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Eye testing method
Subjective Refraction is a technique to determine the combination of lenses that will provide the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). It is a clinical
Subjective_refraction
Series of tests assessing vision and pertaining to the eyes
eyeglass prescription. A refraction procedure consists of two parts: objective and subjective. An objective refraction is a refraction obtained without receiving
Eye_examination
Type of optical machine
provide the starting point for the ophthalmologist or optometrist in subjective refraction tests. Here, lenses are switched in and out of a phoropter and the
Autorefractor
Problem with focusing light accurately on the retina due to the shape of the eye
process known as subjective refraction. Cycloplegic agents are frequently used to more accurately determine the amount of refractive error, particularly in
Refractive_error
Tool used in eye examination
other accessories in subjective refraction (finding the correct spectacle power) and retinoscopy. To measure a patient's refractive error, squint and presbyopia
Ophthalmic_trial_frame
between the two sides is too small to distinguish. Eye examination Subjective refraction Gantz, Liat; Schrader, Shlomo; Ruben, Ruthie; Zivotofsky, Ari Z
Duochrome_test
Aberration of vision due to asymmetry in the eye's lens or cornea
of the lenticular and corneal components of astigmatism) and subjective (by refraction). Three treatment options are available: eyeglasses, contact lenses
Astigmatism
normal eyes, the Indiana Aberration Study, and evaluated how well subjective refraction can be predicted from wavefront aberration maps. The work led to
Larry_Thibos
Technique to measure refractive error in eyes
2020-04-30. "Clinical Refraction" by Irvin Borish. The Professional Press, Chicago, Ill. 3rd edition 1970. p.47-63 "Clinical Refraction" by Irvin Borish.
Retinoscopy
State in Germany
observation system for vitreous body surgery, universal trial goggles for subjective refraction, various perimeters for visual field testing and vision testing
Hesse
"dialer" or Sinsky hook Irrigating aspirating bi-way cannula Lenses used for refraction testing A retinoscope Suture tying forceps for fine sutures like 8-0 Upper
List of instruments used in ophthalmology
List_of_instruments_used_in_ophthalmology
Optical device
cylindrical lenses with equal strength and opposite power, is used in subjective refraction to diagnose astigmatism, and assess the strength and axis of the
Cylindrical_lens
Ophthalmic testing device
contains different lenses used for refraction of the eye during sight testing, to measure an individual's refractive error and determine their eyeglass
Phoropter
Inability to focus on near objects
retinoscope or an automated refractor-objective refraction; or trial lenses in a trial frame or a phoropter to obtain a subjective examination. Ancillary tests
Farsightedness
Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c.965–c.1040)
observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. He also stated a principle of least time for refraction, similar to the results
Ibn_al-Haytham
American optometrist (1913–2012)
clinical manual on refraction and other ophthalmic procedures for use by his students. Since no comprehensive textbook on refraction had been written in
Irvin_Borish
Philosophy terms referring to an observer versus the thing observed
distinction between subjectivity and objectivity: the existence of knowledge, ideas, or information either dependent upon a subject (subjectivity) or independent
Subject and object (philosophy)
Subject_and_object_(philosophy)
Refractive surgery technology
Spherical equivalent refraction (±0.50 D) was 95.5% for the Contoura Vision group and 77.3% for the SMILE group (P < .002). Residual refraction cylinder (≤ 0
Contoura_Vision
Ophthalmic instrument
Khurana, A. K. (2018). "Clinical Refraction:Determination of Errors of Refraction". Theory And Practice Of Optics And Refraction (Fourth ed.). Elsevier. p. 158
Jackson_cross_cylinder
Failure of the brain to process input from one eye
difficult, one eye being more nearsighted or farsighted than the other (refractive), or clouding of the lens of an eye (deprivational). After the underlying
Amblyopia
Worsening ability of the eyes to focus with age
one-third of the eye's total refractive power, with the cornea being responsible for the other two-thirds of refraction. When ciliary muscles contract
Presbyopia
Term used when two eyes have unequal refractive power
Hammond, Christopher J (2013-01-01), "Chapter 5 - Emmetropization, refraction and refractive errors: control of postnatal eye growth, current and developing
Anisometropia
Inability to focus on distant objects
Irvin M. (1949). Clinical Refraction. Chicago: The Professional Press. Duke-Elder, Sir Stewart (1969). The Practice of Refraction (8th ed.). St. Louis: The
Myopia
Inability to focus the eye due to ciliary muscle paralysis
indicated for use in cycloplegic refraction (to paralyze the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of the eye) and the treatment
Cycloplegia
Quality of an image being out of focus
correction, and after refraction. This allows the optometrist or ophthalmologist ("eye doctor") to determine the extent refractive errors play in limiting
Defocus_aberration
Difference in coloration, usually of the iris but also of hair or skin
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Heterochromia
Optical characteristics of the atmosphere
and how they see, and that vision and perception are subjective. Arguing against Ptolemy's refraction theory for why people perceive the Sun and Moon larger
Atmospheric_optics
Absence of the lens of the eye
a lentil, e.g. a lens, via New Latin. Khurana, AK (2015). "Errors of refraction and accommodation". Comprehensive ophthalmology (6th ed.). Jaypee, The
Aphakia
Difference in the perceived size of eye images
AK (September 2008). "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects". Theory and practice of optics and refraction (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-81-312-1132-8
Aniseikonia
1816 treatise by Arthur Schopenhauer
This is due to double refraction as the light bends twice, when entering and leaving the prism. With this double refraction, the two subsidiary images
On_Vision_and_Colours
Tendency of the brain to prefer visual input from one eye to the other
(September 2008). "Association between ocular dominance and refraction". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 24 (7): 685–9. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20080901-07.
Ocular_dominance
Photometric measure
luminance is standardized by the CIE and ISO. Brightness is the term for the subjective impression of the objective luminance measurement standard (see Objectivity
Luminance
Medical condition
palsy are development of large vertical fusional amplitudes and lack of subjective symptoms of torsion, even in the presence of great ocular rotation. [citation
Congenital_fourth_nerve_palsy
Medical intervention
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Intracameral_injection
Deposits within the eye's vitreous humour
the shadows that imperfections cast on the retina, or because of the refraction of light that passes through them, and can appear alone or together with
Floater
Visual aura associated with migraine
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Scintillating_scotoma
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Horror_fusionis
Decreased ability to see
surgical correction for the problem and to establish a careful baseline refraction and prescription of both normal and low-vision glasses and optical aids
Visual_impairment
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Oculogyric_crisis
Eye condition caused by ultraviolet radiation
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Photokeratitis
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy
Drooping of the upper eyelid over the eye
is often observed. Ptosis can lead to various complications, including refractive errors. When ptosis obstructs the upper field of vision, affected individuals
Ptosis_(eyelid)
Inflammation of the eyelid
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Blepharitis
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Macular_degeneration
Medical condition with inflammatory cells inside the front of the eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Hypopyon
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Kayser–Fleischer_ring
Abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light
remove the light source, or go into a dimmer lit room, such a one lit by refraction of light from outside the room. Alternatively, they may wear dark sunglasses
Photophobia
Swelling of the eyelid due to infection of an oil gland
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Stye
Excessive dilation of the pupil
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Mydriasis
Visual disturbance
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Oscillopsia
Health condition negatively affecting the eye
3) Exotropia – the tendency for eyes to look outward H52 Disorders of refraction and accommodation (H52.0) Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) – the inability
Eye_disease
Inflammation of the uvea of the eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Uveitis
Unequal size of the eyes' pupils
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Anisocoria
Type of color vision
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Dichromacy
Medical condition from optic nerve damage
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Non-arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy
Condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light
vitamin A, which is why a deficiency in vitamin A causes poor night vision. Refractive "vision correction" surgery (especially PRK with the complication of "haze")
Nyctalopia
Inflammation of the conjunctiva by ultraviolet damage
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Actinic_conjunctivitis
Double vision
Archer, MD (December 2007), "Monocular Diplopia Due To Spherocylindrical Refractive Errors", Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc., 105: 252–271, PMC 2258122, PMID 18427616
Diplopia
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Allergic_conjunctivitis
Excessive constriction of the pupil
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Miosis
Small deviations of eye alignment in binocular vision
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Monofixation_syndrome
Inflammatory swelling of the eyelid due to meibomian gland blockage
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Chalazion
Altered region in an otherwise normal field of vision
on them. The presence of the blind spot scotoma can be demonstrated subjectively by covering one eye, carefully holding fixation with the open eye, and
Scotoma
Rare inherited eye disease
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Leber_congenital_amaurosis
Malposition of the lens of the eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Ectopia_lentis
Visual perception disorder
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Bálint's_syndrome
Bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Exophthalmos
Genetic form of macular degeneration
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Stargardt_disease
Swelling of the conjunctiva
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Chemosis
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Pinguecula
Absence of the iris, usually involving both eyes
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Aniridia
Eye that appears red due to illness or injury
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Red_eye_(medicine)
Loss of vision without any organic cause
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Functional_visual_loss
Clarity of vision
the case of myopia, the correction is to reduce the power of the eye's refraction by a so-called minus lens. Neural factors that limit acuity are located
Visual_acuity
Inability to close the eyes while sleeping
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Lagophthalmos
Retinal disease caused by high amounts of triglycerides in the blood
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Lipaemia_retinalis
Inflammation of the cornea of the eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Keratitis
comfortable BSV. These stops can be subjectively indicated when the patient notices a double or blurred image. Both subjective and objective measurements can
Prism_fusion_range
Bleeding within the whites of the eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Subconjunctival_bleeding
Optical aberration
respectively. Ophthalmic astigmatism is a refraction error of the eye in which there is a difference in degree of refraction in different meridians. It is typically
Astigmatism_(optical_systems)
Eyes not aligning when looking at something
Alternation of the strabismus may occur spontaneously, with or without subjective awareness of the alternation. Alternation may also be triggered by various
Strabismus
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Achromatopsia
Condition of misalignment of the eyes
of one or rarely both eyes, usually when the patient is inattentive. Refractive errors such as hyperopia and anisometropia may be associated abnormalities
Hypertropia
Decreased ability to see color or color differences
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Color_blindness
Medical condition
recommendations to mitigate risk: systematic review". Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 48 (1): 100–112. doi:10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000756. PMID 34538777
Endophthalmitis
Term for pathological conditions effecting the macula
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Maculopathy
Dysfunction of eye movement
however, as many were assigned historically, solely on the basis of subjective clinical examination, which is not sufficient to determine the eyes' true
Nystagmus
Inward folding of the eyelid
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Entropion
Gradual retinal degeneration leading to progressive sight loss
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Retinitis_pigmentosa
Loss of vision in the outer half of both the right and left visual field
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Bitemporal_hemianopsia
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Arcus_senilis
Infectious disease that causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Trachoma
Testing tool in optometry
The Maddox rod test can be used to subjectively detect and measure a latent, manifest, horizontal or vertical strabismus for near and distance. The test
Maddox_rod
Group of eye disorders
contact lenses and intrastromal corneal ring segments for correcting refractive errors caused by irregular corneal surface, corneal collagen cross-linking
Corneal_ectatic_disorders
Disorder of the human eye
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Phacomorphic_glaucoma
Medical condition
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Primary_congenital_glaucoma
Mitochondrially inherited degeneration of retinal nerve cells
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber's_hereditary_optic_neuropathy
Inflammation of the optic nerve
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Optic_neuritis
Type of color vision
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Monochromacy
Advanced form of age-related macular degeneration
insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia
Geographic_atrophy
travel, tourism, insurance
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Wanted; Unknown; Objective; Goal
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Objective goal
Surname or Lastname
French
French : metonymic occupational name for a gardener, from the objective case (gard) of Old French gardin ‘garden’.English : variant spelling of Guard.Norwegian : habitational name from a farmstead so named, from Old Norse garðr ‘farm’.Swedish (Gård) : topographic or ornamental name from gård ‘farm’.
Boy/Male
Indian
Objective, Goal
Boy/Male
Muslim
Objective, Goal
Girl/Female
African, American, Australian, British, Chinese, Danish, English, Hebrew, Indian, Irish, Japanese, Swahili
Intention; Female Champion; Aim; Objective; Goal; Purpose; Beauty; Brightness; God Gifted
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for an officer of a court of justice, from the English vocabulary word bailiff, which is from the objective case of Old French bailis (see Bayliss).
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION
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