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Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
A speleothem (/ˈspiːliəθɛm/; from Ancient Greek σπήλαιον (spḗlaion) 'cave' and θέμα (théma) 'deposit') is a geological formation made by mineral deposits
Speleothem
Elongated mineral formation hanging down from a cave ceiling
(crystallized urine of pack rats). A stalactite is not necessarily a speleothem, though speleothems are the most common form of stalactite because of the abundance
Stalactite
Sedimentary carbonate rock containing a high percentage of the mineral dolomite
dissolved. The speleothem precipitation sequence is: calcite, Mg-calcite, aragonite, huntite and hydromagnesite. Hence, the most common speleothem (secondary
Dolomite_(rock)
Cave in Virginia, United States
visitors since its discovery in 1878. The cavern system is adorned with speleothems such as columns, stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone, and mirrored pools
Luray_Caverns
Secondary calcium carbonate deposit growing under man-made structures
or under man-made structures and mimic the shapes and forms of cave speleothems, such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone etc. Calthemite is derived
Calthemite
Science of cave and karst systems
happen as well. A speleothem is a geological formation formed by mineral deposits that accumulate over time in natural caves. Speleothems most commonly form
Speleology
Form of limestone deposited by mineral springs
cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems. Travertine is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material
Travertine
Cave on Socotra, Yemen
between 25 and 27 °C, with a humidity higher than 95%. All sorts of speleothems, where numerous endemic troglobionts are living, can be found along the
Hoq_Cave
Paleoanthropological site near Johannesburg, South Africa
earliest primates were discovered. Bolt's Farm was heavily mined for speleothem (calcium carbonate from stalagmites, stalactites, and flowstones) in the
Cradle_of_Humankind
British paleoclimatologist and explorer
specializes in reconstructing the Earth's climate history by analyzing speleothem samples collected from remote cave systems. Her research in the High Arctic
Gina_Moseley
State in northeastern India
the late Holocene epoch being called the Meghalayan stage/age, since a speleothem in Mawmluh cave indicating a dramatic worldwide climate event around 2250
Meghalaya
Place in Andhra Pradesh, India
extensive karst formations, including stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems. "Borra" means "hole" in Telugu language. There are several local legends
Borra_Caves
Mineral tube formation found in caves
A soda straw (or simply straw) is a speleothem in the form of a hollow mineral cylindrical tube. They are also known as tubular stalactites. Soda straws
Soda_straw
Geological phenomenon
found in "solution caves", in limestone, where they are the most common speleothem. However, they may form in any type of cave where water enters that has
Flowstone
Hypothesis about migration of species between Africa and Eurasia
tenth the rainfall around 125 kya. Speleothems are detected only in Even-Sid-2. In the southern Negev Desert speleothems did not grow between 185–140 kya
Sahara_pump_theory
Spherical speleothem concreted concentrically
A cave pearl is a small, usually spherical, speleothem (cave formation) found in limestone caves. Cave pearls are formed by a concretion of calcium salts
Cave_pearl
Elongate mineral formation found on a cave floor
the ceiling of a cave is a stalactite. The most common stalagmites are speleothems, which usually form in limestone caves. Stalagmite formation occurs only
Stalagmite
Overview of and topical guide to caves
volcanic fields. Cave formations can take on two major forms, speleothems and speleogens. Speleothems are deposits of minerals that form after the initial cave
Outline_of_caves
Radiometric dating method
the 1970s to determine the age of calcium carbonate materials such as speleothem or coral. Unlike other commonly used radiometric dating techniques such
Uranium–thorium_dating
Geological era
"Climate Dynamics During the Penultimate Glacial Period Recorded in a Speleothem from Kanaan Cave, Lebanon (central Levant)" (PDF). Quaternary Research
Glacial_period
Transparent variety of gypsum
"Gypsum flower" speleothem, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. Orange color is iron oxide from groundwater.
Selenite_(gypsum)
Snowflake-like speleothem
In geology, frostwork is a type of speleothem with acicular ("needle-like") growths almost always composed of aragonite (a polymorph of calcite) or calcite
Frostwork_(geology)
Type of cave
and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called "speleothems". Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged
Solutional_cave
Limestone cave in Israel
Sign at entrance to the cave Cave entrance Speleothems Stalactite meeting stalagmite to form a pillar Speleothems A stalagmite and stalactite almost touch
Avshalom_Cave
UNESCO World Heritage Site in China
gorges. The property also includes many large cave systems with rich speleothem deposits. The karst features and geomorphological diversity of the South
South_China_Karst
Capital and largest city of Hungary
Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created speleothems, the most famous ones being the Pálvölgyi cave (total length 7,200 m
Budapest
Steep-sided canyon in Arizona, US
evolution of the Grand Canyon revealed by U-Pb dating of water table-type speleothems" (PDF). Science. 319 (5868): 1377–1380. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1377P.
Grand_Canyon
Cave
portion of the cave, where conditions are optimal for their growth. The speleothems present in the cave take a number of forms, most commonly stalactites
Crystal_Cave_(Wisconsin)
Type of sedimentary rock
(groundwater) in caves is also sometimes described as travertine. This produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Coquina is a poorly consolidated
Limestone
Severe climatic event starting around 2200 BC
designated as the Meghalayan stage/age. The boundary stratotype is a speleothem in Mawmluh cave in India, and the global auxiliary stratotype is an ice
4.2-kiloyear_event
Village in Meghalaya, India
Mawjymbuin, known for its stalagmites. Inside this cave is a pair of notable speleothems - stalactites shaped like a cow's udder over a large stalagmite (Shivling)
Mawsynram
Cave and archaeological site in Slovakia
and high density of speleothems. These vast limestone passages, that had formed during the Middle Triassic and are rich in speleothems were discovered in
Domica_Cave
Severe eruption of around 1000 BC
et al. (1995). "The Hekla 3 volcanic eruption recorded in a Scottish speleothem?". The Holocene. 5 (3): 336–342. Bibcode:1995Holoc...5..336B. doi:10
Hekla_3_eruption
Karst in New South Wales, Australia
thousand years old. The older examples are in higher strata and have more speleothem decoration. The caves are administered by the National Parks and Wildlife
Yarrangobilly_Caves
Small nodes of calcite, aragonite, or gypsum that form on surfaces in caves
common type of speleothem. The individual nodules of cave popcorn range in size from 5 to 20 mm and may be decorated by other speleothems, especially aragonite
Cave_popcorn
Rapid climate fluctuation in the last glacial period
extended farther south into central North America as well, as indicated by speleothem oxygen isotope excursions chronologically corresponding to D-O events
Dansgaard–Oeschger_event
UNESCO designated heritage sites and nominated sites in Iran
cave is known for its vast water halls and an extraordinary array of speleothems like stalactites and stalagmites, along with various karst formation
List of World Heritage Sites in Iran
List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran
Israeli geologist and speleologist
isotopes fluctuations over glacial/interglacial periods in Levantine speleothems are dominated by 'source effect', consequently glacials were wetter than
Amos_Frumkin
Cave in the Valencian Community of Spain
similar in shape to a cathedral. The cave contains a wide variety of speleothems, including stalactites, coralloids, stalagmites, flowstones, draperies
Canelobre_Cave
Time period c. 12,900–11,700 years ago
this period. Southeastern Alaska appears to have escaped glaciation; speleothem calcite deposition continued in the region despite being retarded, indicating
Younger_Dryas
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
et al. (1995). "The Hekla 3 volcanic eruption recorded in a Scottish speleothem?". The Holocene. 5 (3): 336–342. Bibcode:1995Holoc...5..336B. doi:10
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Cave formation
Rimstone, also called gours, is a type of speleothem (cave formation) in the form of a stone dam. Rimstone is made up of calcite and other minerals that
Rimstone
Hominin fossils discovered in Ethiopia
that, after 185,000 years ago conditions were so dry as to not allow speleothems to grow in the caverns in the Levantine land-bridge region, the vital
Omo_remains
Cave and archaeological site in Spain
from some columns. The Hall of the Phantoms is named after an unusual speleothem. At the end of this cavern is a large rockfall which separates it from
Caves_of_Nerja
Major climatic change and biotic turnover during the Triassic
is consistent with a Carnian age, supported by radiometric dates from speleothems (stalagmites) in two of these caves . However, some researchers instead
Carnian_pluvial_episode
Natural limestone cave in Wisconsin
cave's beauty comes from its many varieties of mineral formations called speleothems. The Chicago Academy of Sciences considers the Cave of the Mounds to
Cave_of_the_Mounds
Cave and archaeological site in Slovakia
Jasov Cave (Slovak: Jasovská jaskyňa, and Hungarian: Jászói barlang) is a speleothem limestone cave and archaeological site in the Slovak Karst in Slovakia
Jasov_Cave
Topics referred to by the same term
an architectural feature for handling rain water Dripstone, a type of speleothem (cave formation) that includes stalactites Dripstone, a type of water
Dripstone
Continent
ISBN 978-94-017-7519-9. S2CID 131383927. El-Shenawy, Mohammed I.; et al. (2018). "Speleothem evidence for the greening of the Sahara and its implications for the early
Africa
Limestone cave in County Tipperary, Ireland
number of caverns open to the public through a guided tour. Noteworthy speleothems include the Tower of Babel column. The largest cavern, known as the Tír
Mitchelstown_Cave
Cave system in Italy
shelter of the Cave bear (Ursus spelaeus). Entrance Speleothems width widening at certain height Speleothems width widening at certain height Stalactites Stalactites
Toirano_Caves
Speleothem whose axis changes
A helictite is a speleothem (cave-formed mineral) found in a limestone cave that changes its axis from the vertical at one or more stages during its growth
Helictite
Animals living in subterranean waters
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
Stygofauna
Cave in Kentucky, United States
it forms a variety of speleothems. The "filling in phase" very recently discovered this final phase. Many of the speleothems in Lehman Caves appear to
Diamond_Caverns
National monument in Utah, United States
in the caves is 46 degrees Fahrenheit. Many colorful cave features or speleothems can be seen. Among the most interesting are the helictites, which are
Timpanogos Cave National Monument
Timpanogos_Cave_National_Monument
National park in New Mexico, United States
growth of speleothems, as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil. The color of the speleothems is determined
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park
Native American geoscientist
paleoclimatologist. Her research focuses on reconstructing past climate change with speleothems, on active cave monitoring to understand the interaction of climate with
Kathleen_R._Johnson
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
Grampian_Speleological_Group
Body of water with high mineral content
wells were noted by John Rutty on Howth Head, among other locations. Speleothem Stalactite Stalagmite "Hidden Clermont-Ferrand: The Ancient Fountain that
Petrifying_well
Rapid global cooling about 8,200 years ago
event in Norway. Evidence for the 8.2 kiloyear event has been found in speleothem records across Eurasia, the Mediterranean, South America, and southern
8.2-kiloyear_event
Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BC
Frisia, S.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Tüysüz, O.; Fleitmann, D. (2014). "Speleothems as sensitive recorders of volcanic eruptions – the Bronze Age Minoan
Minoan_eruption
Cave in Missouri, US
in the same cave. The cave has been popular since the 1850s due to its speleothem formations and mineral coloring. The cave's opening was originally 3.0
Bridal_Cave
Cave in Eddy County, New Mexico, U.S.
of the Turtle Cave in 2014. Lechuguilla Cave holds a variety of rare speleothems, including lemon-yellow sulfur deposits, 20-foot (6.1 m) gypsum chandeliers
Lechuguilla_Cave
Cave and archaeological site in Indonesia
years ago. The paintings were dated using Uranium-Thorium dating of speleothems that have formed on top of and underneath the paintings. Inside the entrance
Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst
Caves_in_the_Maros-Pangkep_karst
Paintings, often prehistoric, on cave walls and ceilings
(Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art
Cave_painting
Cave in Serbia
years old while the oldest speleothems date from 45 million years ago. It has four halls on two levels each and the speleothems are colored in red, yellow
Resava_Cave
Form of earth shelter dwelling in northern China
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
Yaodong
Natural karst cave in Liège, Belgium
air raid shelter, the latter during WW2. The cave contains abundant speleothems, including stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstone. One feature is said
Cave_of_Remouchamps
Petroglyphs in western Crete
western Crete preserves a number of overlapping petroglyphs on a limestone speleothem that may have been made between the Upper Palaeolithic and the early Bronze
Asphendou_Cave_petroglyphs
Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems
example Harwoods Hole). Many cave environments are very fragile. Many speleothems can be damaged by even the slightest touch and some by impacts as slight
Caving
Cave system in Genga, Marche, Italy
dell'Infinito, or "Room of the Infinite", a tall chamber with massive speleothem columns supporting the roof. "Organ pipes" Water well The cave has been
Frasassi_Caves
Cave in Românești, in Timiș County, Romania
characteristic "leopard skin" pattern. As the cave is in an early stage of speleothem development, it contains relatively few formations, including slender
Românești_Cave
1942–1990s political party in Thailand
Speleothem inside Ta Ko Bi Cave, a cave in Umphang District, used as a base by CPT guerrillas
Communist_Party_of_Thailand
Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia
(2011). "Mid-Holocene climate variations revealed by high-resolution speleothem records from Soreq Cave, Israel and their correlation with cultural changes"
Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Lava tube in Iceland
constriction in 1991 to preserve those of the delicate lava formations or speleothems which hadn't already been destroyed. Evidence of human habitation, probably
Víðgelmir
Himyarite archaeological site in Yemen
fruitful agricultural area. On the other hand, D. Fleitmann has studied speleothems from al-Hootha cave in central Oman and has gathered information for
Zafar,_Yemen
Archaeological site in Bulgaria
galleries that contain countless stalactone, stalactite, and stalagmite speleothem formations of great beauty. Galleries and caverns of a 1,200 m (3,900 ft)
Bacho_Kiro_Cave
Cave in Pennsylvania, United States
extensive speleothem formation. The Giant's Hall area consists of several large passageways, up to 60 feet high, but with fewer speleothems - though it
Indian_Caverns
air space in a flooded tube between the water and the roof Anthodite A speleothem (cave formation) composed of long needle-like crystals situated in clusters
Glossary of caving and speleology
Glossary_of_caving_and_speleology
Natural disaster in Europe
plagued Europe in the following years. An investigation of stalagmites (Speleothem) in north-eastern Hungary concludes that the 1470s were a warm, dry period
1473 heat and drought in Europe
1473_heat_and_drought_in_Europe
Archaeological site in Gauteng, South Africa
estimate based on the current data as it included work on both sediments and speleothem. A slightly younger deposit (StW 53 infill) dated to between 1.8 to 1
Sterkfontein
Animals that live underground
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
List_of_troglobites
United States historic place
drive-through wildlife safari park. The caverns feature several unique speleothems and other geological formations, including magnificent stalactites that
Natural_Bridge_Caverns
Salt lake in the Levant
palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Dead Sea area (Israel), based on speleothems and cave stromatolites". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (9–10): 1201–1211
Dead_Sea
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
List_of_cave_monasteries
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
List_of_caves_in_Ireland
Natural void under a planetary surface
straws and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems. The portions of a solutional cave that are below the water table or
Cave
County park in Wisconsin (US)
caves. They are gated due to past vandalism to the Speleothems, and to protect the current Speleothems. The Cherney Maribel Caves were formed primarily
Cherney Maribel Caves County Park
Cherney_Maribel_Caves_County_Park
Human being who inhabits a cave
Sinkhole Spring Suffosion Sump Talus cave Underground Lake River Waterfall Speleothems and Speleogens (Cave formations) Anthodite Boxwork Calcite rafts Cave
Cave_dweller
Cave in United States of America
caves around 1885 and filed a claim. The caverns have a large number of speleothems, stalactites, and stalagmites. It is formed in a marble unit known as
Mercer_Caverns
Dating by measuring unpaired electrons
community in 1975, when Japanese nuclear physicist Motoji Ikeya dated a speleothem in Akiyoshi Cave, Japan. ESR dating measures the amount of unpaired electrons
Electron spin resonance dating
Electron_spin_resonance_dating
British geologist
Mason, A.J., Thomas, A.L., Osinzev, A.V., Kononov, A.M., Henderson, G.M. Speleothems reveal 500,000-year history of Siberian permafrost (2013) Science, 340
Gideon_Henderson
Mountain range in the US states of Texas and New Mexico
relief generation has been estimated to ~20 million years ago using cave speleothem records and interpreted to reflect drainage of subsurface aquifers as
Guadalupe_Mountains
Porous variety of limestone rock
ambient temperature water can be considered a sub-type of tufa. Calcareous speleothems may be regarded as a form of calcareous sinter. They lack any significant
Tufa
Chemical compound existing only in aqueous solution (Ca(HCO3)2)
important to the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other speleothems within caves, and for that matter, in the formation of the caves themselves
Calcium_bicarbonate
Ancient water channel in Jerusalem
original plastering as well as radiometry (uranium-thorium dating of speleothems). The dates were challenged in 2011 by new excavations that suggested
Siloam_tunnel
numerous stalactites, stalagmites, columns and drapes, collectively termed speleothems. In respect of this site being the 'GSSP of the youngest unit of the
Mawmluh_Cave
Cave in Argentina
precipitation was much higher than today. The Witches' Cave is home to many speleothems (such as stalactites and stalagmites), deep underground water galleries
Witches'_Cave
Cave and archaeological site in Myanmar
three large sinkholes that let natural light in, and several active speleothem formations. A superficial investigation of the caves in Shan State had
Padah-Lin_Caves
Public cave and geology museum in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany
one chamber, blue and green speleothems coloured by copper minerals can be seen. The usual red coloration of the speleothems in the cave is due to the presence
Iberg_Dripstone_Cave
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM
Girl/Female
Hindu
Another name for Goddess Laxmi, Good start
Girl/Female
Arabic
She-camel
Girl/Female
Muslim
Bloom or be successful.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Gift from God, Victorious
Female
English
Diminutive form of French Anne, ANNETTE means "favor; grace."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Grace of the Moon
Girl/Female
Muslim
Rare
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Dominant
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Noble; Glorious
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a piece of ground used for playing games, from Middle English pleye ‘play’ + sted(e) ‘place’, hence ‘place for play or sport’. In some cases it may be a habitational name from Chapel Plaster in Box, Wiltshire. Compare Plaster 2.
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM
SPELEOTHEM