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NASA/CNES oceanography mission (2022–present)
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is a satellite altimeter jointly developed and operated by NASA and CNES, the French space agency
Surface Water and Ocean Topography
Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography
Shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills
Ocean_surface_topography
Topics referred to by the same term
weaknesses, opportunities and threats to identify risks and issues that need solving Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT), a NASA/CNES satellite
SWOT
Oceanic division
870,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for separating
Atlantic_Ocean
International Earth observation satellite mission
or Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2 satellite, was an international Earth observation satellite altimeter joint mission for sea surface height
OSTM/Jason-2
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of Earth. The ocean is conventionally divided into large bodies of water, which are
Ocean
Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors
underwater depth of ocean floors (seabed topography), river floors, or lake floors; the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The first recorded
Bathymetry
Historical scientific hypothesis
Water on Venus is the hypothesis that for up to 2 billion years, a shallow liquid water ocean may have covered the surface of Venus. It is thought that
Water_on_Venus
American aerospace engineer
Active Passive (SMAP), Cassini, and InSight Mars missions. She is currently working on the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. At Massachusetts
Julie_Wertz_Chen
Lowest point in an area
In topography, a nadir is a point on a surface that is lower in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically, a nadir is a local
Nadir_(topography)
Study of physical conditions and processes within the ocean
polar regions, where surface water cools, sinks, and spreads towards the equator along the ocean floor, forming the deep ocean circulation system. Salinity
Physical_oceanography
Planet containing a significant amount of water or other liquid
liquid water on its surface, although subsurface oceans are suspected to exist on Jupiter's moons Europa and Ganymede and Saturn's moons Enceladus and Titan
Ocean_world
ocean worlds in the Solar System, planets or satellites known or suspected to harbor substantial volumes of liquid water, either as subsurface oceans
List of ocean worlds in the Solar System
List_of_ocean_worlds_in_the_Solar_System
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about
Water
Bottom of the ocean
measurements of ocean surface topography show very clear maps of the seabed, and these satellite-derived maps are used extensively in the study and exploration
Seabed
Third planet from the Sun
one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its ocean, which covers 70.8% of Earth's crust. The
Earth
Study of extraterrestrial oceans
Cassini mission observed surface lakes of liquid methane on Titan, and directly sampled a plume of sub-surface ocean water from Enceladus. Early in their
Planetary_oceanography
Organisms on the ocean's surface
and ailments, e.g., allergies, dermatitis, and rhinitis. Marine larval ecology Ocean surface topography Surface layer Sea spray Sea air Surface Ocean
Ocean_surface_ecosystem
Satellite oceanography mission
measured ocean surface topography from 1992 through 2005. Like its predecessor, Jason-1 is a joint project between the NASA (United States) and CNES (France)
Jason-1
Top of a saturated aquifer
The water table is the upper surface of the phreatic zone or zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground
Water_table
the largest ocean, lakes and seas in the Solar System and beyond includes single bodies of water or other liquid on or near the surface of a solid round
List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
List_of_largest_lakes_and_seas_in_the_Solar_System
Type of wave in geophysics
(thermocline). The surface and internal waves travel in the same direction, but at different speeds: the surface waves are fast: in the deep ocean, about 200
Kelvin_wave
2026 conspiracy theory
media attention and comment from U.S. federal officials, including the FBI and Donald Trump. Cases cited by proponents span several years and involve unrelated
Missing scientists conspiracy theory
Missing_scientists_conspiracy_theory
Study of past and present water on Mars
amounts of liquid water may occur transiently on the surface of Mars, limited to traces of dissolved moisture from the atmosphere and thin films, large
Water_on_Mars
does not reach the water's surface Seamount chains – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach the water's surfacePages displaying short
Glossary_of_landforms
Component of the international World Climate Research Program
availability of ERS–1 and ERS–2 (European), TOPEX/POSEIDON (US/French) to study fields of surface forcing and oceanic surface topography Hydrography high quality
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment
Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents
Ocean gyre North Pacific gyre South Pacific gyre South Atlantic gyre In oceanography, a gyre (/ˈdʒaɪər/) is a large system of ocean surface currents
Ocean_gyre
Astronomical hypothesis
The Mars ocean hypothesis states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history
Mars_ocean_hypothesis
land surface by scouring and abrading rather than by the deposition of the drift. The marks of glaciation vastly altered Minnesota's topography. Probably
Glacial_history_of_Minnesota
Flowing current
interactions with tides and topography, as it flows out of the Mediterranean basin it undergoes such strong mixing that the water masses composing this
Mediterranean_outflow
Geologic basin under the sea
recognized is the Southern Ocean (20 million km2/ 7 million mi2). All ocean basins collectively cover 67% of the Earth's surface, and together they contain
Oceanic_basin
English artist
had been commissioned by NASA to design the logo for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. In addition to type design, Lester is famous
Seb_Lester
Facility that manages aerospace vehicle flights
resupplied ISS. Currently it controls the civilian Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission and the military CERES (satellite) constellation. The Rover
Mission_control_center
Earth observation satellite series
height Measure ocean and land-surface temperature Measure ocean and land-surface colour Monitor sea and land ice topography Sea-water quality and pollution
Sentinel-3
Earth observation satellite
to measure sea surface topography with high accuracy and reliability to support ocean forecasting systems, environmental monitoring, and climate change
Sentinel-6B
Study of the forms of land surfaces in earth
Topography is the study of forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to landforms and features themselves, or a description
Topography
Strait connecting the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans
Drake Passage plays an important part in the global mixing of oceanic water. Part of the water body is named Southern Zone Sea. In 1525, the Spanish navigator
Drake_Passage
Land area where water converges to a common outlet
all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is
Drainage_basin
Wave within the ocean interior
tides are generated as the surface tides move stratified water up and down sloping topography, which produces a wave in the ocean interior. So internal tides
Internal_tide
Large body of salt water
water. The salinity of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in the depths of the ocean;
Sea
Search for a missing Boeing 777 in the southern Indian Ocean
any surface wreckage would be found and, therefore, the aerial searches had been suspended. The surface search in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean lasted
Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
Search_for_Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370
Model of Earth's relief including elevation and depth underwater
water-covered areas (oceans, lakes) to describe Earth's relief. A relief model thus shows how Earth's surface would look in the absence of water or ice masses
Global_relief_model
Water current moving away from shore
strongest and fastest next to the surface of the water. Rip currents can be hazardous to people in the water. Swimmers who are caught in a rip current and who
Rip_current
Theorerical model of air flow in the atmosphere
Atmosphere Ocean Array: Gathering Data to Predict El Niño". Celebrating 200 Years. NOAA. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007. "Ocean Surface Topography". Oceanography
Walker_circulation
differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami
Seamount in the Atlantic Ocean
(180 ft) below the water surface. In March 1974, Soviet research ship Academician Petrovsky underwent an expedition to explore the Ampere and Josephine seamounts
Ampère_Seamount
Lowermost water mass in a water body
due to ocean circulation. In the Antarctic, salty and cold surface water sinks to lower depths due to its high density. As the surface water sinks, it
Bottom_water
Geologic structure and composition of Pluto
had a subsurface ocean, and consequently may have been habitable, when it was first formed. More than 98 percent of Pluto's surface consists of solid
Geology_of_Pluto
Boundary between two distinct water masses
ocean fronts have been defined as the boundary between two distinct water masses. However, the current use of satellite data allows a dynamical and higher
Front_(oceanography)
Flat area on the deep ocean floor
continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest, and least explored regions
Abyssal_plain
Water column of the open ocean
The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word pelagic is derived from Ancient
Pelagic_zone
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
the Solar System. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface is due to a water ocean beneath the surface, which could conceivably harbor extraterrestrial
Europa_(moon)
ocean circulation, groundwater flow, evaporation, and condensation. The Cryosphere refers to all solid water (ice) on, under, and above the surface of
Earth system interactions across mountain belts
Earth_system_interactions_across_mountain_belts
Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
to and about 200 km (120 mi) from a volcanic arc. Much of the fluid trapped in sediments of the subducting slab returns to the surface at the oceanic trench
Oceanic_trench
Fourth planet from the Sun
5 billion years ago), its surface was marked by meteor impacts, valley formation, erosion, the possible presence of water oceans and the loss of its magnetosphere
Mars
Geologic structure and composition of Triton
is roughly 15–35% water ice by mass; Triton is a differentiated body, with an icy solid crust atop a probable subsurface ocean and a rocky core. As a
Geology_of_Triton
Volcano that erupts gases and volatile material
pressurization of a subsurface ocean as it cools and freezes may be enough to force cryomagma to ascend to the surface due to water's unusual property of expanding
Cryovolcano
Pacific Ocean current
a cold water Pacific Ocean current that moves southward along the western coast of North America, beginning off southern British Columbia and ending off
California_Current
Physical oceanographic feature
two limbs, the NwASC and the NwAFC, carry warm and saline Atlantic Water (AW) poleward to the Arctic Ocean. Most of the dense water production in the Nordic
Lofoten_Vortex
Egyptian aerospace engineer
Directorate where she oversaw several missions, including Surface Water and Ocean Topography, CLARREO and GeoCarb (the Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory)
Tahani_Amer
South Korean visual artist and academic
measurements from the GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite missions and the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, and was released online on November
Yiyun_Kang
cartography, topography, geomorphology, atmospheric sciences, and astronomy. Land (or ground) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces. The term
Planetary_surface
Underwater pillar-like rock or coral formation
abruptly from the seafloor but does not break the ocean surface. Because they often crest near the sea surface, underwater pinnacles are popular scuba-diving
Underwater_pinnacle
Habitat that supports marine life
into pelagic and demersal zones. Pelagic habitats are found near the surface or in the open water column, away from the bottom of the ocean. Demersal habitats
Marine_habitat
Waterway connecting two bodies of water
strait is a water body connecting two seas or water basins. The surface water is, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and can flow through
Strait
Line connecting points of a specific density or potential density
the water in the ocean or gases in the atmosphere in a similar manner to how contour lines are used in topographic maps to help visualize topography. Water
Isopycnal
Map depicting the submerged terrain of bodies of water
bathymetry and physiographic features of ocean and sea bottoms. Their primary purpose is to provide detailed depth contours of ocean topography as well as
Bathymetric_chart
Lake under the Earth's surface
a lake underneath the surface of the Earth. Most naturally occurring underground lakes are found in areas of karst topography, where limestone or other
Underground_lake
Underwater environment to which a diver may be exposed
diving is the human practice of voluntarily descending below the surface of the water to interact with the surroundings, for various recreational or occupational
Underwater_diving_environment
Impact basin on Mars
the surface exhibit scalloped topography, a surface that looks like it was carved out by an ice cream scoop. This surface is thought to have formed by
Utopia_Planitia
Free-surface, terrain-following, primitive equations ocean model
Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is a free-surface, terrain-following, primitive equations ocean model widely used by the scientific community for
Regional Ocean Modeling System
Regional_Ocean_Modeling_System
Part of the sea which is shallow compared to its surrounding area
Agulhas Bank upwelling variability from satellite-derived sea surface temperature and ocean colour products" (PDF). American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference
Ocean_bank
Castilla-La Mancha; and the Canary Islands, seven islands of volcanic origin located in the Atlantic Ocean, close to the coast of Western Sahara; and of less importance:
Topography_of_Spain
Natural satellite orbiting Saturn
liquid water ocean beneath its frozen surface, but at the time it was thought the subsurface ocean was limited to the south pole. The top of the ocean probably
Enceladus
Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
Pacific region around Australia and New Zealand contains the greatest number of oceanic plateaus (see map). Oceanic plateaus produced by large igneous
Oceanic_plateau
Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars
that those variations have high correlation with the topography. Geophysical interpretation of surface features could further help deriving a more complete
Gravity_of_Mars
Ocean shape without winds and tides
is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if
Geoid
Marine cavern or sinkhole, open to the surface, in carbonate bedrock
sciences portal Oceans portal Electromagnetic absorption by water Karst topography List of sinkholes Mylroie, J. E., Carew, J. L., and Moore, A. I., (1995)
Blue_hole
Aquifer in Brazil and Peru
surface, and follows roughly the path of the Amazon River. The Hamza is born in the Andes and empties in the Atlantic Ocean, deep under the surface.
Hamza_River
Atmospheric phenomenon
low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog affects many
Fog
Forecasts of weather conditions at sea
state, surface winds, tide levels, and sea surface temperature are tackled by organizations tasked with forecasting weather over open oceans and seas.
Marine_weather_forecasting
rest being water ice and other materials. It is differentiated into a rocky core, liquid water ocean, and an icy shell; the core and ocean may be partitioned
Geology_of_Titan
Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
where the local topography prevents the drainage of water into the oceans and the seas. These endorheic watersheds (containing water in rivers or lakes
Endorheic_basin
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
water cannot persist on the lunar surface. When exposed to solar radiation, water quickly decomposes through a process known as photodissociation and
Moon
Largest moon of Saturn
liquid-ammonia oceans could exist deep below the surface. Another model suggests an ammonia–water solution as much as 200 km (120 miles) deep beneath a water-ice
Titan_(moon)
Outcome of seawater as it freezes
dense than liquid water, it floats on the ocean's surface (just like fresh water ice). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the
Sea_ice
2019. "Companies and government agencies announce plans for lunar rover projects". Spacenews.com. May 21, 2021. "SpaceX launches SWOT ocean research mission"
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020–2022)
Chinese rover on Mars
the Navigation and Topography Camera before the rover was deployed to the Martian surface. The image revealed that the topography and rock abundance near
Zhurong_(rover)
typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone. Abyssal plains cover more than 33% of the ocean floor (about 23% of Earth's surface), but they are
List of submarine topographical features
List_of_submarine_topographical_features
Rocket launch complex at Vandenberg Space Force Base in the United States
the adjacent SLC-4E launch pad. This novel use of SLC-4W had initially surfaced in July 2014 when NASASpaceFlight.com published that SpaceX was considering
Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4
Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4
Process which distributes thermal energy about Earth's surface
large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation it is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of Earth. Earth's atmospheric
Atmospheric_circulation
Large inland body of relatively still water
is often a naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a basin or interconnected basins
Lake
Deepest known point of Earth's seabed
spend about six hours near the ocean floor exploring but decided to start the ascent to the surface after only 2 hours and 34 minutes. The time on the bottom
Challenger_Deep
Feature of the solid surface of a planetary body
the ocean and the land Coastal engineering – Branch of civil engineering Coastal morphodynamics – Interaction of shoreline seafloor topography and fluid
Landform
Decadal science surveys
Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud and ocean Ecosystems (PACE) mission which is planned to launch in 2023 or 2024. Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) is planned
Earth_Science_Decadal_Survey
Cold, dense, water mass originating in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica
bottom water (AABW) is a type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from −0.8 to 2 °C (35 °F) and absolute
Antarctic_bottom_water
Brackish lagoon in Shizuoka Prefecture
The surface is at sea level. In ancient times, Lake Hamana was a freshwater lake. However, the 1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake altered the topography of
Lake_Hamana
Reference surface for vertical positions
surface at any one place and time is a result of numerous effects, including waves, wind and currents, atmospheric pressure, tides, topography, and differences
Vertical_datum
Physical oceanographer
(2019). "Global observations of fine-scale ocean surface topography with the surface water and ocean topography (SWOT) mission". Frontiers in Marine Science
Sarah_Gille
Skills and tech involved in submarine navigation
Submarine navigation underwater requires special skills and technologies not needed by surface ships. The challenges of underwater navigation have become
Submarine_navigation
travel, tourism, insurance
SURFACE WATER-AND-OCEAN-TOPOGRAPHY
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SURFACE WATER-AND-OCEAN-TOPOGRAPHY
SURFACE WATER-AND-OCEAN-TOPOGRAPHY
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SURFACE WATER-AND-OCEAN-TOPOGRAPHY
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