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Measure of sunspot activity
Wolf number (also known as the relative sunspot number or Zürich number) is a quantity that measures the number of sunspots and groups of sunspots present
Sunspot_number
Temporary spots on the Sun's surface
that inhibit convection. Sunspots appear within active regions, usually in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity. Their number varies according to the approximately
Sunspot
Periodic change in the Sun's activity
activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed
Solar_cycle
Solar activity from December 1855 to March 1867
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.3 years, beginning in December 1855 and ending in March 1867. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_10
Solar activity from 2019 to about 2030
when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. It began in December 2019 with a minimum smoothed sunspot number of 1.8. It is expected to continue
Solar_cycle_25
Period of low solar activity, 1645–1715
Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", was a period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare. During the 28-year
Maunder_Minimum
Period of low solar activity from 1790 to 1830
is often compared with the Maunder Minimum, its sunspot number was slightly higher and reported sunspots distributed in both solar hemispheres unlike the
Dalton_Minimum
Solar activity from August 1996 to December 2008
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 12.6 years, beginning in August 1996 and ending in December 2008. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_23
Star at the centre of the Solar System
field, and sunspots diminish in number and size. At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively
Sun
Solar activity from July 1913 to August 1923
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 10.1 years, beginning in July 1913 and ending in August 1923. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_15
Regular period of greatest solar activity
the Sun's 11-year solar cycle. During solar maximum, large numbers of sunspots appear, and the solar irradiance output grows by about 0.07%. On average
Solar_maximum
Solar activity from November 1833 to July 1843
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 9.7 years, beginning in November 1833 and ending in July 1843. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_8
Solar activity from December 2008 to December 2019
when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. It began in December 2008 with a minimum smoothed sunspot number of 2.2,[failed verification] and
Solar_cycle_24
Solar activity from March 1867 to December 1878
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.8 years, beginning in March 1867 and ending in December 1878. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_11
Solar activity from October 1964 to March 1976
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.4 years, beginning in October 1964 and ending in March 1976. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_20
Solar activity from February 1944 to April 1954
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 10.2 years, beginning in February 1944 and ending in April 1954. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_18
Solar activity from August 1923 to September 1933
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 10.1 years, beginning in August 1923 and ending in September 1933. The maximum smoothed sunspot number
Solar_cycle_16
Ejecta from the Sun's corona
maximum. However, the peak CME occurrence rate is often 6–12 months after sunspot number reaches its maximum. Only a small fraction of CMEs are directed toward
Coronal_mass_ejection
Solar activity from April 1954 to October 1964
Year occurred at the peak of this solar cycle. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 285.0, in March 1958 (the highest
Solar_cycle_19
Solar activity from February 1755 to June 1766
solar sunspot activity took place. The solar cycle lasted 11.3 years, beginning in February 1755 and ending in June 1766. The maximum smoothed sunspot number
Solar_cycle_1
Solar activity from January 1902 to July 1913
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.5 years, beginning in January 1902 and ending in July 1913. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_14
Solar activity from April 1798 to August 1810
1810 (thus falling within the Dalton Minimum). The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 82.0, in February 1805 (the third-lowest
Solar_cycle_5
Solar activity from August 1810 to May 1823
1823 (thus falling within the Dalton Minimum). The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 81.2, in May 1816 (the lowest of
Solar_cycle_6
Solar activity from December 1878 to March 1890
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.3 years, beginning in December 1878 and ending in March 1890. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_12
Solar activity from March 1976 to September 1986
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 10.5 years, beginning in March 1976 and ending in September 1986. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_21
Region of space dominated by the Sun
a change in the direction of the magnetic field, and an increase in the number of galactic cosmic rays. In May 2012, Voyager 1 detected a rapid increase
Heliosphere
Study of the Sun's behavior
thicker sediment deposits) could have occurred during years with greater sunspot activity. This would presume annual layering; however, alternative explanations
Solar_observation
Solar activity from September 1986 to August 1996
sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 9.9 years, beginning in September 1986 and ending in August 1996. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_22
Solar activity from July 1843 to December 1855
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 12.4 years, beginning in July 1843 and ending in December 1855. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_9
Solar activity from March 1890 to January 1902
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 11.8 years, beginning in March 1890 and ending in January 1902. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_13
Solar activity from September 1933 to February 1944
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 10.4 years, beginning in September 1933 and ending in February 1944. The maximum smoothed sunspot number
Solar_cycle_17
Solar activity from May 1823 to November 1833
November 1833 (thus overlapping the Dalton Minimum). The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 119.2 (November 1829), and the starting
Solar_cycle_7
Natural phenomena within the Sun's atmosphere
radio wave flux, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, coronal heating and sunspots. These phenomena are believed to be generated by a helical dynamo, located
Solar_phenomena
1613 pamphlet by Galileo Galilei
Letters on Sunspots (Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari) was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the
Letters_on_Sunspots
Solar activity from June 1766 to June 1775
recording of sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 9 years, beginning in June 1766 and ending in June 1775. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_2
Period of high solar activity beginning in 1914
PMID 15510145. S2CID 4373732. Retrieved 17 April 2007., "11,000 Year Sunspot Number Reconstruction". Global Change Master Directory. Retrieved 2005-03-11
Modern_Maximum
Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries)
emissions. Solar activity includes any disturbances on the Sun such as sunspots and solar flares associated with the variable magnetic field of the solar
Little_Ice_Age
Field of scientific study
1970s is estimated using proxy variables, such as tree rings, the number of sunspots, and the abundances of cosmogenic isotopes such as 10Be, all of which
Solar_activity_and_climate
Solar activity from June 1775 to September 1784
solar sunspot activity began. The solar cycle lasted 9.3 years, beginning in June 1775 and ending in September 1784. The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed
Solar_cycle_3
Species of shrimp
closely correlated with the mean annual Zürich sunspot number for the period 1965-1975. Given that sunspot numbers are predictable, this provides another
Crangon_crangon
Sunspot drawing or sunspot sketching is the act of drawing sunspots. Sunspots are darker spots on the Sun's photosphere. Their prediction is very important
Sunspot_drawing
Extrinsic random variable not affecting economic fundamentals
In economics, the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") refers to an extrinsic random variable, that is, a random variable that does not affect economic
Sunspots_(economics)
Strong explosion observed on stars
Both measures agree reasonably with each other and with the Zurich sunspot number of the last two centuries. As an additional check, it is possible to
Superflare
Regular period of least solar activity
solar activity in the Sun's 11-year solar cycle. During solar minimum, sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days
Solar_minimum
Propagation of radio waves beyond the radio horizon
usable frequency for skywave propagation is strongly influenced by sunspot number. Skywave propagation is usually degraded – sometimes seriously – during
Skywave
Solar activity from September 1784 to April 1798
April 1798 (thus overlapping the Dalton Minimum). The maximum smoothed sunspot number observed during the solar cycle was 235.3 (in February 1788), and the
Solar_cycle_4
Region of a star
cycle List of solar cycles Active region Solar maximum Solar minimum Sunspot number Solar wind Solar wind turbulence Magnetic switchback Flare Helioseismology
Convection_zone
Branch of space physics and aeronomy
occurrence of geomagnetic storms on Earth was correlated with the number of sunspots, demonstrating a novel solar-terrestrial interaction. The solar storm
Space_weather
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
Beryllium is a chemical element; it has symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.
Beryllium
Central region of the Sun
able to escape the Sun immediately. For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were much lower than theories predicted
Solar_core
Region of a star
cycle List of solar cycles Active region Solar maximum Solar minimum Sunspot number Solar wind Solar wind turbulence Magnetic switchback Flare Helioseismology
Radiative_zone
Structure extending off of the Sun's surface
prominence is primarily used to refer to larger and cooler features. There are a number of different prominence classification schemes in use today. One of the
Solar_prominence
British physicist and electrical engineer
E-region peak electron density, N m ( E ) {\displaystyle N_{m}(E)} , and sunspot number, R {\displaystyle R} , depend on the particular solar cycle investigated
Louis_Miles_Muggleton
Shortwave radio stations broadcasting only numbers
all reception conditions (such as sunspot cycles and seasonal static). However, in the field low-tech spoken number transmissions continue to have advantages
Numbers_station
Differential rotation of the Sun
face is called West. Therefore, sunspots are said to move across the Sun's face from east to west. Bartels' rotation number is a serial count that numbers
Solar_rotation
American astrophysicist (1927–2020)
predicts the number of high-energy particles likely to hit a spacecraft over its lifetime, and uncovered a method for predicting sunspot cycles. She was
Joan_Feynman
N=10^{a-bM}} Gutenberg–Richter law shows an inverse power relation between the number of earthquakes occurring N and its magnitude M with a proportionality constant
Crackling_noise
New Zealand-born geophysicist
modifying influence on linear trend of F-region electron density with sunspot number. Nature, 192(4802), 542-543. "Junior Scholarships". paperspast.natlib
Jean_Maud_Bullen
Japanese solar observer
whose multidecade collection of detailed sunspot sketches played a role in reconstructing a continuous sunspot record dating back to 1610. Koyama worked
Hisako_Koyama
stratosphere - substorm - sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) - sunspot - sunspot cycle - sunspot number - super high frequency (SHF) - supergranulation - surface
Index of radio propagation articles
Index_of_radio_propagation_articles
German astronomer (1789–1875)
on sunspots. He observed sunspots and made drawings of them from 1825 to 1867 and suggested in 1838 that there may be a ten-year cycle of sunspot activity
Heinrich_Schwabe
British physicist
10 November 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. "Recalibration of the Sunspot Number Series | ISSI Team led by Mathew Owens & Frederic Clette (UK)". Retrieved
Mathew_Owens
Finnish Astrophysicist
Manfred; Mursula, Kalevi; Alanko, Katja (2003), "A Millennium Scale Sunspot Number Reconstruction: Evidence For an Unusually Active Sun Since the 1940s"
Ilya_G._Usoskin
his discovery of the sunspot cycle and estimates its period to be about a decade 1852 — Edward Sabine shows that sunspot number is correlated with geomagnetic
Timeline_of_solar_astronomy
Species of flowering plant
Arnika Autumn Beauty Aztec Sun Black Oil Chianti Hybrid Claret agm Dwarf Sunspot Evening Sun Florenza Giant Primrose Gullick's Variety agm Incredible Indian
Common_sunflower
1976 studio album by Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band
Rhythm Section at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios in Sheffield, Alabama. Track numbering below refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Erlewine, Stephen
Night_Moves_(album)
Temporary region on the Sun
associated with sunspots and are commonly the source of violent eruptions such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares. The number and location of
Active_region
Boundary between solar corona and wind
Charles W. (January 2014). "An analysis of Alfvén radius based on sunspot number from 1749 to today". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Alfvén_surface
Astronomer
Manfred; Mursula, Kalevi; Alanko, Katja (2003), "A Millennium Scale Sunspot Number Reconstruction: Evidence For an Unusually Active Sun Since the 1940s"
Sami_Solanki
Empirical law for solar active regions
active regions have the opposite leading polarity; and that, from one sunspot cycle to the next, these polarities reverse. It is named after George Ellery
Hale's_law
periodic 11-year changes in the Sun's activity that are based on the number of sunspots present on the Sun's surface. The first solar cycle conventionally
List_of_solar_cycles
Eruption of electromagnetic radiation
radio waves to gamma rays. Flares occur in active regions, often around sunspots, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona
Solar_flare
English economist and logician (1835–1882)
presented a statistical study relating business cycles with sunspots. His reasoning was that sunspots affected the weather, which, in turn, affected crops.
William_Stanley_Jevons
Swiss astronomer and mathematician (1816–1893)
cycle of 11.1 years. In 1848 he devised a way of quantifying sunspot activity. The Wolf number, as it is now called, remains in use. In 1852 Wolf was one
Rudolf_Wolf
Italian physicist and astronomer (1564–1642)
four largest satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, lunar craters, and sunspots. He also built an early microscope. Galileo's championing of Copernican
Galileo_Galilei
Species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
through the canopy. The males often remain in the same sunspot until the evening, following the sunspot as it moves across the forest floor. The males often
Speckled_wood_(butterfly)
Marvel Comics supervillain
and is replaced by Sunspot, who becomes Lord Imperial of the Hellfire Club. Shaw attends a Hellfire Club dinner hosted by Sunspot and is alerted to a
Sebastian_Shaw_(character)
Faint emission of light by a planetary atmosphere
self-illuminated gases and has no relationship with Earth's magnetism or sunspot activity, causing aurorae. Airglow occurs in two forms, as a result of
Airglow
Russian interdisciplinary scientist (1897–1964)
Chizhevsky proposed that not only did geomagnetic storms resulting from sunspot-related solar flares affect electrical usage, plane crashes, epidemics
Alexander_Chizhevsky
Fictional society in the Marvel Comics universe
gravely injured, and Sunspot takes over as Lord Imperial, which was Tessa's plan all along. Tessa left the Club, still under Sunspot's rule, and joined New
Hellfire_Club_(comics)
Physical process that generates a star's magnetic field
solar cycle, characterized by an increasing and decreasing number and size of sunspots. Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere and
Solar_dynamo
German-British astronomer and composer (1738–1822)
low number of sunspots and lower yields explaining recurring booms and slumps in the economy. Herschel's speculation on a connection between sunspots and
William_Herschel
harbingers of social upheaval. Sunspots, and their 11-year cycle of frequency in occurrence, appear in a small number of works. The Sun poses a danger
Sun_in_fiction
Marvel Studios animated series
Johnston voices young Nathan Summers. Gui Agustini as Roberto da Costa / Sunspot: A young mutant rescued by the X-Men who can channel solar energy. Naoko
X-Men_'97
English astronomer (1826–1875)
electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae; and whose 1863 records of sunspot observations revealed the differential rotation of the Sun. Carrington
Richard Christopher Carrington
Richard_Christopher_Carrington
Orbital period – Saros cycle – Sothic cycle – Secularity – Sidereal year – Sunspot – Tide – Tropical year – Year Animal migration – Avalanche – Carbon cycle
List_of_cycles
American solar astronomer (1868–1938)
American astrophysicist best known for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots. He was also a key figure in the planning and construction of several world-leading
George_Ellery_Hale
Mechanism explaining sunspot patterns
explain magnetic and sunspot patterns observed on the Sun. It is named after Horace W. Babcock. The modern understanding of sunspots starts with George
Babcock_model
American superhero film series
N'Duka, Amanda (June 1, 2017). "'New Mutants': Henry Zaga Set To Play Sunspot In 'X-Men' Spinoff". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on
X-Men_(film_series)
Optical telescope dedicated to observing the Sun
spectroscopy. It is located at Sacramento Peak in Sunspot, New Mexico. It was the main telescope at the Sunspot Solar Observatory, operated by New Mexico State
Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope
Richard_B._Dunn_Solar_Telescope
Global climate phenomenon
PMID 11577233. Muñoz, Arsenio; Ojeda, Jorge; Sánchez-Valverde, Belén (2002). "Sunspot-like and ENSO/NAO-like periodicities in lacustrinelaminated sediments of
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
French vicar general and scientist
astronomy, physics, and geography. He is most famous for his work with sunspots which he concluded were small satellites of the sun. Jean Tarde belonged
Jean_Tarde
Highway in New Mexico
State Road 6563 (NM 6563), also known as the Sunspot Scenic Byway, is a 15.530-mile-long (24.993 km) two-lane state highway in Otero County, New Mexico
New_Mexico_State_Road_6563
Series of intense solar storms in 2024
com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024. "Sunspot region 3664, major flares and CMEs!". SpaceWeatherLive. 8 May 2024. Archived
May_2024_solar_storms
Classical Kuiper belt object
Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Ritona has a measured diameter of 679+55 −73 km, which is
145452_Ritona
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
Large geomagnetic storms are most common during the peak of the 11-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after the peak. An electron spirals (gyrates)
Aurora
Scattered disc object
Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at the Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. It measures approximately 600 kilometers in diameter, and
145451_Rumina
English rock band
was widely considered an artistic and commercial failure. The track "Two Sunspots" had been recorded during the Black And White sessions in 1978, but was
The_Stranglers
the decades, X-Force have featured a rotating line up composed of large number of mutant characters. Notations: A slash (/) between names, indicates the
List_of_X-Force_members
List of all members of the avengers
the decades, the Avengers are featured as a rotating line up of a large number of characters. According to various handbooks, members of the main team
List_of_Avengers_members
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