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Interdisciplinary program at Stanford University
The Symbolic Systems Program, colloquially abbreviated as SymSys, is a unique degree program at Stanford University for undergraduates and graduate students
Symbolic_Systems_Program
Computer programming paradigm
In computer programming, symbolic programming is a programming paradigm in which the program can manipulate its own formulas and program components as
Symbolic_programming
Mathematical software
designed a program for symbolic mathematics, especially high-energy physics, called Schoonschip (Dutch for "clean ship") in 1963. Other early systems include
Computer_algebra_system
Technique for program analysis
science, symbolic execution (also symbolic evaluation or symbex) is a means of analyzing a program to determine what inputs cause each part of a program to
Symbolic_execution
American computer scientist
Next-Gen Systems Team at CableLabs. He is also a consulting professor in the Department of Applied Physics and the Symbolic System Program at Stanford
Bernardo_Huberman
Methods in artificial intelligence research
scheduling systems. The symbolic AI paradigm led to important ideas in search, symbolic programming languages, agents, multi-agent systems, the semantic
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Any file that contains a reference to another file or directory
its nature. A symbolic link will break if its target is moved or deleted. Symbolic links are supported in Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows
Symbolic_link
American mathematician, philosopher and logician (1942–2000)
"Barwise Award for Distinguished Contributions to Symbolic Systems". Stanford Symbolic Systems Program. Archived from the original on 2025-11-19. Retrieved
Jon_Barwise
Defunct American computer manufacturer (1980–1996)
Noftsker. Symbolics designed and manufactured a line of Lisp machines, single-user computers optimized to run the programming language Lisp. Symbolics also
Symbolics
Family of programming languages
BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The
BASIC
Subfield of artificial intelligence
neuro-symbolic AI in domain-specific fields. Overall, however, neuro-symbolic AI systems can be divided into two main categories: hybrid systems with a
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Linguist and cognitive scientist
Professor in Humanities, Professor of Linguistics, and Director of the Symbolic Systems Program at Stanford University. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts
Ivan_Sag
Scientific area at the interface between computer science and mathematics
Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra systems, with the term system alluding to the complexity of the main
Computer_algebra
Text-string-oriented programming language
SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David
SNOBOL
Low-level programming language family
language or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with
Assembly_language
American linguist
Stanford's Rhodes Prize and Dinkelspiel Prize for his leadership of the Symbolic Systems program, an interdisciplinary undergraduate major he directed for thirteen
Tom_Wasow
Topics referred to by the same term
dynamical systems by a discrete space consisting of infinite sequences of abstract symbols Symbolic execution, the analysis of computer programs by tracking
Symbolic
Computer algebra system
SymbolicC++ is a general purpose computer algebra system written in the programming language C++. It is free software released under the terms of the
SymbolicC++
American software engineer
bachelor’s degree in symbolic systems with a concentration in artificial intelligence. He later enrolled in a symbolic systems graduate program at Stanford before
Chris_Cox_(manager)
The IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System (SPS) was an assembler that was developed by Gary Mokotoff, IBM Applied Programming Department, for the IBM 1401
IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System
IBM_1401_Symbolic_Programming_System
Computer algebra system
Macsyma (/ˈmæksɪmə/; "Project MAC's SYmbolic MAnipulator") is one of the oldest general-purpose computer algebra systems still in wide use. It was originally
Macsyma
Type of regression analysis
Symbolic regression (SR) is a type of regression analysis that searches the space of mathematical expressions to find the model that best fits a given
Symbolic_regression
Computer science field
model of a system meets a given specification (also known as correctness). This is typically associated with hardware or software systems, where the specification
Model_checking
Assembler for the IBM 650 computer
The Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program (SOAP) is an assembler for the IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine, an early computer first used in 1954
Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program
Symbolic_Optimal_Assembly_Program
American IP lawyer and academic
"Glushko Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Research in Symbolic Systems | Symbolic Systems Program". symsys.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18. "Senior
Pamela_Samuelson
Software system combining multiple techniques
such as: Neuro-symbolic systems Neuro-fuzzy systems Hybrid connectionist-symbolic models Fuzzy expert systems Connectionist expert systems Evolutionary
Hybrid_intelligent_system
Analysis of computer programs without executing them
). Model checking, considers systems that have finite state or may be reduced to finite state by abstraction; Symbolic execution, as used to derive mathematical
Static_program_analysis
Programming language family
is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create
Lisp_(programming_language)
Computer algebra system
Coordinating Facility. Like most computer algebra systems, Maxima supports a variety of ways of reorganizing symbolic algebraic expressions, such as polynomial
Maxima_(software)
Predecessor of computer algebra program Mathematica
market for symbolic math programs, and so abandoned SMP to concentrate on expert systems. SMP was influenced by the earlier computer algebra systems Macsyma
SMP_(computer_algebra_system)
American philosopher
Princeton University. He is also a faculty member of Stanford's Symbolic Systems Program and a senior researcher at the Center for the Study of Language
John_Etchemendy
Symbolics operating system based on Lisp
operating system and integrated development environment for Lisp machines created by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating
Genera_(software)
comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects
List of computer algebra systems
List_of_computer_algebra_systems
to all symbolic AI programs that used search trees and meant that many of the "toy" solutions used by AI would never scale to useful systems. Moravec's
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Mathematical computing environment
Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment as well as a multi-paradigm programming language. It covers several areas of technical computing
Maple_(software)
Mathematical software
FORM is a symbolic manipulation system. It reads text files containing definitions of mathematical expressions as well as statements that tell it how to
FORM (symbolic manipulation system)
FORM_(symbolic_manipulation_system)
Programming language used in many domains
commercial, and systems programming. Indeed, a subset of PL/I was used as the standard systems programming language for the Multics operating system. Since PL/I
General-purpose programming language
General-purpose_programming_language
Of a function, an additional effect besides returning a value
system's state. By contrast, declarative programming is commonly used to report on the state of system, without side effects. Functional programming aims
Side effect (computer science)
Side_effect_(computer_science)
Computer specialized in running Lisp
by the Lisp symbolic programming language, when commercial hardware was designed and optimized for assembly- and Fortran-like programming languages. At
Lisp_machine
American computer scientist (born 1941)
relates to computers, cryptanalysis and systems biology. She is currently the program director of the Symbolic Systems Biology group at SRI International.
Carolyn_Talcott
American philosopher
a consulting professor with the Linguistics Department and the Symbolic Systems Program at Stanford University. He has served as general editor of the
Jerry_Hobbs
Numerical computing environment and programming language
with programs written in other languages. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numeric computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine
MATLAB
Illegal interference with the process of an election
2016. Todd Davies. "Consequences of the Secret Ballot" (PDF). Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October
Electoral_fraud
Analysis of software performed when running a program
(2013-09-01). "State of the art: Dynamic symbolic execution for automated test generation". Future Generation Computer Systems. Including Special sections: Cyber-enabled
Dynamic_program_analysis
American computer scientist
September 13, 2026. "Stanford Honors Thesis Prizes – Symbolic Systems Recipients". Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University. Retrieved December 5, 2025
Jacob_O._Wobbrock
System manipulating symbols as expressions
success of these programs suggested that symbol processing systems could simulate any intelligent action. The physical symbol systems hypothesis becomes
Physical_symbol_system
Field of artificial intelligence
operating systems for Lisp machines from Symbolics, Xerox, and Texas Instruments. The integration of frames, rules, and object-oriented programming was significantly
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
High-level computer programming conceptualization
inconsistent. Symbolic programming is a paradigm that describes programs able to manipulate formulas and program components as data. Programs can thus effectively
Programming_paradigm
Programming language and environment developed by Wolfram Research
multi-paradigm programming language developed by Wolfram Research. It emphasizes symbolic computation, functional programming, and rule-based programming and can
Wolfram_Language
Aspect of system integration regarding artificial intelligence
play ping-pong with human Hybrid intelligent system, systems that combine the methods of traditional symbolic AI & that of Computational intelligence. Neurosymbolic
Artificial intelligence systems integration
Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration
Proving or disproving the correctness of certain intended algorithms
objects used to model systems are: finite-state machines, labelled transition systems, Horn clauses, Petri nets, vector addition systems, timed automata, hybrid
Formal_verification
American linguist
Stanford, © Stanford University; California 94305. "Beth Levin | Symbolic Systems Program". symsys.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint:
Beth_Levin_(linguist)
Computer science textbook
Hierarchical Data and the Closure Property Symbolic Data Multiple Representations for Abstract Data Systems with Generic Operations Assignment and Local
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs
Lisp dialect
of the PLT Scheme Web Server" (PDF). Journal of Higher-Order and Symbolic Programming. 20 (4): 431–460. doi:10.1007/s10990-007-9008-y. S2CID 17731194.
Racket_(programming_language)
Data serialization format
In computer programming, an S-expression (or symbolic expression, abbreviated as sexpr or sexp) is an expression in a like-named notation for nested list
S-expression
Optionally produce symbol (SYM) information allowing programs to be debugged using a Symbolic Debugging System such as SDS under MTS The compiler generates extensive
Plus_(programming_language)
Artificial intelligence (AI) program
program that can solve hard problems in Euclidean geometry. The system comprises a data-driven large language model (LLM) and a rule-based symbolic engine
AlphaGeometry
American psychologist
Neurosciences Institute, and is affiliated with the Symbolic Systems Program and the Neurosciences Graduate Program. Grill-Spector's research investigates the
Kalanit_Grill-Spector
Computer science concept
conveys that meaning to the programmable hardware to form a symbolic system composed of that hardware and some program. A program associates each value with
Type_system
Computer algebra system
software. YACAS is a program for symbolic manipulation of mathematical expressions. It uses its own programming language designed for symbolic as well as arbitrary-precision
Yacas
Computing book by Benjamin C. Pierce
"review of Types and Programming Languages by Benjamin C. Pierce". The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic. 10 (2). Association for Symbolic Logic: 213–214. doi:10
Types and Programming Languages
Types_and_Programming_Languages
Abstractions used in the NTFS file system
similarly to symbolic links in Unix or Linux, but are only defined for directories, and may only be absolute paths on local file systems (as opposed to
NTFS_links
Computer system emulating human expert
use of production rule systems, first on systems hard coded on top of Lisp programming environments and then on expert system shells developed by vendors
Expert_system
Mainframe operating system
The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems. Created in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on
Michigan_Terminal_System
User-definable variable associated with each running process in many operating systems
operating systems, this is cmd.exe, while on Windows 9x, %COMSPEC% is COMMAND.COM. %OS% The %OS% variable contains a symbolic name of the operating system family
Environment_variable
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
which are used for problems such as job scheduling, symbolic execution, program model checking, program verification based on Hoare logic, and other applications
SAT_solver
Type of simultaneous simulation
as symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE) and generalized symbolic trajectory evaluation (GSTE) are based on this idea of symbolic simulation. Symbolic execution
Symbolic_simulation
Programming language
machine and its programming language Lisp Machine Lisp. It is notable as the first programming language to include mixins. Symbolics used it for its Lisp
Flavors (programming language)
Flavors_(programming_language)
Instructions a computer can execute
receiving signals. Originally, operating systems were programmed in assembly; however, modern operating systems are typically written in higher-level languages
Computer_program
Programming paradigm based on applying and composing functions
functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm
Functional_programming
Intelligence in machines
produce incorrect outputs or "hallucinations," unlike symbolic reasoning systems. AI programs use knowledge to answer questions intelligently and make
Artificial_intelligence
Artificial production of human speech
(TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech
Speech_synthesis
Programmable machine that processes data
century, artificial intelligence systems were predominantly symbolic: they executed code that was explicitly programmed by software developers. Machine
Computer
programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. It includes a compiler for synchronous programs, a symbolic
Averest
Implementation of the Scheme programming language
Scheme library and the JACAL interactive computer algebra (symbolic mathematics) program. It conforms to the standards R4RS, R5RS, and IEEE P1178. It
SCM_(Scheme_implementation)
Usage of artificial intelligence to generate music
(MFCCs). Hybrid systems combine symbolic and sound-based methods to draw on their respective strengths. They can compose high-level symbolic compositions
Artificial intelligence in music
Artificial_intelligence_in_music
Programming language with hardware abstraction
entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than
High-level programming language
High-level_programming_language
American philosopher
of the Center for the Study of Language and Information and the Symbolic Systems Program. Moravcsik won a Humboldt Prize in 2002. He was elected an external
Julius_Moravcsik
Set of software engineering methods
In computer programming, program slicing is the computation of the set of program statements, the program slice, that may affect the values at some point
Program_slicing
Computer programming language
by Logo Computer Systems, Inc. (LCSI), for their then-new IBM PC. ObjectLOGO is a variant of Logo with object-oriented programming extensions and lexical
Logo_(programming_language)
Rules to verify computer program correctness
Hoare rules) is a formal system with a set of logical rules for reasoning rigorously about the correctness of computer programs. It was proposed in 1969
Hoare_logic
Mathematical program specifications
automata theory, control theory, program semantics, type systems, and type theory. Reasoning mathematically about programs predates the discipline's name
Formal_methods
Process of analyzing computer program behavior
optimizations, such as replacing boxed arrays with unboxed arrays. Effect systems are formal systems designed to represent the effects that executing a function or
Program_analysis
Concept in computer science
permission-based reasoning. It mainly consists of a programming language and two verification backends, one based on symbolic execution and another one on verification
Separation_logic
Birmingham which hosts the Poplog website, It is often used to introduce symbolic programming techniques to programmers of more conventional languages like Pascal
List of programming languages for artificial intelligence
List_of_programming_languages_for_artificial_intelligence
Type of software security vulnerability
vulnerability that results from a program creating files in an insecure manner. A malicious user can create a symbolic link to a file not otherwise accessible
Symlink_race
Branch of computer science
Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), Journal of Functional Programming (JFP) and Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. SIGPLAN Very high-level programming language
Programming_language_theory
Concepts in theoretical computer science
Properties of an execution of a computer program—particularly for concurrent and distributed systems—have long been formulated by giving safety properties
Safety and liveness properties
Safety_and_liveness_properties
Approach to static program analysis
computer programs, based on monotonic functions over ordered sets, especially lattices. It can be viewed as a partial execution of a computer program which
Abstract_interpretation
Open-source numerical computation software
simulation of explicit and implicit dynamical systems and (if the corresponding toolbox is installed) symbolic manipulations. Scilab is one of the two major
Scilab
Historical centralized version control system
CVS excludes symbolic links because when they are stored in a version control system they can pose a security risk. For instance, a symbolic link to a sensitive
Concurrent_Versions_System
Computer algebra system
system. It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed hierarchy. Two computer algebra systems named
Axiom (computer algebra system)
Axiom_(computer_algebra_system)
Python library for symbolic computation
SymPy is an open-source Python library for symbolic computation. It provides computer algebra capabilities either as a standalone application, as a library
SymPy
Approach to software development
Javadoc systems, are "literate programming tools". However, because these tools do not implement the "web of abstract concepts" hiding behind the system of
Literate_programming
Subset of evolutionary computation
developmental systems, seeks to address these concerns. And gene expression programming successfully explores a genotype–phenotype system, where the genotype
Evolutionary_algorithm
Abbreviated symbolic writing method
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing
Shorthand
Technological phenomenon with social implications
prejudices. These data lead AI systems to reproduce and amplify historical and systemic discrimination. For example, AI systems used in hiring, law enforcement
Algorithmic_bias
American scientist (1927–2011)
term "artificial intelligence" (AI), led the development of the symbolic programming language family Lisp and had a large influence in the language ALGOL
John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)
Unexpected program exit due to an error
In computing, a crash, or system crash, occurs when a computer program such as a software application or an operating system stops functioning properly
Crash_(computing)
Validates computer program operations
analysis, sometimes called protocol analysis, is a form of program analysis employed in programming languages. It is most commonly applied to object-oriented
Typestate_analysis
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SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS-PROGRAM
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