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computational complexity theory of computer science, the structural complexity theory or simply structural complexity is the study of complexity classes, rather
Structural_complexity_theory
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Axioms in computational complexity theory
In computational complexity theory the Blum axioms or Blum complexity axioms are axioms that specify desirable properties of complexity measures on the
Blum_axioms
Given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems
In computational complexity theory, the time hierarchy theorems are important statements about time-bounded computation on Turing machines. Informally
Time_hierarchy_theorem
Quantified formulas with real-number variables
In mathematical logic, computational complexity theory, and computer science, the existential theory of the reals is the set of all true sentences of
Existential theory of the reals
Existential_theory_of_the_reals
Unsolved problem in computer science
The relation between the complexity classes P and NP is studied in computational complexity theory, the part of the theory of computation dealing with
P_versus_NP_problem
The polynomial hierarchy is contained in probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time
Toda's theorem is a result in computational complexity theory that was proven by Seinosuke Toda in his paper "PP is as Hard as the Polynomial-Time Hierarchy"
Toda's_theorem
Unsolved problem in structural complexity theory
NP-complete languages? More unsolved problems in computer science In structural complexity theory, the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is an unsolved conjecture named
Berman–Hartmanis_conjecture
Relation between deterministic and nondeterministic space complexity
In computational complexity theory, Savitch's theorem, proved by Walter Savitch in 1970, gives a relationship between deterministic and non-deterministic
Savitch's_theorem
In computational complexity theory, DLIN is the class of decision problems that can be solved by a multitape Turing machine in linear time, O(n). It is
DLIN
In computational complexity theory, the compression theorem is an important theorem about the complexity of computable functions. The theorem states that
Compression_theorem
languages is countable), each complexity class has Lebesgue measure 0. Thus, to do measure theory inside of complexity classes, we must define an alternative
Resource-bounded_measure
Both deterministic and nondeterministic machines can solve more problems given more space
In computational complexity theory, the space hierarchy theorems are separation results that show that both deterministic and nondeterministic machines
Space_hierarchy_theorem
Theory that characterizes object complexity
and his team, the theory assigns an assembly index to molecules, which serves as a measurable indicator of their structural complexity. Cronin and colleagues
Assembly_theory
In computational complexity theory, NLIN is the class of decision problems that can be solved by a nondeterministic multitape Turing machine in linear
NLIN
Application of complexity theory to strategy
Complexity theory and organizations, also called complexity strategy or complex adaptive organizations, is the use of the study of complexity systems
Complexity theory and organizations
Complexity_theory_and_organizations
biological processes. Structural complexity methods are based on applications of differential geometry and topology (and in particular knot theory) to interpret
Structural complexity (applied mathematics)
Structural_complexity_(applied_mathematics)
(computational complexity theory, structural complexity theory) Cook's theorem (computational complexity theory) Fagin's theorem (computational complexity theory) Full
List_of_theorems
If there is a polynomial time algorithm for unambiguous-SAT, then NP equals RP
The Valiant–Vazirani theorem is a theorem in computational complexity theory stating that if there is a polynomial time algorithm for Unambiguous-SAT
Valiant–Vazirani_theorem
Bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time is contained in the polynomial time hierarchy
In computational complexity theory, the Sipser–Lautemann theorem or Sipser–Gács–Lautemann theorem states that bounded-error probabilistic polynomial (BPP)
Sipser–Lautemann_theorem
In the computational complexity theory, the low hierarchy and high hierarchy of complexity levels were introduced in 1983 by Uwe Schöning to describe
Low_and_high_hierarchies
Class of problems in computer science
In complexity theory, PP, or PPT is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time with an error probability
PP_(complexity)
System composed of many interacting components
(2003). "Theories of complexity". Complexity. 8 (3): 19–30. Bibcode:2003Cmplx...8c..19C. doi:10.1002/cplx.10059. Walter Clemens, Jr., Complexity Science
Complex_system
American complexity theorist (1941–2021)
for his research on structural complexity theory, the study of computational complexity in terms of the relation between complexity classes rather than
Alan_Selman
Closure of nondeterministic space under complementation
In computational complexity theory, the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem states that nondeterministic space complexity classes are closed under complementation
Immerman–Szelepcsényi_theorem
Intellectual current and methodological approach in the social science
imagination—the "third order." In Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, for example, the structural order of "the Symbolic" is distinguished both from "the Real"
Structuralism
1998 non-fiction book
Complexity and Real Computation is a book on the computational complexity theory of real computation. It studies algorithms whose inputs and outputs are
Complexity and Real Computation
Complexity_and_Real_Computation
Measure of the structural complexity of a software program
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to indicate the complexity of a program. It is a quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent
Cyclomatic_complexity
Feature of systems that defy description
various scales is the main goal of complex systems theory. The intuitive criterion of complexity can be formulated as follows: a system would be more
Complexity
Branch of mathematical logic
theory is syntactic in nature, in contrast to model theory, which is semantic in nature. Some of the major areas of proof theory include structural proof
Proof_theory
In computational complexity theory, polynomial creativity is a theory analogous to the theory of creative sets in recursion theory and mathematical logic
Polynomial_creativity
Sociological theory of society
Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together
Structural_functionalism
Social structure made up of a set of social actors
social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads
Social_network
conflicting distinctions between structural and reduced form estimation arose from the increasing complexity of economic theory since the formalization of simultaneous
Structural_estimation
Conceptual framework
usage of the term complexity specifically refers to sociologic theories of society as a complex adaptive system, however, social complexity and its emergent
Social_complexity
Branch of civil engineering dealing with man-made structures
vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety. See glossary of structural engineering. Structural engineering theory is based upon
Structural_engineering
Branch of computational complexity theory
In computer science, parameterized complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory that focuses on classifying computational problems according
Parameterized_complexity
Implicit computational complexity (ICC) is a subfield of computational complexity theory that characterizes programs by constraints on the way in which
Implicit computational complexity
Implicit_computational_complexity
Theory advanced by social scientists to explain facts about the social world
sociological theory retains traces of each of these traditions, which are by no means mutually exclusive. A broad historical paradigm in sociology, structural functionalism
Sociological_theory
Structural information theory (SIT) is a theory about human perception and in particular about visual perceptual organization, which is a neuro-cognitive
Structural_information_theory
Unsolved problem in computational complexity theory
Its Structural Complexity, Birkhäuser, ISBN 978-0-8176-3680-7. (From the book cover: The books focuses on the issue of the computational complexity of
Graph_isomorphism_problem
natural and social sciences to understand society in its complexity. The basic idea of a system theory in social science is to solve the classical problem
Systems theory in anthropology
Systems_theory_in_anthropology
German computer scientist (born 1955)
hierarchies to structural complexity theory in 1983. As Schöning later showed in a 1988 paper, these hierarchies play an important role in the complexity of the
Uwe_Schöning
contexts of high structural complexity. The term deep inference is generally reserved for proof calculi where the structural complexity is unbounded; in
Deep_inference
View of linguistics
Structural linguistics, or structuralism, in linguistics, denotes schools or theories in which language is conceived as a self-contained, self-regulating
Structural_linguistics
Interdisciplinary study of systems
theory List of types of systems theory Autonomous agency theory Bibliography of sociology Cellular automata Chaos theory Complexity Dependency theory
Systems_theory
Form of violence
Structural violence is a form of violence where in some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic
Structural_violence
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
languages). In computational complexity theory, decision problems are typically defined as formal languages, and complexity classes are defined as the sets
Formal_language
Generalization theory explaining social behaviour regarding society and economics
to Emerson, Exchange is not a theory, but a framework from which other theories can converge and be compared to structural functionalism. Emerson's perspective
Social_exchange_theory
Social theory proposed by Giddens that attempts to resolve the structure-agent debate
society—parting with structural linguists such as Claude Lévi-Strauss and generative grammar theorists such as Noam Chomsky. Unlike post-structuralist theory, which
Structuration_theory
Algorithm characteristic in computations
In computational complexity theory, the average-case complexity of an algorithm is the amount of some computational resource (typically time) used by the
Average-case_complexity
Subfield of mathematical topology
science, in particular, computational geometry and computational complexity theory. A primary concern of algorithmic topology, as its name suggests,
Computational_topology
Theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved
Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social science
Development_theory
Area of mathematics
It is also called complex systems theory, complexity science, study of complex systems and/or sciences of complexity. The key problems of such systems
Dynamical_systems_theory
1979 book by Kenneth Waltz
Theory of International Politics is a 1979 book on international relations theory by Kenneth Waltz that creates a structural realist theory, neorealism
Theory of International Politics
Theory_of_International_Politics
Class of problems solvable in polynomial time
In computational complexity theory, P, also known as PTIME or DTIME(nO(1)), is a fundamental complexity class. It contains all decision problems that can
P_(complexity)
Rule of mathematical logic
In the logical discipline of proof theory, a structural rule is an inference rule of a sequent calculus that does not refer to any logical connective but
Structural_rule
Perspectives in sociology and political philosophy
modernism, with a mistrust of grand theories and ideologies. Post-structural theory Postcolonial theory Queer theory: A growing body of research findings
Conflict_theories
View of decision-making in organizations
organizational structure. Their structural contingency theory was the dominant paradigm of organizational structural theories for most of the 1970s. A major
Contingency_theory
Ultimate description of reality
metaphysical framework centered on structural relations. White draws on this project and extends it in Toward a Philosophical Theory of Everything (2014). Like
Theory of everything (philosophy)
Theory_of_everything_(philosophy)
Determining the answers to a query on a database
(1982-05-05). "The complexity of relational query languages (Extended Abstract)". Proceedings of the fourteenth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Query_evaluation
Subfield of information theory and computer science
complexity follows (in the self-delimited case) the same inequalities (except for a constant) that entropy does, as in classical information theory;
Algorithmic information theory
Algorithmic_information_theory
Framework for integrating diverse theories
model incorporates stages of development as described in structural developmental stage theories, as well as eastern meditative traditions and models of
Integral_theory
Concept in anthropology by Lévi-Strauss
rather a theory-oriented or prototype-based view. Structuralist theory of mythology Alliance theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Structural functionalism
Structural_anthropology
Sociological study of social organizations
Organizational theory is a series of interrelated concepts that involve the sociological study of the structures and operations of formal social organizations
Organizational_theory
Measure of complexity of real-valued functions
In computational learning theory (machine learning and theory of computation), Rademacher complexity, named after Hans Rademacher, measures richness of
Rademacher_complexity
Branch of the discipline of sociology
power, these methods contributed to the development of "chaos theory" and "complexity theory" which, in turn, renewed interest in understanding complex physical
Computational_sociology
Soviet psychological framework
systemic-structural activity theory being carried out by G. Z. Bedny and his associates, including a focus on the application of this theory as well as
Activity_theory
Type of social theories
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society
Social_cycle_theory
German sociologist (1927–1998)
of post-modernist writers. Rather, Luhmann's work tracks closer to complexity theory, broadly speaking, in that it aims to address any aspect of social
Niklas_Luhmann
Aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society
(notably the universalizing tendencies of Lévi-Strauss's structuralism). Bourdieu's practice theory also seeks a more subtle account of social structure as
Social_structure
Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a diverse set of methods used by scientists for both observational and experimental research. SEM is used mostly
Structural_equation_modeling
Calculation of structural loads
structures and their components. In contrast to theory of elasticity, the models used in structural analysis are often differential equations in one
Structural_analysis
Structural risk minimization (SRM) is an inductive principle of use in machine learning. Commonly in machine learning, a generalized model must be selected
Structural_risk_minimization
9/11 conspiracy theories
Popular Mechanics examined and rejected these theories. Specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering accept the model of a fire-induced
World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories
World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories
Increase in subsystems within a modern society
In system theory, differentiation is the tendency of subsystems in a modern society to increase the society's complexity. Each subsystem can make different
Differentiation_(sociology)
Sociological concept
Control theory in sociology is the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate. Control theory can
Control_theory_(sociology)
Influence of local substructure of a graph on global properties
graph theory. Extremal graph theory is closely related to fields such as Ramsey theory, spectral graph theory, computational complexity theory, and additive
Extremal_graph_theory
Interdisciplinary social study
James M. (1999). Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory. Sociological Forum.[page needed][ISBN missing] Saltzman-Li
Social_movement_theory
Method for solving one problem using another
In computational complexity theory, a polynomial-time reduction is a method for solving one problem using another. One shows that if a hypothetical subroutine
Polynomial-time_reduction
approach to structural engineering, including the first attempts to develop a theory for beams. This is also regarded as the beginning of structural analysis
History of structural engineering
History_of_structural_engineering
American computer scientist (1928–2022)
which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory". Hartmanis was born in Latvia on July 5, 1928. He was a son of Mārtiņš
Juris_Hartmanis
Theories in cognitive psychology
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development criticize and build upon Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The neo-Piagetian theories aim to correct
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
Neo-Piagetian_theories_of_cognitive_development
Theoretical framework
background and experience should coincide with the conceptual model's complexity, else misrepresentation of the system or misunderstanding of key system
Conceptual_model
Proposition that an underclass is necessary
The Mudsill theory is a proposition that there must be, and always has been, a lower class or underclass for the upper classes and the rest of society
Mudsill_theory
MAXEkSAT is a problem in computational complexity theory that is a maximization version of the Boolean satisfiability problem 3SAT. In MAXEkSAT, each
MAXEkSAT
Sociological theory
sociological literature as the "Iowa School." Negotiated order theory also applies a structural approach. Language is viewed as the source of all meaning.
Symbolic_interactionism
Concept in sociology and social psychology
types, in particular: structural functionalism role theory and dramaturgical role theory. Structural functionalism role theory is essentially defined
Role_theory
Sociological concept developed by Talcott Parsons
systems theory and cybernetics. Parsons' action theory is characterized by a system-theoretical approach, which integrated a meta-structural analysis
Action_theory_(sociology)
In graph theory, a skew partition of a graph is a partition of its vertices into two subsets, such that the induced subgraph formed by one of the two subsets
Skew_partition
Genre of sociological theories
In the sociology of the body, body theory is a theory that analyses the human body as an ordered or "lived-in" entity, subject to the cultural and conceptual
Body_theory
the Theory of NP-Completeness. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1045-5. Eppstein's page on computational complexity of games The Complexity of Approximating
List of PSPACE-complete problems
List_of_PSPACE-complete_problems
Swiss linguist and philosopher (1857–1913)
of linguistic theory in the first half of the 20th century with his notions becoming incorporated in the central tenets of structural linguistics. His
Ferdinand_de_Saussure
Circular relationships between cause and effect
the work of Anthony Giddens in his structuration theory and Pierre Bourdieu in his genetic structuralism. Giddens, for example, noted that constitutive
Reflexivity_(social_theory)
Study of computable functions and Turing degrees
Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, computer science, and the theory of computation that originated
Computability_theory
Topic in systems theory
rather sensitive interactions between structural conditions and triggering events in complex systems. In systems theory, singularities are often associated
Singularity_(systems_theory)
Theory of discrimination
individuals" that do not account for the complexity of their lived experiences. In 2021, a group of researchers using a structural intersectional approach found
Intersectionality
Ukrainian-American psychologist (1938–2018)
of the Systemic-Structural Activity Theory (SSAT). He developed the qualitative and quantitative methods of the assessment of complexity, reliability and
Gregory_Bedny
Concept in sociology
In sociology, field theory examines how individuals construct social fields and how they are affected by such fields. Social fields are environments in
Field_theory_(sociology)
Proof method in mathematical logic
Structural induction is a proof method that is used in mathematical logic (e.g., in the proof of Łoś' theorem), computer science, graph theory, and some
Structural_induction
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