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Ethical theory based on consequences
properly, rule consequentialism, Kantian deontology, and contractualism would all end up prescribing the same behavior. The term consequentialism was coined
Consequentialism
Mohist form of consequentialism
Philosophy interprets Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, as the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated
State_consequentialism
Ancient Chinese philosopher associated with Taoism
foundational texts of Taoism. Traditional accounts place him in the 6th century BC state of Chu during China's Spring and Autumn period (c. 770 – c. 481 BC), describe
Laozi
Branch of philosophical ethics that examines standards for morality
maximizing happiness. State consequentialism, or Mohist consequentialism, holds that an action is right if it leads to state welfare, through order, material
Normative_ethics
Leader of China from 1949 to 1976
Chinese state. Under Mao the PRC replaced the Republic of China as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and became the fifth state to
Mao_Zedong
Chinese Taoist text
place his birth around 369 BC in a place called Meng (蒙) in the historical state of Song, near present-day Shangqiu, Henan. His death is variously placed
Zhuangzi_(book)
Traditionally Chinese religious and philosophical tradition
Early Taoism drew upon diverse influences, including the Shang and Zhou state religions, Naturalism, Mohism, Confucianism, various Legalist theories,
Taoism
Ancient Chinese philosophy
Bentham's views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not hedonistic. The importance of outcomes that are good for the state outweighs the
Mohism
Chinese general (544–496 BC)
known by his courtesy name Changqing (Chinese: 長卿). Traditional accounts state that the general's descendant Sun Bin wrote a treatise on military tactics
Sun_Tzu
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism,
Utilitarianism
Chinese philosopher and logician (c. 470 – c. 391 BCE)
of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated
Mozi
Cosmological dualism in Chinese philosophy
traits. Taiji is a Chinese cosmological term for the "Supreme Ultimate" state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before
Yin_and_yang
Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE)
mourned for three years, as was the tradition. In Confucius's time, the state of Lu was headed by a ruling ducal house. Under the duke were three aristocratic
Confucius
Arguments in political philosophy
economic reasoning. Consequentialism Justification for the state Rule according to higher law Sovereign state "Consequentialism | Utilitarianism, Morality
Consequentialist justifications of the state
Consequentialist_justifications_of_the_state
Chinese astrological system using star positions in a twelve-palace chart
102–125. Bruun, Ole (2003). Fengshui in China: Geomantic Divination Between State Orthodoxy and Popular Religion. University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 0-8248-2757-0
Zi_Wei_Dou_Shu
Chinese philosopher (4th century BCE)
described as a minor official from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in the state of Song, living in the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late
Zhuang_Zhou
Chinese classic text
The Dào Dé Jīng intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao. Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed
Tao_Te_Ching
Political doctrine of divine legitimacy in China
way to hold the mandate was to rule well in the eyes of Heaven. They also stated that the Shang came into power because the Xia had lost their mandate, which
Mandate_of_Heaven
Vital force in traditional Chinese philosophy
Douglas (1996). Lost T'ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791426548. Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan
Qi
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 (Session 2) (13 Geo. 5 Sess. 2. c. 2) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed
Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922
Irish_Free_State_(Consequential_Provisions)_Act_1922
Chinese philosopher and historian (1930–2021)
Application", turned conventional contemporary Chinese thought on its head. Li stated that Western Learning encompasses technology as well as conceptual systems
Li_Zehou
Philosophical study of morality
important distinction is between act consequentialism and rule consequentialism. According to act consequentialism, the consequences of an act determine
Ethics
Chinese ethical and philosophical system
abolition of the imperial examination system in 1905 marked the decline of state-endorsed Confucianism. In the early 20th century, Chinese reformers came
Confucianism
Chinese view of heaven
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Tian
Philosophical concept native to China
ongoing practices of attainment or of the full coming into being, or the state of enlightenment or spiritual perfection that is the outcome of such practices
Tao
Chinese historian, philosopher and writer (1895–1990)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Ch'ien_Mu
Qin State statesman, chancellor and reformer (c. 390–338 BC)
originally surnamed Gongsun (公孫), was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qin. Ultimately becoming arguably the "most famous and influential statesman"
Shang_Yang
Confucian philosopher (c. 371 – c. 289 BC)
Hackett Publishing. Van Norden, Bryan W., 2007, Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early Chinese Philosophy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mencius
Chinese Communist Party concept
democracy (Marxism–Leninism) Whole-of-government approach New Democracy State consequentialism Procedural democracy Direct democracy Indirect democracy "Whole-Process
Whole-process people's democracy
Whole-process_people's_democracy
Chinese astrological and calendrical destiny calculation system
Bureau) for court divination, including the selection of auspicious dates for state ceremonies and the assessment of compatibility for imperial marriages. While
Four_Pillars_of_Destiny
Philosophical revival of Confucianism (13th–19th centuries)
was overthrown. In Joseon Korea, neo-Confucianism was established as the state ideology. The Yuan occupation of the Korean Peninsula introduced Zhu Xi's
Neo-Confucianism
Chinese novelist and essayist (1881–1936)
the proposal, stating that neither he nor any contemporary Chinese writer was yet deserving of the honor. Per Wästberg Espmark stated that the Swedish
Lu_Xun
Virtue and practice in Chinese classics and society at large
xiào is the root of rén (仁; "benevolence, humaneness"), but other scholars state that rén, as well as yì (義; "righteousness") and li (禮; "propriety") should
Filial_piety
Chinese philosopher and historian (1895–1990)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Feng_Youlan
Ancient school of political philosophy
Legalism as a combination of realism and "state consequentialism", holding that "whatever was good for the state, fortifying its structure and strengthening
Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)
Highest Confucian virtue
has these relationships to fall back on, being a member of a family, the state, the world, and ultimately the Tao. As such, Ren is manifested in one's
Ren_(philosophy)
Concept in Chinese philosophy favouring inaction
Taoists aspire to live their lives in alignment with such a harmonious state of free flowing and unforced activity. In a political context, it also refers
Wu_wei
4th-century Chinese philosopher and physician
Liu, Peng (12 October 2016). ""Conceal my Body so that I can Protect the State": The Making of the Mysterious Woman in Daoism and Water Margin". Ming Studies
Ge_Hong
Dissolved executive government
were required to become members within six months. The Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act, which came into force in December 1922, replaced
Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)
Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921–1972)
Chinese official and philosopher (1472–1529)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Wang_Yangming
Chinese official, scholar and writer (77–6 BCE)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Liu_Xiang_(scholar)
Chinese philosopher (179–104 BC)
promotion of Confucianism as the official ideology of the Chinese imperial state, favoring heaven worship over the tradition of cults celebrating the five
Dong_Zhongshu
Chinese political thinker and reformer (1858–1927)
proposed three major reforms: "Changing Ancestral Laws" to modernize the state, "Communicating the People's Feelings" to bridge the gap between the ruler
Kang_Youwei
Various philosophical traditions of Taoism
universe. James Giles, however, argues that the Dào refers to a meditative state of awareness in which one sees that one's own awareness is what enables
Taoist_philosophy
Chinese Confucian philosopher (c. 310 – after 238 BCE)
them into their present form centuries after Xunzi's death. Born in the state of Zhao, Xunzi studied at the prestigious Jixia Academy in Qi, where he
Xunzi_(philosopher)
Post-classical Chinese philosophy bringing together Taoist and Confucian beliefs
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Xuanxue
Ancient Chinese philosophical school
not have been familiar with his contemporary Shang Yang in the remote Qin state, he likely was familiar with central Chinese "school of names" type debates
School_of_Names
Qin dynasty politician (c. 280 – 208 BC)
calligrapher, philosopher, and official of the Qin dynasty. He served as Qin state Chancellor from 246 to 208 BC, first under King Zheng — who later became
Li_Si
Ancient Chinese writer, essayist and poet (768–824)
emperor in which he denounced "the elaborate preparations being made by the state to receive the Buddha's fingerbone, which he called 'a filthy object' and
Han_Yu
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
List_of_Chinese_philosophers
Concept of rite in Chinese philosophy
However, rites were performed by all those involved in the affairs of state. Rites also involve ancestral and life-cycle dimensions. Daoists who conducted
Li_(Confucianism)
Confucian teaching
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues
Three_Fundamental_Bonds_and_Five_Constant_Virtues
Class of ethical theories
threshold, consequentialism takes over. Theories put forth by Thomas Nagel and Michael S. Moore attempt to reconcile deontology with consequentialism by assigning
Deontology
Chinese philosopher (1619–1692)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Wang_Fuzhi
Chinese philosophy during the Eastern Zhou
characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the way of government, war, and diplomacy. Often,
Hundred_Schools_of_Thought
Collection of ancient Chinese texts written between the 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE
from the Zhongyuan dynastic state of Wey (now Henan); the other claims him to be from Yedi (鄴地, now Hebei) in the state of Wei. Other theories attribute
Guiguzi
Chinese philosopher (1527–1602)
Pauline C. (2012). Li Zhi, Confucianism and the Virtue of Desire. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3927-3. Peterson, Willard;
Li_Zhi_(philosopher)
Development of one's virtues
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Self-cultivation
Chinese academic, writer and politician (1891–1962)
2753/CSH0009-4633390301. ISSN 0009-4633. S2CID 159799416. "Department of State bulletin". 10 June 1944. p. 537. The representative of the National University
Hu_Shih
Key concept in Taoism and East Asian Buddhism
closely tied to the practice of wuwei (non-action). Ziran refers to a state of "just-so-ness" or "as-it-is-ness," a quality of naturalness and spontaneity
Ziran
Chinese philosopher (1130–1200)
self-cultivation. Zhu Xi's thought exerted profound influence, becoming the official state ideology of China from the Yuan dynasty onward, and was later adopted in
Zhu_Xi
Concept in Confucianism
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Yi_(philosophy)
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism collectively
often translated as "non-action". In practice, it refers to an in-between state of "being, but not acting". This concept also overlaps with an idea in Confucianism
Three_teachings
Chinese philosopher and statesman (280–233 BC)
statesman during the Warring States period. He was an imperial clansman of the state of Han. Han Fei is often considered the greatest representative of Legalism
Han_Fei
Chinese philosopher, poet, and politician (773–819)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Liu_Zongyuan
Chinese philosopher (1033–1107)
Rosenlee (2007). Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation. State University of New York Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-7914-6750-3. Patricia
Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)
Title of the chief governor of Ireland from 1690 to 1922
being quickly replaced by the Irish Free State with its own Governor-General. The Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 provided that, once
Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland
Chinese philosopher
NY: State University of New York Press. Tu, Weiming. (1989). Centrality and commonality: An essay on Confucian religiousness. Albany, NY: State University
Tu_Weiming
Neo-Confucianist philosophical school
the formation of jiangxue study communities and that participating in the state was not necessary, which in turn led to rise of the Donglin movement. Northern
Yangmingism
U.S. state
2023). "Minnesota Legislature wrapping work on one of the most consequential sessions in state history". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 21
Minnesota
Type of philosophy
Confucianism, through the work of Dong Zhongshu, was officially adopted as state ideology. This institutionalization of a mysticized form of Confucianism
Chinese_philosophy
Chinese philosopher and translator
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Mou_Tsung-san
British dominion in Europe from 1922 to 1937
The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann, was the Irish state established in December 1922
Irish_Free_State
Meditation practice
"nourish the seeds of moral virtue" (Berthrong 1998). Meditation embodies the state of serenity and calmness, where the practitioner can free themselves from
Jing_zuo
Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, poet and soldier
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Huang_Zongxi
Confucian political concept
reformer Shen Buhai insisted that the ruler must be fully informed on the state of his realm, using Fa as administrative method to sort out informational
Rectification_of_names
20th–21st century Confucianist revival movement
Confucian state that unified the political and religious was too simplistic; Kang Xiaoguang's program to transform Confucianism into a state religion was
New_Confucianism
Concept in Chinese philosophy
consciousness but carries connotations of the innermost intention or mental state. In Indian Mahayana texts, one's citta is often regarded as the starting
Xin_(heart-mind)
Chinese logician and philosopher (1895–1984)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Jin_Yuelin
Philosophical school founded by Yang Zhu
emperor, defended in Confucianism, is baseless and destructive, and that state intervention is morally flawed. The Confucian philosopher Mencius depicts
Yangism
Concept in Chinese philosophy
whom the great families affect, will be affected by the whole State; and he whom any one State affects, will be affected by the whole kingdom. When this is
De_(Chinese_philosophy)
Concept in classical Chinese philosophy
that, if implemented, the standard would have on both the people and the state. The third test speaks to the fact that to the Mohists, a fa was not simply
Fa_(philosophy)
Classical Chinese school of thought
Chinese philosophy. Zou Yan was a noted scholar of the Jixia Academy in the state of Qi. Joseph Needham, a British biochemist and sinologist, describes Zou
School_of_Naturalists
1921 division of Ireland into two jurisdictions
Northern Ireland Act 1998 as a result of the Agreement. The Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 had already amended the 1920 Act so that it
Partition_of_Ireland
National seal of Northern Ireland
possession of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The Great Seal was created by the Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 on the
Great Seal of Northern Ireland
Great_Seal_of_Northern_Ireland
Chinese Logician (c. 320 – 250 BC)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Gongsun_Long
Daoist concept of reversion
directed against the state is called 'lord of the altars for the gods of soil and grain'; He who bears the misfortunes of the state is called the 'king
Fan_(Daoism)
Chinese general (440–381 BC)
and Prime Minister of the Chu state. Wu Qi was born in the state of Wei (魏). He first sought military office in the state of Lu. To soothe any doubts the
Wu_Qi
Chinese philosopher (1893–1988)
famous intellectual who committed suicide apparently in despair at the state of the Chinese nation. He had a modern education and exposure to Western
Liang_Shuming
Chinese essayist, poet and politician (c. 200–169 BCE)
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Jia_Yi
Metaphysical theory in Taoism
communication and for protection. Regarding their protective function Ge Hong stated: "Having the Album of the True Forms of the Five Marchmounts in your home
True_form_(Taoism)
Eclectic school of thought
today, the Shizi does contain much Confucian material but differs from Han-state orthodox Confucianism. The description articulates a "syncretic" categorical
Mixed School (Chinese philosophy)
Mixed_School_(Chinese_philosophy)
Metaphor for humanity's natural state
inherent quality; simple" that was an early Daoist metaphor for the natural state of humanity, and relates with the Daoist keyword ziran (literally "self
Pu_(Taoism)
Nigerian political ideology
and its emphasis on state consequentialism, evidently gives rise to an anti-aristocratic police state as opposed to a legal state. This political anomaly
Buharism
Influential Chinese school of thought
BCE), before Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BCE) established Confucianism as the state philosophy. Huang–Lao was eclipsed by the "Legalistic" Gongsun Hong and
Huang–Lao
philosophy, it was decided that these were not philosophy in their original state. Hence, there was the subsequent distillation by later scholars using Western
Historiography of Chinese philosophy
Historiography_of_Chinese_philosophy
Ziran Topics Logic Theology Metaphysics Politics Ethics Role ethics State consequentialism Ink wash Shan shui Society Epistemology Metaphilosophy Legitimacy
Logic_in_China
Acts of the Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland which united those two Kingdoms
upheld on appeal by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Article VII stated that Ireland would have to contribute two-seventeenths towards the expenditure
Acts_of_Union_1800
Political ideology
libertarianism, also known as consequentialist liberalism or libertarian consequentialism, is a libertarian political philosophy and position that is supportive
Consequentialist libertarianism
Consequentialist_libertarianism
Historical use of feng shui by the Chinese imperial court and state apparatus
(geomancy) by the Chinese emperor, the ruling bureaucracy, and designated state agencies across successive Chinese dynasties. While feng shui has been practised
Feng Shui in the Chinese Imperial Court
Feng_Shui_in_the_Chinese_Imperial_Court
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STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
STATE CONSEQUENTIALISM
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