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East Asian practice of copying of holy texts
Sutra copying (Chinese: 抄經, chāojīng; Japanese: 写経, shakyō) is the East Asian practice of hand-copying Buddhist sutras. Sutra copying involves the meticulous
Sutra_copying
Historic literature and religious texts of Buddhism
institutions, Buddhists continued to copy them by hand as a spiritual exercise, a practice known as sutra copying. In an effort to preserve these scriptures
Buddhist_texts
Buddhist sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
Diamond Sūtra (Sanskrit: Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) is a Mahāyāna Buddhist sutra from the genre of Prajñāpāramitā ('perfection of wisdom') sutras. Translated
Diamond_Sutra
Popular sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
engaging in or promoting sūtra copying (抄經, chāo jīng), as well as storing, enshrining and safekeeping of the physical copies of the sūtra. It was said that
Lotus_Sutra
Ancient Hindu text on erotic love
The Kama Sutra, in English also spelled Kamasutra (/ˈkɑːmə ˈsuːtrə/; Sanskrit: कामसूत्र, pronunciation, Kāma-sūtra; lit. 'Principles of Love'), is an
Kama_Sutra
Popular sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Heart Sūtra is a popular sūtra in Mahāyāna Buddhism. In Sanskrit, the title Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya translates as "The Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom"
Heart_Sutra
Popular Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Amitāyus Sutra (Sanskrit; "Sutra of Immeasurable Life"), also known as the Larger Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra and the Amitābhavyūha (Array of Amitābha), is
The_Amitāyus_Sutra
Text in Hinduism, Buddhism, or Jainism, often a collection of aphorisms
Sutra (Sanskrit: सूत्र, romanized: sūtra, lit. 'formula') in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form
Sutra
Religious texts in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition
some of the sutras themselves. The Prajñāpāramitā sutras promote the copying, reading, recitation, contemplation, and distribution of the sutra, and they
Mahayana_sutras
Popular Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Amitābha Sūtra (Sanskrit: *Amitâbha-buddha-sūtra; Ch.: 阿彌陀經, pinyin: Āmítuó Jīng, or 佛說阿彌陀經, Fóshuō Āmítuó Jīng; Jp.: Amida Kyō, Vi.: A Di Đà Kinh)
Amitābha_Sūtra
Type of archaeological site
Examples of sutra mounds include the Katsuragi 28 Shuku in the Kansai region of Japan. In the Nara period, the practice of copying sutras was the center
Sutra_mound
Early Yoga text in Sanskrit from ancient India by Patanjali
yoga – 195 sutras (according to Vyāsa and Krishnamacharya) and 196 sutras (according to others, including B. K. S. Iyengar). The Yoga Sutras were compiled
Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali
School of Mahāyāna Buddhism
relies on three main Mahayana scriptures: the Sutra of Amitayus, the Contemplation Sutra and the Amitabha Sutra. The Pure Land tradition is primarily focused
Pure_Land_Buddhism
Buddhist philosophical metaphor
was developed by the Mahayana school in the 3rd century Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra and later by the Huayan school between the 6th and 8th centuries. "Indra's
Indra's_net
sutra copying. Because of an enhanced belief in the powers of the Lotus Sutra, more Heian period copies of this sutra exist than of all other sutras combined
List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others)
List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(writings:_others)
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Śūraṅgama Sūtra (Chinese: 首楞嚴經; pinyin: Shǒuléngyán jīng, Sūtra of the Heroic March) (Taisho no. 945) is a Mahayana Buddhist Sūtra that has been influential
Śūraṅgama_Sūtra
Principle in Buddhism and the texts associated with it
Mahāyāna scriptures (sūtras), known as the Prajñāpāramitā sutras, which includes such texts as the Heart Sutra and Diamond Sutra. The word Prajñāpāramitā
Prajnaparamita
Japanese Buddhist monk (942–1017)
the copying of sutra scrolls, the practice of donation, and helping others do good." Genshin's "eclectic" recitation of numerous different sutras and
Genshin
Qing dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk and Thirteenth Chinese Pure Land Patriarch
author of a sub-commentary to Patriarch Ouyi's Essence of the Amitabha Sutra. By 1893, having traveled to a number of temples in search of Pure Land
Shi_Yinguang
Chinese martial art
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Shaolin_kung_fu
School of Mahayana Buddhism established and practiced in China
often treating it as the embodiment of the Buddha. Practices such as copying the sutra (or sponsoring such an act), reciting it (as a solitary practice or
Tiantai
Pure land sutra in East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism
Contemplation Sūtra (simplified Chinese: 佛说观无量寿佛经; traditional Chinese: 佛說觀無量壽佛經; pinyin: Fóshuōguānwúliàngshòufójīng, English: Contemplation of Amitāyus Sutra, or
Amitāyus_Contemplation_Sūtra
Person who writes or copies manuscripts
or necessity. Copying Buddhist sutras was a devotional practice (shakyō). In the Nara period, wealthy patrons commissioned sutra copying on behalf of ancestors
Scribe
Tradition in East Asian Buddhism
last years. Copying the entire sūtra (or passages from the sūtra) by hand was also another key practice in this tradition and some sūtra copyists were
Huayan
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism collectively
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Three_teachings
Semi-legendary founder of Zen Buddhism
of dharma succession to Dazu Huike and, some texts claim, a copy of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra. Bodhidharma then either returned to India or died. Some Chinese
Bodhidharma
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Chongqing, China
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Dazu_Rock_Carvings
Type of god in Chinese culture
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Jade_Emperor
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The sutra was translated into Chinese three times. The only extant copy of the entire collection is found in Chinese, though the individual sutras can
Mahāsaṃnipāta_Sūtra
1969 poem by Gary Snyder
the Bear Sutra The Smokey the Bear Sutra is a 1969 poem by Gary Snyder which presents environmental concerns in the form of a Buddhist sutra, and depicts
Smokey_the_Bear_Sutra
Japanese monk and political figure in the Nara period
being at the Todai-ji under Rōben, and in 749 he participated in a sutra copying ceremony in Nara, and was called to Kōken's court three years later
Dōkyō
Chinese, Japanese and Tibetan conception of the preta of Buddhist mythology
emerge from neglect or desertion of ancestors. According to the Huayen Sutra, evil deeds will cause a soul to be reborn in one of six different realms
Hungry_ghost
Concept in some strands of Buddhism
sūtra, one of the few surviving Mahāsāṃghika sources, states that "the wisdom, the merits and the power of the Buddha are immeasurable." This sutra also
Other_power
Early Buddhist school
their Dīrgha Āgama, their Vinaya, and in some Mahāyāna sūtras. These twelve divisions are: Sūtra, Geya, Vyākaraṇa, Gāthā, Udāna, Nidāna, Jātaka, Itivṛttaka
Dharmaguptaka
Ming dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk and Thirtieth Tiantai Patriarch
philosophical underpinning. He also wrote extensively on the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, a work which was very popular in Ming Buddhism. Chuandeng was a student
Youxi_Chuandeng
Canon of Chinese Buddhism, and much of the Sinosphere
of hand copying sutras remained an important religious practice, some figures famously copied sutras by hand in their own blood. Sutra copying was also
Chinese_Buddhist_canon
Traditional Korean wrapping cloth
express their creative talents, with the actual sewing likely similar to sutra copying. Makers of this "patchwork" bojagi made no effort to hide their stitches
Bojagi
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Golden Light Sutra (Sanskrit: Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtra, lit. Sublime Golden Light Sutra; Chinese: 金光明經, Jin guangming jing) is a Mahayana Buddhist
Golden_Light_Sutra
Caves near Dunhuang City, Gansu, China
which he paid £130, although these include many duplicate copies of the Diamond and Lotus Sutras. Pelliot took almost 10,000 documents for the equivalent
Mogao_Caves
Abode of a buddha or bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism
an easier way to buddhahood. Mahayana Sutras like the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa, Bhaiṣajyaguru Sutra, and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā all
Pure_Land
monk Nichiren (1222–1282), who elaborated his teachings upon the "Lotus Sutra" aspiring to reform Buddhism. Nichiren Buddhism promises both immediate
Buddhism_in_China
Mahāyāna Buddhist scripture
The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (Sanskrit: लङ्कावतारसूत्रम्, "Discourse of the Descent into Laṅkā", Standard Tibetan: ལང་ཀར་བཤེགས་པའི་མདོ་, Chinese: 入楞伽經) is a
Laṅkāvatāra_Sūtra
Buddhist temple in Nara Prefecture, Japan
majority of documents, however, record the day-to-day record keeping of a sutra copying office active, albeit under a number of different names, between 727–776
Shōsōin
Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar (602–664)
Chinese copies. He is credited with writing or compiling the Cheng Weishi Lun as a commentary on these texts. His translation of the Heart Sutra became
Xuanzang
Chinese Buddhist monk
(光宅寺) and became a disciple of Zhiyi. In 584, Zhiyi lectured on the Lotus Sūtra (法華經) at Guangzai Monastery. Guanding recorded and organized these lectures
Guanding
Chinese artist and Buddhist teacher
also recommended supplementing Pure Land practice with texts such as the Sutra of Kṣitigarbha's Fundamental Vows and the Chapter on Practices and Vows
Hong_Yi
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (Sanskrit; traditional Chinese: 大般涅槃經; pinyin: Dàbōnièpán-jīng; Japanese: Daihatsunehan-gyō, Tibetan: མྱ ངནལས་དསཀྱི
Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
Mahāyāna_Mahāparinirvāṇa_Sūtra
Subgrouping of esoteric Buddhist mantras
(諸經日誦集要, lit: "Compilation of Essentials for the Daily Chanting of Various Sūtras"), which was critically revised and edited by the Eighth Chinese Pure Land
Ten_Small_Mantras
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Sutra of Forty-two Chapters (also called the Sutra of Forty-two Sections, Chinese: 四十二章經) is often regarded as the first Indian Buddhist sutra translated
Sutra_of_Forty-two_Chapters
Form of Buddhism native to China and practiced around the world
include the Lotus Sutra, the Avatamsaka Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, the Nirvana Sutra, the Amitabha Sutra, and the Surangama Sutra. As such, Chinese
Chinese_Buddhism
13th-century literary work by Shinran
Pure Land Sutras, the Nirvana Sutra, the Āvataṃsaka Sutra and the Mahaprajñāpāramitā Sutra. In addition to quotations from Buddhist sutras, Shinran often
Kyōgyōshinshō
Chinese Buddhist ritual
its framework: The Burning-Face Sūtra[zh] (佛說救面燃餓鬼陀羅尼神咒經, Fóshuō Jiù Miànrán Èguǐ Tuóluóní Shénzhòu Jīng, lit "Sūtra Spoken by the Buddha on the Dhāraṇī-spell
Yujia_Yankou
Chinese lay Buddhist teacher
Exploring Buddhism and Zen, Paperback. 1997 ISBN 1-57863-020-7 2004 Diamond Sutra Explained, Paperback. 2004 ISBN 0-9716561-2-6 "Nan Huai Jin". Nan Huai Jin
Nan_Huai-Chin
Buddhist mountain in Sichuan, China
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Mount_Emei
Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan
Joya no Kane (New Year's Eve Bell Ringing) December Monthly events Sutra copying, 14th (except July and August) Betsuji Nembutsu, 24th Zōjō-ji was depicted
Zōjō-ji
much more efficient than hand copying and eventually eclipsed it. The Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) of 868 CE, a Buddhist scripture
History_of_Chinese_Buddhism
Buddhist term
was Kumarajiva's groundbreaking CE Chinese translation of the Vimalakirti Sutra. It introduced "mind-monkey" in the simile xin ru yuanhou (心如猨猴;l= 'heart/mind
Monkey_mind
Chinese Buddhist style of ritual chanting
different ritual contexts. One example is during the exposition or teaching of sutras, where fanbai is usually performed before and after the main lecture. Another
Fanbai
8th-century Buddhist ritual scripture
(668–935), as well as in Japan during the same time. The Great Dhāraṇī Sūtra, a Korean copy of the Dhāraṇī, is considered to be one of the oldest printed texts
Viśuddhaprabhā_Dhāraṇī
Chinese Buddhist repentance ritual
Triskandhadharma Sūtra (三品悔過經), which was later translated to Chinese by the eminent monk Dharmarakṣa and constitutes a chapter in the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra. Two of
Yaoshi_Bao_Chan
Jain manuscript written by Bhadrabahu
The Kalpa Sūtra (Sanskrit: कल्पसूत्र) is an important Jain scripture containing the biographies of the Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira
Kalpa_Sūtra
East Asian manifestation of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara
as is mentioned in the universal gate chapter of the Lotus Sutra and the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra. Several large temples in East Asia are dedicated to Guanyin
Guanyin
Chinese monk (1927–2022)
the Avatamsaka Sutra (Flower Adornment Sutra), Surangama Sutra, Lotus Sutra (Dharma Flower Sutra), Diamond Sutra, Platform Sutra (Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch
Chin_Kung
Traditional Buddhist and Taoist festival
deriving from the Mahayana scripture known as the Yulanpen or Ullambana Sutra. The sutra records the time when Maudgalyāyana achieves abhijñā and uses his newfound
Ghost_Festival
Buddhist meditation practices
"seeing into the nature of things." The Sūtra Unlocking the Mysteries (Samdhinirmocana Sūtra), a yogācāra sūtra, is also often used as a source for teachings
Samatha-vipassanā
Chinese Chan Buddhist monk
Mahayana sutras throughout his teaching career in the West, including on the Heart Sutra, Diamond Sutra, Lotus Sutra, Amitabha Sutra, Avatamsaka Sutra, and
Hsuan_Hua
Chinese Buddhist repentance rite
Triskandhadharma Sūtra (三品悔過經), which was later translated to Chinese by the eminent monk Dharmarakṣa and constitutes a chapter in the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra. Two of
Dabei_Chan
Traditions of Vajrayana Buddhism
(Dhāraṇīsaṃgraha sūtra; Chinese: 陀羅尼集經; pinyin: Tuóluóní jí jīng; T. 901), early versions of the Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha Sūtra, the Cintāmaṇicakra
Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism
Taiwanese Buddhist nun (born 1937)
version of the Lotus Sutra, and was pleased with what the book said. Later, she had a friend bring back a Japanese copy of the Lotus Sutra from Japan, and
Cheng_Yen
Branch of Buddhism
Furthermore, sutra copying, the handwriting of Mahayana sūtra manuscripts (or funding such a project) is also considered a very meritorious act. Sūtra veneration
Mahayana
Chinese Buddhist scholar (c. 360–434)
the Lotus Sutra, Daosheng wrote commentaries on the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra and the Astasahasrika-prajnaparamita Sutra (the last of
Daosheng
Dharmakṣema in a debate that lasted ten days. He was given a copy of the Nirvāṇa Sūtra by the old monk and this is reported to have been the trigger
Dharmakṣema
Japanese edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Taishō_Tripiṭaka
County-level city in Gansu, China
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Dunhuang
Chinese Buddhist scholar, translator, and religious leader
of an extended edition of the Gaṇḍavyūha sūtra. He also composed an original commentary on the Avatamsaka Sutra, called the Huayan jing tanxuan ji (Record
Fazang
Kuchan Buddhist monk and translator (344–413)
Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (Diamond Sutra) Smaller Sukhāvatī-vyūha (T 366) Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra (Lotus Sutra) (T 263–62) Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra (T 475) Aṣṭasāhasrikā
Kumārajīva
Mantra in Pure Land Buddhism
rebirth in the Pure Land". This dhāraṇī is often associated with the Amitābhā sūtra and with Nagarjuna. In East Asian Buddhism, reciting this dhāraṇī is believed
Amitabha Pure Land Rebirth Dharani
Amitabha_Pure_Land_Rebirth_Dharani
Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (1067–1120)
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Foyan_Qingyuan
Chinese Patriarch of the Tiantai school
associated with attaining birth in the Pure Land through devotion to the Lotus Sutra (which mentions self-immolation and self-burning). Zhili engaged in a series
Siming_Zhili
Institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism
forms. Ekayāna (one yana) Mahayana texts such as the Lotus Sutra and the Avatamsaka Sutra sought to unite all the different teachings into a single great
Schools_of_Buddhism
Buddhist temple in Nara, Nara, Japan
in reliable historical sources is believed to be in the "Kinkōmyōji Sutra Copying Office Document" (located in the Shōsōin) dated October 3, 14th year
Hannya-ji
Figure in Buddhist and East Asian religious traditions
Hotei lifting his belly, a stereotypical depiction based on earlier Chinese copies. Painting by Odano Naotake (1750–1780), Edo period. Minimalist painting
Budai
Buddhist ritual texts performed during daily liturgical services
Liturgies typically consist of chanting or recitation of sūtra(s) or passages from a sūtra, mantras and dhāraṇīs (especially in Mahayana and Vajrayana)
Buddhist_liturgy
Island in Zhoushan, China
contemplation Dhāraṇī Transfer of merit Buddhist devotion Jingxiang Sutra copying Fangsheng Rituals and ceremonies Puja Fanbai Chinese Buddhist liturgy
Mount_Putuo
Chinese Chan Buddhist monk and writer
ISBN 978-1-59030-372-6. Sheng Yen, Complete Enlightenment - Zen Comments on the Sutra of Complete Enlightenment. Shambhala Publications, 1998. ISBN 978-1-57062-400-1
Sheng-yen
Chinese Pure Land Buddhist monk
Xiangjie Temple, Yogācāra study under Master Huian of Zengshou Temple, and sutra study with Bian Kong of Xin Hua Temple. In the winter of 1768, Jixing Chewu
Jixing_Chewu
Shinto shrine in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
pilgrims and ascetics would use this tiny refuge for meditation, prayer, sutra copying, austere rites and even sleeping quarters. In fact, this is where Saint
Kumano_Hongū_Taisha
Chinese Buddhist Pure Land monk
commonly known as "Fàntiān". As a monk he studied Yogacara, the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, and the Mohe Zhiguan under a master Shàotán, who transmitted him the Lingfeng
Sheng'an_Shixian
Japanese Buddhist monk
Ippen to "learn to read the sūtras and commentaries of the Pure Land school." Ippen was also sent to study the Pure Land sutras in Hizen under a monk named
Ippen
Second century Buddhist missionary to China
Fotiao), producing a translation of a Mahāyāna scripture, the Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra (in Chinese, the Fajing jing, Taishō no. 322) c. 181 CE. Lokaksema Parthian
An_Shigao
Buddhist tradition in East Asia which represents the Indian Madhyamaka
various sources, including the three treatises, Mahayana sutras such as the Vimalakirti sutra, as well as Taoist works such as Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu and
East_Asian_Mādhyamaka
Buddhist meditation practice
in various Mahayana sutras called Contemplation Sutras (Chinese: 觀經, Guān jīng, sometimes also translated as Visualization Sutras), which teaches contemplative
Buddha_contemplation
Popular Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (Chinese: 六祖壇經; pinyin: Liùzǔ Tánjīng or simply 壇經; Tánjīng) is a Chan Buddhist scripture that was composed
Platform_Sutra
School of Pure Land Buddhism; most widely practiced branch of Buddhism in Japan
Shinran played an important role in copying and transmitting Pure Land texts, and Hōnen’s entrusting of Shinran with a copy of the Senchakushū signified recognition
Jōdo_Shinshū
Empress of Japan from 729 to 749
from 727, when she began copying sutras for the safe birth of her son. She was likely the most active patron of sutra copying in the eighth-century, operating
Empress_Kōmyō
Chinese Buddhist scholar monk (1599–1655)
father died and Zhixu devoted himself completely to Buddhism, studying the sutras and practicing meditation. At the age of 24, he became a monk at Yunqi temple
Ouyi_Zhixu
Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism
to around 200-250 CE. The sutra is the first sutra in the Kangyur's general sutra section and is one of the longest sutras translated into Tibetan. Other
Bhadrakalpika_Sūtra
7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk; influential writer in Pure Land Buddhism
nianfo (the name of Amitabha), copying the Pure Land sutras numerous times, distributing copies of the Amitabha sutra, making many paintings of the pure
Shandao
Chinese Buddhism hall
prominence during the Tang dynasty (618–907), with scriptures such as the Sutra of the Bhaisajyaguru being translated into Chinese. The hall became a standard
Bhaiṣajyaguru_Hall
Chinese Buddhist monk (died c. 850)
the single spiritual brilliance (or one pure radiance) of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, which divides to become the six sense spheres. According to Huangbo, if
Huangbo_Xiyun
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