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Book by Charles Petzold
The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour Through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine is a book by Charles Petzold, published
The_Annotated_Turing
Biography by Andrew Hodges
Alan Turing: The Enigma (1983) is a biography of the British mathematician, codebreaker, and early computer scientist, Alan Turing (1912–1954) by Andrew
Alan_Turing:_The_Enigma
Computation model defining an abstract machine
Church's work intertwined with Turing's to form the basis for the Church–Turing thesis. This thesis states that Turing machines, lambda calculus, and
Turing_machine
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
Petzold, Charles (2008). The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine. Indianapolis:
Alan_Turing
List
England Alan Turing: The Enigma Alan Turing Year The Annotated Turing Church–Turing thesis Church–Turing–Deutsch principle Good–Turing frequency estimation
List of things named after Alan Turing
List_of_things_named_after_Alan_Turing
2017 book
Petzold, The Annotated Turing (2008). Dermot Turing, Prof: Alan Turing Decoded (2015). "Mark Sprevak". UK: University of Edinburgh. The Turing Guide. Oxford
The_Turing_Guide
American computer programmer
2010) (free download) The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine (Wiley, 2008) 3D
Charles_Petzold
Apology — G. H. Hardy The Annotated Turing — Charles Petzold The Beauty of Fractals — Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter The Emperor's New Mind — Roger
List_of_mathematics_books
Concept in theoretical computer science
halting problem, e.g., into a form of "does ⟨this Turing machine⟩ halt". For example, there is a 27-state Turing machine that checks Goldbach's conjecture for
Busy_beaver
Concept in computer science
challenges, are available. The reversible Turing machine (RTM) is a foundational model in reversible computing. An RTM is defined as a Turing machine whose transition
Reversible_computing
American computer scientist known for Unix (born 1943)
co-developed the Go language. In 1983, he won the Turing Award with his long-term colleague Dennis Ritchie. He is considered one of the greatest computer
Ken_Thompson
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
18 April 2025. Turk, Victoria (28 January 2015). "The Plan to Replace the Turing Test with a 'Turing Olympics'". Vice. Retrieved 3 March 2024. Knepper
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
Type of mathematical model
of random spatial patterns MClone The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis – 1952 scholarly article by Alan Turing Turing pattern – Concept from evolutionary
Reaction–diffusion_system
Computer vision test
The Visual Turing Test is “an operator-assisted device that produces a stochastic sequence of binary questions from a given test image”. The query engine
Visual_Turing_Test
American computer scientist (born 1936)
Cognitive Science Journal [2] (2013) ACM Turing Award, Association for Computing Machinery Judea Pearl Wins 2011 ACM Turing Award (2012) Fellow, American Academy
Judea_Pearl
Intelligence of machines
8–17), Moravec (1988, p. 3) Turing's original publication of the Turing test in "Computing machinery and intelligence": Turing (1950) Historical influence
Artificial_intelligence
196, 61. The Turing machine: Newquist 1994, p. 56 McCorduck 2004, pp. 63–64 Crevier 1993, pp. 22–24 Russell & Norvig 2021, p. 9 and see Turing 1936–1937
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Directed graph type
graphs (ERGs) are a type of directed graph (with labeled and annotated vertices and annotated edges) used for modeling discrete-event systems. Like Petri
Event_relationship_graph
Complexity class
of reduction is polynomial-time Turing reduction. A problem X {\displaystyle \scriptstyle X} is polynomial-time Turing-reducible to a problem Y {\displaystyle
NP-completeness
19th century proposed mechanical computer
branching were possible, and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing. Three different types of punch
Analytical_engine
Programming language used in many domains
are all Turing-complete, meaning that they can theoretically solve any computational problem. Domain-specific languages are often similarly Turing-complete
General-purpose programming language
General-purpose_programming_language
American computer scientist known for Unix (1941–2011)
Ritchie, Dennis M. (1987), "1983 Turing Award Lecture: Reflections on Software Research", ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years 1666–1985, ACM
Dennis_Ritchie
Type of malware
1974 on the analysis of vulnerability in the Multics computer systems. The term "Trojan horse" was popularized by Ken Thompson in his 1983 Turing Award
Trojan_horse_(computing)
Processing of natural language by a computer
from data that has not been hand-annotated with the desired answers or using a combination of annotated and non-annotated data. Generally, this task is much
Natural_language_processing
Any of various sexual criminal offenses
indecency in 1895. Alan Turing pleaded guilty to the crime in 1952, the consequences of which led to his alleged suicide in 1954. Turing, who had been convicted
Gross_indecency
Programming language that uses first order logic
certainty about the result. Pure Prolog is based on a subset of first-order predicate logic, Horn clauses, which is Turing-complete. Turing completeness
Prolog
and the ACM Turing Award. __ Nobel Prize __ Turing Award "Which Laboratory Boasts The Most Nobel Prize Winners?". Howtogeek.com. Archived from the original
List_of_Bell_Labs_alumni
Encoding for a sequence of byte values using 32 printable characters
2025. Alan M. Turing, transcribed by Robert S. Thau (13 February 2000). "Alan Turing's Manual for the Ferranti Mk. I" (PDF). Computer 50. The University
Base32
2014 film by Alex Garland
administer the Turing test to an intelligent female humanoid robot. Ex Machina premiered at the BFI Southbank on 16 December 2014. It was released in the United
Ex_Machina_(film)
Utility for transforming text
variables (the "hold space" and the "pattern space") and GOTO-like branching functionality; nevertheless, the language is Turing-complete, and esoteric sed
Sed
given Turing machine will ever halt. He also introduced the notion of a "universal machine" (now known as a universal Turing machine), with the idea that
History_of_computing_hardware
Private university in New Haven, Connecticut, US
72 Nobel laureates, 5 Fields medalists, 4 Abel Prize laureates, and 3 Turing Award winners have been affiliated with Yale University. Yale alumni include
Yale_University
also The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse McCorduck (2004, pp. 55–56); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 17) Copeland, J (Ed.) (2004). The Essential Turing: the ideas
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
Ongoing theorised stock market bubble
The AI bubble is a theorised stock market bubble growing since 2025 amid the AI boom, a period of rapid increase in investment in artificial intelligence
AI_bubble
Theorem in computability theory
typed programming languages that are Turing-complete, it is impossible to verify the absence of type errors. On the other hand, statically typed programming
Rice's_theorem
Software for understanding biological data
all the genes in a given input sequence can be identified through homology alone, due to limits in the size of the database of known and annotated gene
Machine learning in bioinformatics
Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
The uncanny valley effect is a hypothesized psychological and aesthetic relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a human being and the emotional
Uncanny_valley
German computer scientist (born 1963)
Deep Learning: The 2021 Turing Lecture, and the 2018 Turing Award. Technical Report IDSIA-77-21". IDSIA, Switzerland. Archived from the original on 7 April
Jürgen_Schmidhuber
Type of machine learning model
training of the PaLM (i.e. a 540-billion-parameter model) in 2022 cost $8 million, and Megatron-Turing NLG 530B (in 2021) cost around $11 million. The qualifier
Large_language_model
Apparent lack of pattern or predictability in events
From Practice to Theory and Back" in "The Incomputable Journeys Beyond the Turing Barrier" Editors: S. Barry Cooper, Mariya I. Soskova, 169–181, doi:10
Randomness
Difference between two descriptions of an object by different linguistic representations
power. The yet unproven but commonly accepted Church-Turing thesis states that a Turing machine and all equivalent formal languages such as the lambda
Semantic_gap
AI research laboratory
with research centres in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Switzerland. In 2014, DeepMind introduced neural Turing machines (neural networks
Google_DeepMind
High-level programming language first released in 1980
birthday), and given the number MIL-STD-1815 in honor of Ada Lovelace's birth year. In 1981, Tony Hoare took advantage of his Turing Award speech to criticize
Ada_(programming_language)
Theoretical computer used for defining a model of computation
1s. This basic Turing machine is deterministic; however, nondeterministic Turing machines that can execute several actions given the same input may also
Abstract_machine
Problem in combinatorial optimization
approximation scheme. The NP-hardness of the Knapsack problem relates to computational models in which the size of integers matters (such as the Turing machine).
Knapsack_problem
Organized collection of data in computing
navigational databases due to the way data was accessed: the term was popularized by Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation The Programmer as Navigator.
Database
Public university in London, England
source application for viewing, analysing, and annotating music audio files" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia 2010 International Conference. "QS
Queen Mary University of London
Queen_Mary_University_of_London
AI that generates content
learn the underlying patterns and structures of their training data, and use them to generate new data in response to input, which often takes the form
Generative_AI
Encoded data represented in binary notation
"Scale of Two" counter 1937: Alan Turing electro-mechanical binary multiplier 1937: George Stibitz "excess three" code in the Complex Computer 1937: Atanasoff–Berry
Binary_code
American computer scientist (1928–2022)
E. Stearns, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award "in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational
Juris_Hartmanis
Awareness of internal and external existence
categorize and interact with the things in the world that its words are about, Turing-indistinguishably from a real person. Turing-scale robotics is an empirical
Consciousness
Infinitely many tasks in finite time
by a brute-force search of the set of all natural numbers. This would, however, be in contradiction with the Church–Turing thesis. Some have argued this
Supertask
Logical principle
Symbolically expressed, the law is p ∨ ¬ p {\displaystyle p\lor \neg p} . The law of the excluded middle is also known as the law/principle of the excluded third
Law_of_excluded_middle
C function to format and output text
The %n format specifier also makes printf accidentally Turing-complete even with a well-formed set of arguments. A game of tic-tac-toe written in the
Printf
Computer language specialized to a specific set of requirements or function
the same domain as AWK and shell scripts, but was mostly used as a general-purpose programming language later on. In contrast, PostScript is a Turing-complete
Domain-specific_language
Logical incompatibility between two or more propositions
applied logic. The law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both belong and not belong to the same object
Contradiction
American artificial intelligence company
was redistributing the equivalent of between $1.32 and $2.00 per hour post-tax to its annotators. Sama's spokesperson said that the $12.50 was also covering
OpenAI
Paradox in set theory
(also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician, Bertrand Russell, in 1901. Russell's
Russell's_paradox
Mathematica. The paper argued that several abstract models of neural networks (some learning, some not) have the same computational power as Turing machines
History of artificial neural networks
History_of_artificial_neural_networks
Visualized form of a divine being
ISBN 978-1-55939-830-5. Davies, Stevan (2012). The Secret Book of John: The Gnostic Gospels—Annotated & Explained. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-59473-368-0
Divine_embodiment
Hypothetical consciousness in artificial systems
machine intelligence is the Turing test, which assesses the ability to have a human-like conversation. But passing the Turing test does not indicate that
Artificial_consciousness
1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter
Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-02656-7, retrieved 2016-03-02 Chinese room Church–Turing thesis Collatz conjecture Fractal Heterarchy Indra's net Isomorphism John
Gödel,_Escher,_Bach
Google large language models family
Lemoine's claims, though it has led to conversations about the efficacy of the Turing test, which measures whether a computer can pass for a human. In February
LaMDA
Self-referential paradox
the full representation of that string. The Kolmogorov complexity is defined using formal languages, or Turing machines which avoids ambiguities about
Berry_paradox
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
that required annotated data (e.g. crowd-sourced labels). The 2022 releases of Stable Diffusion and ChatGPT (initially powered by the GPT-3.5 model)
Foundation_model
Filipino academic (born 1969)
Mang Turing (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2013). Hinggil sa Konsepto ng Kasaysayan ni Walter Benjamin, translated and annotated from
Ramon_Guillermo
Ancient Egyptian queen
Retrieved 2018-02-26. Kitchen, K.A., Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations, Volume III, Blackwell Publishers, 1996 Wikimedia Commons
Ahmose-Henuttamehu
Swedish archaeologist (born 1972)
alongside the margins of the Baltic Sea". In 2021, Rundkvist published a seventh book, an annotated English translation of the writings of the Swedish explorer
Martin_Rundkvist
Belief that natural wholes are similar to machines
anthropic mechanism. Much of the debate centers on whether the human mind is equivalent to a Turing machine, or by the Church-Turing thesis, any finite machine
Mechanism_(philosophy)
Determination of whether a given program halts for each input
the goal of deciding whether a given Turing machine is a total Turing machine, and this problem is at level Π 2 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}^{0}} of the
Termination_analysis
Usage of artificial intelligence to generate music
prominent feature is the capability of an AI algorithm to learn from historical data, such as in computer accompaniment technology, where the AI listens to a
Artificial intelligence in music
Artificial_intelligence_in_music
Mathematical set containing no elements
In mathematics, the empty set or void set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero. Some axiomatic
Empty_set
Interactive storybook series
School Editions contain: the CD-ROM, a print version of the title book, Lesson Plans, a thematic unit with activities, an annotated bibliography of relevant
Living_Books
Suite of artificial intelligence tools developed by Apple Inc.
even if the device was bought elsewhere. Apple first implemented artificial intelligence features in its products with the release of Siri in the iPhone
Apple_Intelligence
his computer. Alan Turing is credited with being the first person to come up with a theory for software in 1935, which led to the two academic fields
History_of_software
of blue plaques is an annotated list of people or events in the United Kingdom that have been commemorated by blue plaques. The plaques themselves are
List_of_blue_plaques
Sequence of program instructions invokable by other software
2013. Turing, Alan M. (1945), Report by Dr. A.M. Turing on proposals for the development of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE): Submitted to the Executive
Function (computer programming)
Function_(computer_programming)
2023 business action
compiled an approximately 70-page-long annotated dossier consisting of internal communications, documents, and photos. The dossier claimed that Altman "exhibits
Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI
Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI
Type of mathematical variable
(wff) of the predicate calculus: any free variable terms of the wff could be incorporated as terms of the Greek-letter predicate. This is the first step
Predicate_variable
Branch of machine learning
1109/TSMC.1972.4309133. Turing, Alan (1992) [1948]. "Intelligent Machinery". In Ince, D.C. (ed.). Collected Works of AM Turing: Mechanical Intelligence
Deep_learning
Notation techniques for grammars in computer science
by Alain Colmerauer[where?]. W-grammars are Turing complete; hence, all decision problems regarding the languages they generate, such as whether a W-grammar
Van_Wijngaarden_grammar
Method of deriving conclusions
logic, serving as the logical structure of valid arguments. If an argument with true premises follows a rule of inference then the conclusion cannot be
Rule_of_inference
Field of knowledge
(Corrected, expanded, and annotated revision with an 1875 paper by B. Peirce and annotations by his son, C.S. Peirce, of the 1872 lithograph ed.): 97–229
Mathematics
Female Buddha of Compassion
twenty-one forms of Green Tārā. The main Tārā mantra is the same for Buddhists and Hindus alike: oṃ tāre tuttāre ture svāhā. It is pronounced by Tibetans
Tara_(Buddhism)
Image dataset
million images have been hand-annotated by the project to indicate what objects are pictured and in at least one million of the images, bounding boxes are
ImageNet
Alexandrescu – Modern C++ Design Bjarne Stroustrup – The C++ Programming Language, A Tour of C++, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual Herb Sutter – Exceptional
List_of_computer_books
Instrument for measuring, keeping or indicating time
Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (ed. 1974), The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Translated and annotated by Donald Routledge Hill, Dordrecht/D
Clock
Traditional board game for two players
Championships Outline of chess Women in chess The fifty-move rule is not applied at FICGS. Alan Turing made an attempt in 1953. Current FIDE lists of
Chess
Field of study
is more often in the form of a Turing complete computer program than actual biological DNA. Assembly derivatives are the most common languages used. An
Artificial_life
Powered mechanical device
Models used to study modern computers are termed State machine and Turing machine. The biological molecule myosin reacts to ATP and ADP to alternately engage
Machine
Alisa, eds. (2017). Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing. Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science. Vol. 324. Cham:
Yorick_Smythies
Alan Turing, a British mathematician and theoretician. During WWII, Turing worked at Bletchley Park and was one of the major architects of the Colossus
LGBTQ_history
Mathematical term; concerning axioms used to derive theorems
as axioms that are used for the logical deduction of other statements. In mathematics these logical consequences of the axioms may be known as lemmas
Axiomatic_system
American logician and computational neuroscientist (1923–1969)
paper, he formalized his ideas regarding the fundamental steps to building a Turing machine in the journal The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics in an
Walter_Pitts
Improving the efficiency of software
and relies on the optimizer ability to perform it. Additionally, C macros do not directly support recursion or iteration, so are not Turing complete. As
Program_optimization
In 1950, Alan Turing published his famous article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion
History of natural language processing
History_of_natural_language_processing
Sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Morató. p. 2. ISBN 978-971-23-1963-1. "Archives Biographies: Alan Turing". www.theiet.org. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 7 October
June
Enciphered text written by English composer Edward Elgar
Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011. Packwood, Wayne (2020). "Elgar as cryptographer – Tuning and Turing". Musical Opinion
Dorabella_Cipher
Theorem in game theory Banburismus – Cryptanalytic process developed by Alan Turing during World War II Conditional Probability – Probability of an event occurring
List of things named after Thomas Bayes
List_of_things_named_after_Thomas_Bayes
Computational model used in machine learning
number-valued weights) has the power of a universal Turing machine, using a finite number of neurons and linear connections. Further, the use of irrational values
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Boy/Male
Spanish
follower of Christ; the annointed.
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Boy/Male
Greek English
follower of Christ; the annointed.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Boy/Male
Native American
Rock.
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Annointed One
Boy/Male
Greek
follower of Christ; the annointed.
Female
Greek
 Short form of Greek and Latin Dorothea, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English thewe ‘thrall’, ‘slave’ (Old English þēow).
Boy/Male
Spanish American
follower of Christ; the annointed.
Male
English
Short form of English Theodore, THEO means "gift of God," and other names beginning with Theo-.
Female
English
 Pet form of English Theodora, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name TSE means "rock."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Boy/Male
Spanish
follower of Christ; the annointed.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Latin Andreas, ENRE means "man; warrior."
Girl/Female
Greek Latin
Manly. Brave. Feminine form of Andrew.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian, Hebrew
Plain
Male
Celtic
, white.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Proficient, Magical, An aspirant, Seeker
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord of Richness
Girl/Female
Muslim
Brilliant
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Sweet
Boy/Male
English
Lily. In the apocryphal Book of Tobit Susannah courageously defended herself against wrongful...
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Roman Latin Demetrius, DÖMÖTÖR means "loves the earth."
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
THE ANNOTATED-TURING
n.
An annotator.
imp. & p. p.
of Innodate
n.
To annotate.
adv.
By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform.
v. i.
To make notes or comments; -- with on or upon.
imp. & p. p.
of Innovate
imp. & p. p.
of Annotate
a.
Pertaining to an annotator; containing annotations.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Annulata.
n.
To explain or criticize by notes; as, to annotate the works of Bacon.
n.
An annotator.
n.
A writer of annotations; a commentator.
a.
Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color.
v. i. & t.
To write scholia; to annotate.
v. i.
See Thee.
a.
Alt. of Annulated
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Annotate
a.
Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S.
definite article.
A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning.
n.
An annotator.