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Extinct genus of litopterns
Theosodon is an extinct genus of litoptern mammal from the Early to Middle Miocene of South America. Theosodon was long-legged with a long neck resembling
Theosodon
Extinct order of hoofed mammals
Coniopternium Caliphrium Cramauchenia Phoenixauchenia Polymorphis Pternoconius Theosodon Subfamily Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis
Litopterna
Extinct genus of litopterns
appearances. Probably derived from lower Miocene forms such as Cramauchenia and Theosodon, this animal probably closely related to the large macraucheniids of the
Xenorhinotherium
Extinct genus of litopterns
metapodials are proportionally similar in terms of relative length and width to Theosodon, in contrast to Cullinia levis, in which they are proportionally more
Micrauchenia
Extinct genus of camel-like ungulate
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Macrauchenia
Family in the extinct order Litopterna
(A) Theosodon, (B) Scalabrinitherium, (C) Macrauchenia, portraying how the nasal bones shifted backwards on the skull, with the nasal opening following
Macraucheniidae
teeth of Mesolicaphrium sanalfonense and on the lower adult dentition of Theosodon sp. Vera, Romano Muñoz & Krapovickas (2025) describe proterotheriid tracks
2025_in_paleomammalogy
Extinct genus of litopterns
appearance. Probably derived from lower Miocene forms such as Cramauchenia and Theosodon, this animal probably gave rise to the large macraucheniids of the Pliocene
Scalabrinitherium
Extinct genus of litopterns
Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (2014-07-29). "Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae )
Promacrauchenia
Extinct genus of mammals
present in Santa Cruz Formation included litoperns such as Diadiaphorus, Theosodon, and Tetramerorhinus, sloths such as Eucholoeops and Hapalops, and the
Borhyaena
Extinct order of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Xenungulata
Extinct genus of litopterns
small Macraucheniidae. It had proportionally larger metapodials than Theosodon, and its first lower molar was absent. Below is a phylogenetic tree of
Cullinia
2023 American documentary series
are dominated by the giant terror birds, which hunt mammals, such as Theosodon. As Australia moves north, coral reefs dominate the Arafura Sea, serving
Life_on_Our_Planet
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Eurygenium
Extinct family of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Proterotheriidae
Extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate
likely prehensile. In similar but larger and more recent forms, such as Theosodon and Scalabrinitherium, this lip gradually developed, eventually giving
Cramauchenia
Extinct order of hoofed mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Notoungulata
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Anisolambda
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Adianthus
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Thadanius
Extinct clade of mammals
Paleocene–Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Toxodon, a notoungulate Theosodon, a litoptern Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata
South American native ungulates
South_American_native_ungulates
Extinct marsupial-like mammal genus
such as Cardiatherium and Tetrastylus and the litoperns Cullinia and Theosodon. Argot, C. (2004). "Functional-adaptive analysis of the postcranial skeleton
Lycopsis
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Edvardotrouessartia
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Perutherium
Geological formation in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Chile Peru Venezuela Argentina Boreostemma Hapalops Miocochilius Theosodon Xenastrapotherium Mylodontidae Sparassodonta Primates Rodents Birds Terror
Pebas_Formation
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Villarroelia
South American land mammal age (SALMA)
Phoenixauchenia sp., ?Propalaehoplophorus sp., Protypotherium sp., Prozaedyus sp., Theosodon sp., Trachytypotherium sp., Platyrrhini indet. Río Frías Lycopsis padillai
Friasian
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Fiandraia
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Gualta_cuyana
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Megadolodus
Genus Paranauchenia Genus Promacrauchenia Genus Scalabrinitherium Genus Theosodon Genus Victorlemoinea Genus Windhausenia Genus Xenorhinotherium Family
List_of_prehistoric_mammals
Extinct genus of birds
the homalodotheriid Homalodotherium, and the litopterns Diadiaphorus, Theosodon, and Tetramerorhinus. As for smaller herbivores, interatheriids like Cochilius
Phorusrhacos
Extinct genus of litopterns
; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and
Macraucheniopsis
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Colbertia
Extinct genus of birds
the homalodotheriid Homalodotherium, and the litopterns Diadiaphorus, Theosodon, and Tetramerorhinus. As for smaller herbivores, interatheriids like Cochilius
Patagornis
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Astraponotus
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Toxodon
Extinct order of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Astrapotheria
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Scarrittia
Extinct genus of litopterns
Asmithwoodwardia Miguelsoria Protolipterna †Litopterna Victorlemoinea Adiantoides Theosodon Cramauchenia Diadiaphorus Tetramerorhinus Perissodactyla †Escribania †Nakusia
Victorlemoinea
Geologic formation in Argentina
Chile Peru Venezuela Argentina Boreostemma Hapalops Miocochilius Theosodon Xenastrapotherium Mylodontidae Sparassodonta Primates Rodents Birds Terror
Paraná_Formation
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Coniopternium
South American land mammal age (SALMA)
dissimile, Tetramerorhinus cingulatum, T. fortis, T. lucarius, T. mixtum, Theosodon garrettorum, T. gracilis, T. lydekkeri, Thoatherium minusculum, Vetelia
Santacrucian
Geologic formation in Peru
Chile Peru Venezuela Argentina Boreostemma Hapalops Miocochilius Theosodon Xenastrapotherium Mylodontidae Sparassodonta Primates Rodents Birds Terror
Pisco_Formation
Extinct subfamily of mammals
derived taxa such as Theosodon. Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and
Cramaucheniinae
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Paramacrauchenia, Proheptaconus, Prolicaphrium, Pternoconius, Tetramerorhinus and Theosodon, the xenarthrans Hapaloides, Holomegalonyx, Nematherium, Peltephilus,
Protypotherium
Geological formation in Patagonia
; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and
Santa_Cruz_Formation
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Ernestokokenia
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Piauhytherium
Extinct genus of litopterns
and 2018 found that Cramaucheniinae is a paraphyletic group and that Theosodon is a sister clade to the subfamily Macraucheniinae, the least primitive
Pternoconius
Extinct genus of litopterns
; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and
Paranauchenia
Extinct mammal of South America
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Notohippus
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Scaglia_kraglievichorum
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Interatherium
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Oldfieldthomasiidae
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Lambdaconus
Extinct genus of litoptern South American ungulate
; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and
Windhausenia
Extinct genus of litopterns
; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and
Huayqueriana
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Prolicaphrium
Genus of mammals (fossil)
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Trigonostylops
Fossil locality in Colombia
litopterns Megadolodus, Mesolicaphrium, Villarroelia and an unnamed species of Theosodon. Small marsupials like the opossums Thylamys minutus, T. colombianus and
La_Venta_(Colombia)
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Hegetotheriidae
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Didolodontidae
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Umayodus
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Mendozahippus
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Pachyrukhos
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Diadiaphorus
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Adinotherium
Extinct species of ungulate
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Amilnedwardsia
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Hegetotherium
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Maizotemnus
Geologic formation in Bolivia
Name Species Member Material Notes Image cf. Theosodon cf. T. sp distal limb bone a litoptern Rodentia indet. tooth Mourasuchus M. sp. skull fragments
Yecua_Formation
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Isotemnidae
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Interatheriidae
Period of geologic time within the Middle Miocene epoch
Cochilius sp., Diclidurus sp., Eumops sp., Hapalops sp., Olenopsis sp., Theosodon sp., ?Steiromys sp., Dolichotinae sp., ?Echimyidae sp., Megalonychidae
Laventan
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Palyeidodon
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Nesodon
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Juchuysillu
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Hegetotheriopsis
Extinct order of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Pyrotheria
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Pyrotherium
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Taubatherium
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Miocochilius
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Mixotoxodon
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Astrapotherium
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Rhynchippus
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Rosendo_pascuali
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Mesotheriidae
Extinct genus of litopterns
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Requisia
Extinct family of notoungulate mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Toxodontidae
Geological formation in Argentina
Name Species Location Materials Notes Images Theosodon T. sp. Estancia Criado A litoptern.
Collón_Curá_Formation
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Pyrotheriidae
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Xotodon
Extinct genus of mammals
hegetotheriids, Homalodotherium itself, interatheriids, Palyeidodon, and Theosodon, as well as several unidentified, fragmentary litopterns. Rodents are
Homalodotherium
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Archaeopithecus
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Morphippus
Extinct genus of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Propyrotherium
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Moqueguahippus
Extinct genus of notoungulates
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Pericotoxodon
Extinct family of mammals
Coniopternium Cramauchenia Llullataruca Phoenixauchenia Pternoconius Theosodon †Macraucheniinae Cullinia Huayqueriana Macrauchenia Macraucheniopsis Micrauchenia
Adianthidae
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