Theory and Principles". Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 356–362. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_154
Geoid
World spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in space
International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 107 (B10): ETG 2-1–ETG 2-19. Bibcode:2002JGRB
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
International_Terrestrial_Reference_System_and_Frame
Indonesian geologist
of the Sumatran fault, Indonesia". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 105 (B12): 28295–28326. Bibcode:2000JGR...10528295S. doi:10.1029/2000JB900120
Danny_Hilman_Natawidjaja
Accounting of heat created within the Earth
respectively. The structure of Earth is a rigid outer crust that is composed of thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust, solid but plastically flowing
Earth's_internal_heat_budget
Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
the Pahranagat Formation, Nevada". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 100 (B12): 24593–24609. Bibcode:1995JGR...10024593B. doi:10.1029/95JB01690
Caldera
Belgian geophysicist
theoretical problems in solid-earth geophysics, seismology, geodesy, and geomagnetism. He has made numerous contributions to the study of Earth's mantle, continental
Frederik_J._Simons
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
the mantle result in convection currents, the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid mantle. At a seafloor spreading ridge, plates move away from the ridge
Plate_tectonics
Gas layer surrounding Earth
doi:10.1029/1999RG000077. Basavaiah, Nathani (2012). Geomagnetism: Solid Earth and Upper Atmosphere Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Smaller earthquake which follows a larger one in the same area
(2016). "Interpretation of the Omori law". Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 52 (5): 785–786. arXiv:1604.07017. Bibcode:2016IzPSE..52..785G. doi:10
Aftershock
Personal seismometer
monitoring of urban activity in Barcelona during the COVID-19 lockdown". Solid Earth. 12: 725–739. 2021. doi:10.5194/se-12-725-2021. "Seismic signature of
Raspberry_Shake
Short-term changes in the length of the day
Averaging over longer time scales, no exchange of AAM with the solid Earth takes place. Earth and atmosphere are decoupled. This implies that the ground level
Day_length_fluctuations
Minor tectonic plate in Asia
imaging of strong earthquake source zones". Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 42 (10): 850–863. Bibcode:2006IzPSE..42..850A. doi:10.1134/S1069351306100090
Okhotsk_plate
Very thick layer of rock inside Earth
ISBN 0-521-46728-4. Fowler, C. M. R.; Fowler, Connie May (2005). The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521893077
Upper_mantle
Third planet from the Sun
has an average depth of roughly 3.8 km. Earth's surface is the boundary between the atmosphere and the solid Earth and oceans. The surface is continually
Earth
Overview of and topical guide to Earth science
atmosphere) The union of all solid parts of Earth and the Inner of Earth. Pedosphere – The outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject
Outline_of_Earth_science
American geophysicist
brittle-ductile transition in quartzite". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 94 (B12): 17825–17838. Bibcode:1989JGR....9417825H. doi:10.1029/JB094iB12p17825
Greg_Hirth
Alternating landscape of parallel mountain ranges and valleys
Stanley, SM (2005). Earth system history. New York: Freeman. Stern, Robert J (2010-09-01), "Rifts", Physics and Chemistry of the Solid Earth (Class Notes),
Basin_and_range_topography
Type of earthquake which triggers a tsunami of far-larger magnitude
for the 1677 earthquake and tsunami". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (5): 3504–3516. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.3504Y. doi:10.1002/2015JB012617
Tsunami_earthquake
2026 American documentary series
Bunch, Rebecca (June 15, 2026). "Thursday TV Ratings 6/11/26: Surviving Earth Solid in Premiere Despite Drawing Smaller Audience Than The Americas Repeat
Surviving_Earth
planet's system can be subdivided into four major components including the solid earth, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. A variety of algorithms may
Machine learning in earth sciences
Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences
American seismologist
and deep slab deformation in Tonga". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 96 (B9): 14429–14444. Bibcode:1991JGR....9614429F. doi:10.1029/91JB00153
Karen_M._Fischer
Worldwide glaciation episodes during the Proterozoic eon
The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis proposing that during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface was nearly entirely
Snowball_Earth
Small tectonic plate in the eastern North Pacific
from Japanese tsunami descriptions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 108 (B11): 2535. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2535S. doi:10.1029/2003JB002521
Juan_de_Fuca_plate
Elevation changes caused by the flow within Earth's mantle
geodynamics to refer the elevation differences caused by the flow within Earth's mantle. In geodynamics, dynamic topography refers to topography generated
Dynamic_topography
Physical phenomenon
even thickness of the atmospheric layer. (The solid Earth is ductile. Whenever the shape of the solid Earth is not entirely in equilibrium with its rate
Eötvös_effect
System that relates geologic strata to time
was either encompassed at its edges by another solid substance or it covered the whole globe of the earth. Hence, it follows that wherever bared edges of
Geologic_time_scale
Variety of beryl
Retrieved 2021-09-22. Kearey, Philip (2009-07-17). The Encyclopedia of the Solid Earth Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. p. 299. ISBN 978-1-4443-1388-8. Grande,
Goshenite_(gem)
God of the underworld in Greek mythology
received the underworld, Zeus the sky, and Poseidon the sea, with the solid earth, which was long the domain of Gaia, available to all three concurrently
Hades
Natural lowering of a stream bed deep near bedrock over time
Himalayas of central Nepal" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 106 (B11): 26561–26591. Bibcode:2001JGR...10626561L. doi:10.1029/2001JB000359
River_incision
Australian petrologist and volcanologist
served as a co-chief editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, alongside John Mutter and Patrick Taylor. He was also elected a Fellow
Richard_Arculus
world's ocean basins and continental margins, particularly focusing on the solid earth beneath the ocean. It shares objectives with marine geology, which uses
Marine_geophysics
Angle between the rotational axis and orbital axis of a body
tidal variations in the length of day". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (2): 1498–1509. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.1498R. doi:10.1002/2013JB010830
Axial_tilt
State or quality of being bodiless
considered incorporeal. The ancient Greeks believed air, as opposed to solid earth, to be incorporeal, insofar as it is less resistant to movement; and
Incorporeality
State of matter
Solid is a state of matter in which atoms are closely packed and are difficult to move past each other. Solids resist compression, expansion, or external
Solid
Scientist who studies volcanoes
activity. Geologists who research volcanic materials that make up the solid Earth are referred to as igneous petrologists. The word volcanologist (or vulcanologist)
Volcanologist
is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core. The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known
Earth's_magnetic_field
First period of the Cenozoic Era
Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq". Solid Earth. 12 (11): 2479–2501. Bibcode:2021SolE...12.2479K. doi:10.5194/se-12-2479-2021
Paleogene
Smoothly polished surface in geology
asperities in an exposed fault zone". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 114 (B2). Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.2301S. doi:10.1029/2008JB005701. Power
Slickenside
Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel
Solid-propellant_rocket
Uplifted and exposed oceanic crust
Evidence for an Eocene arc-back arc pair". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 98 (B11): 19991–20004. Bibcode:1993JGR....9819991E. doi:10.1029/93JB02167
Ophiolite
Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches its rotational period
axis. The elongated distortions are known as tidal bulges. (For the solid Earth, these bulges can reach displacements of up to around 0.4 m or 1 ft 4 in
Tidal_locking
American professor in geomechanics and structural geology (born 1943)
Mechanics of discontinuous faults, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 85(B8), 4337–4350 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine RC Fletcher
David_D._Pollard
Studies of the forced nutations of the Earth: 1. Data analysis". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 91 (B5): 4745–4754. Bibcode:1986JGR...
Thomas_A._Herring
Geometric figure which approximates the Earth's shape
positions of the center and different axis orientations relative to the solid Earth. Starting in the late twentieth century, improved measurements of satellite
Earth_ellipsoid
Pocket of carbon dioxide–rich air that can be lethal
Geodynamic and volcanological implications". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 115 (B1). Bibcode:2010JGRB..115.1205T. doi:10.1029/2008JB006227. ISSN 0148-0227
Mazuku
Study of the physical processes that underlie tectonic deformation
(2009). "Modern problems of tectonophysics". Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth. 45 (11): 933–937. Bibcode:2009IzPSE..45..933R. doi:10.1134/S1069351309110019
Tectonophysics
Proposed driving force for tectonic plate motion
motion of the South American Plate". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 97 (B8): 11915–11931. Bibcode:1992JGR....9711915M. doi:10.1029/91JB01123
Ridge_push
Solid dome dividing the primal waters
Heavenly waters above from the Earth below. In Biblical cosmology, the firmament (Hebrew: רָקִ֫יעַ rāqīaʿ) is the vast solid dome created by God during the
Firmament
Continent in Tolkien's legendarium
Years of the Sun. Arda is, as critics have noted, "our own green and solid Earth at some quite remote epoch in the past." As such, it has not only an
Middle-earth
Layer in a newly formed planet
"Chemical composition of Earth's primitive mantle and its variance: 1. Method and results". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B3) 2005JB004223
Primitive_mantle
International science society
the Past (CP) and eEarth in July and October, respectively through Copernicus Publications. The latter was replaced by Solid Earth journal in 2009. The
European_Geosciences_Union
Electron Backscatter Diffraction software
Samail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (1). Bibcode:2021JGRB..12619573M. doi:10.1029/2020JB019573. ISSN 2169-9313
MTEX
Structures of the Earth's mantle
zones have been discovered mainly at the edges of LLSVPs. By using the solid Earth tide, the density of these regions has been determined, with the bottom
Large low-shear-velocity provinces
Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces
Marine research program (2003–2013)
research, the IODP documented environmental change, Earth processes and effects, the biosphere, solid earth cycles, and geodynamics. The program began a new
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
Integrated_Ocean_Drilling_Program
Form of limestone deposited by mineral springs
dioxide Earth degassing estimated from carbon balance of regional aquifers: The case of central Apennine, Italy". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
Travertine
Metamorphic rock formed under high pressure
eclogites: Ancient oceanic crust". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 91 (B14): 14063–14079. Bibcode:1986JGR....9114063M. doi:10.1029/JB091iB14p14063
Eclogite
1920 earthquake in central China
Seismological and Geomorphological Methods". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 125 (8) e2019JB019244. doi:10.1029/2019JB019244. ISSN 2169-9313. Han
1920_Haiyuan_earthquake
Nonprofit organization of geophysicists
within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic
American_Geophysical_Union
English mathematical physicist (1863–1940)
known as Love numbers, used in problems related to Earth tides, the tidal deformation of the solid Earth due to the gravitational attraction of the Moon
Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love
Use of seismological methods to understand river processes
the structure of the solid earth, environmental seismology is concerned with waves that originate from outside the solid earth or whose signal is affected
Fluvial_seismology
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
penetrating the atmosphere result in its ionization relative to the solid Earth, leaving it with a net positive charge. A current of about 1800 amperes
Geophysics
Historical theory in geology
joints in Earth's interior that could fill with magma. This was succeeded by a cooling phase, where the magma would freeze and become solid rock again
Expanding_Earth
Minor tectonic plate including the east coast of Africa and the adjoining seabed
Kinematics of the East African Rift". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (4): 3584–3600. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.3584S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.723
Somali_plate
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