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System including an indeterminate value
A three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which
Three-valued_logic
Propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values
the finite-valued (finitely-many valued) with more than three values, and the infinite-valued (infinitely-many-valued), such as fuzzy logic and probability
Many-valued_logic
Logic with discrete truth values
many-valued logic having three or more, but not infinite, truth values. The term finite-valued logic encompasses both finitely many-valued logic and bivalent
Finite-valued_logic
Many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous range
In logic, an infinite-valued logic (or real-valued logic or infinitely-many-valued logic) is a many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous
Infinite-valued_logic
System of logic in mathematics and philosophy
Łukasiewicz as a three-valued modal logic; it was later generalized to n-valued (for all finite integers n) as well as infinitely-many-valued (ℵ0-valued) variants
Łukasiewicz_logic
Marker used in SQL databases to indicate a value does not exist
implements three logical results, so SQL implementations must provide for a specialized three-valued logic (3VL). The rules governing SQL three-valued logic are
Null_(SQL)
Classical logic of two values, either true or false
exactly one truth value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a two-valued logic or bivalent logic. In formal logic, the principle
Principle_of_bivalence
Any logic with four truth values
A four-valued logic is any logic with four truth values. Several types of four-valued logic have been advanced. The most common, particularly in electronics
Four-valued_logic
Signal used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values
signals is called multivalued logic. For example, signals that can assume three possible states are called three-valued logic. In a digital signal, the physical
Digital_signal
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
scalar values, or tables consisting of columns and rows of data Predicates, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL three-valued logic (3VL)
SQL_syntax
Method of deriving conclusions
in between. In many-valued logics, some propositions are neither true nor false. Kleene logic, for example, is a three-valued logic that introduces the
Rule_of_inference
IEEE standard that defines logic values used in electronic design
completely destroy itself. Four-valued logic IEEE 1364 defines a four-valued logic (among other things) "VHDL and Logic Synthesis". Retrieved 22 January
IEEE_1164
Semantics for logic programming
well-founded semantics is a three-valued semantics for logic programming, which gives a precise meaning to general logic programs. The well-founded semantics
Well-founded_semantics
Type of formal logic
Paraconsistent logic has significant overlap with many-valued logic; however, not all paraconsistent logics are many-valued (and, of course, not all many-valued logics
Paraconsistent_logic
Buffer in digital electronics
write one to the bus. Buffer amplifier Logic level Metastability Three-valued logic Four-valued logic Nine-valued logic Don't care Single pole, centre off
Three-state_logic
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
many-valued logics are three-valued logics: they contain a third truth value. In Stephen Cole Kleene's three-valued logic, for example, this third truth value is
Philosophical_logic
System for reasoning about vagueness
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the
Fuzzy_logic
Branch of logic
may consult the articles on "Many-valued logic", "Three-valued logic", "Finite-valued logic", and "Infinite-valued logic". For a given language L {\displaystyle
Propositional_logic
Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"
algebra List of Boolean algebra topics Logic design Principia Mathematica Three-valued logic Łukasiewicz logic Vector logic Not all search engines support the
Boolean_algebra
Formal systems of logic that significantly differ from standard logical systems
behaviours Many-valued logic rejects bivalence, allowing for truth values other than true and false. The most popular forms are three-valued logic, as initially
Non-classical_logic
Data having only values "true" or "false"
false values belong to separate classes, e.g., True and False, respectively, so there is no one Boolean type. In SQL, which uses a three-valued logic for
Boolean_data_type
the high value, failure as the low value, and undecidedness in between. This type of tri-event algebra corresponds to a three-valued logic proposed by
Conditional_event_algebra
Feature of some programming languages
assume the NULL value.[jargon][citation needed] This can be represented in ternary logic as FALSE, NULL, TRUE as in three-valued logic. An integer variable
Nullable_type
Family of logics for natural-language and counterfactual conditionals
logic is now used as an umbrella term for several families of interrelated systems. Prominent traditions include: three-valued and other many-valued logics
Conditional_logic
Number
values leads to three-valued logic. No longer is a condition either true or false, but it can be undetermined. Any computation including a null value
0
finitely valued Łukasiewicz logics) are usually included in the class as well. Important examples of t-norm fuzzy logics are monoidal t-norm logic (MTL)
T-norm_fuzzy_logics
Theorem of expressive equivalence between relational languages
expressive power). Codd's theorem also doesn't consider SQL nulls and the three-valued logic they entail; the logical treatment of nulls remains mired in controversy
Codd's_theorem
Study of the scope and nature of logic
values besides true and false in classical logic. In this sense, it rejects the principle of the bivalence of truth. In a simple form of three-valued
Philosophy_of_logic
Israeli computer scientist (born 1959)
and smart contracts. His most cited work is on shape analysis via three-valued logic, implemented in the TVLA system. For his work, Sagiv was awarded the
Shmuel_Sagiv
Non-equilibrium thermodynamic reaction
Retrieved 2006-10-23. Motoike, Ikuko N.; Adamatzky, Andrew (2005). "Three-valued logic gates in reaction–diffusion excitable media". Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction
Logical principles
In modern so called classical logic propositions and predicate expressions are two-valued, with either the truth value "truth" or "falsity" but not both
Law_of_thought
Computing operation which compares two values
operator which will match operands if both are null. Sign function Three-valued logic Different machines have different nomenclature; some common terms
Three-way_comparison
In logic, a statement which is always true
In mathematical logic, a tautology (from Ancient Greek: ταυτολογία) is a formula that is true regardless of the interpretation of its component terms
Tautology_(logic)
Theory of relational databases
propositional logic used by the selection is extended to a three-valued logic, although we elide those details in this article. Three outer join operators
Relational_algebra
Various systems of symbolic logic
Smetanich's logic). Kurt Gödel's work involving many-valued logic showed in 1932 that intuitionistic logic is not a finite-valued logic. (See the section
Intuitionistic_logic
Matrix of binary truth values
Truth table Three-valued logic Irving M. Copilowish (December 1948) "Matrix development of the calculus of relations", Journal of Symbolic Logic 13(4): 193–203
Logical_matrix
K3 The three-valued logic K3, due to Stephen Cole Kleene. Kleene connectives Logical connectives defined using Kleene's three-valued logic, which includes
Glossary_of_logic
Polish logician and philosopher (1878–1956)
to the present day. He was a pioneer investigator of multi-valued logics; his three-valued propositional calculus, introduced in 1917, was the first explicitly
Jan_Łukasiewicz
Relational database programming language
scalar values, or tables consisting of columns and rows of data Predicates, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL three-valued logic (3VL)
SQL
Logic gate implementing negation
logic, an inverter or NOT gate is a logic gate which implements logical negation. It outputs a bit whose value is opposite of the input bit's value.
Inverter_(logic_gate)
Function that is its own inverse
values. Examples of logics that have involutive negation are Kleene and Bochvar three-valued logics, Łukasiewicz many-valued logic, the fuzzy logic 'involutive
Involution_(mathematics)
Function in logic
In logic, a truth function is a function that accepts truth values as input and produces a unique truth value as output. In other words: the input and
Truth_function
Device performing a Boolean function
A logic gate is a device that performs a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or more binary inputs that produces a single binary output
Logic_gate
Study of correct reasoning
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical
Logic
Varying physical quantity that conveys information
discrete-valued and continuous-valued. Particularly in digital signal processing, a digital signal may be defined as a sequence of discrete values, typically
Signal
Algebraic structure providing a semantics of Łukasiewicz logic
MV-algebras are the algebraic semantics of Łukasiewicz logic; the letters MV refer to the many-valued logic of Łukasiewicz. MV-algebras coincide with the class
MV-algebra
forms of infinite-valued logic. In general, the concept of representing truth using more than two values is known as many-valued logic. There are two main
Theories_of_truth
Database model
Some years after publication of his 1970 model, Codd proposed a three-valued logic (True, False, Missing/NULL) version of it to deal with missing information
Relational_model
Soviet ternary computer
using the balanced ternary numeral system and three-valued ternary logic instead of the two-valued binary logic prevalent in other computers. The computer
Setun
Finite states of a digital signal
input logic levels. These devices only work with a 5 V power supply. Though rare, ternary computers evaluate base 3 three-valued or ternary logic using
Logic_level
SQL data filter
Furthermore, SQL's support for three-valued logic (True, False, Unknown) introduces nuances when handling NULL values in conditions, making it essential
Condition_(SQL)
Brazilian mathematical logician
Brazilian Logic Society. Topics in her work have included non-classical logic, paraconsistent logic, many-valued logic, and the history of logic. After graduating
Itala_D'Ottaviano
Varying application boundaries
regard fuzzy logic merely as an extension of Boolean logic (a two-valued logic or binary logic is simply replaced with a many-valued logic). However, Boolean
Fuzzy_concept
Łukasiewicz logic. A faithful model for the ℵ0-valued (infinitely-many-valued) Łukasiewicz–Tarski logic was provided by C. C. Chang's MV-algebra, introduced
Łukasiewicz–Moisil_algebra
School of thought in philosophy of mathematics
is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all of mathematics may be modelled in logic. Bertrand Russell and
Logicism
Set theory concept
mathematical logic, a Boolean-valued model is a generalization of the ordinary Tarskian notion of structure from model theory. In a Boolean-valued model, the
Boolean-valued_model
Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
In the mathematical study of logic and the physical analysis of quantum foundations, quantum logic is a set of rules for manipulation of propositions
Quantum_logic
Assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language
non-classical logic include topological models, Boolean-valued models, and Kripke models. Modal logic is also studied using Kripke models. Many formal languages
Interpretation_(logic)
Logical paradox
system of three-valued logic in which there are three truth values—true, false, and some indeterminate third value. In determining the truth value of Plato's
Buridan's_bridge
Type of logical system
First-order logic, also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system used in mathematics, philosophy
First-order_logic
number of symbols. Ternary computer Three-phase electric power, like 3-PSK, uses 3 phases at a single frequency and amplitude. Three-valued logic v t e
Ternary_signal
Mathematical use of "for all" and "there exists"
In logic, a quantifier is an operator that specifies how many individuals in the domain of discourse satisfy an open formula. For instance, the universal
Quantifier_(logic)
3-volume treatise on mathematics, 1910–1913
to its introduction, had three aims: to analyse to the greatest possible extent the ideas and methods of mathematical logic and to minimise the number
Principia_Mathematica
Approach to static program analysis
operations on these abstract values are identical with the corresponding logical operations in some three-valued logics: Further domains include the signed
Abstract_interpretation
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Extension of relational algebra
example, it is well known that the three-valued logic approach to deal with null values, supported treatment of nulls values by SQL is not complete, see Ullman
Imieliński–Lipski_algebra
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
beliefs and actions. Critical thinking allows people to deduct with more logic, to process sophisticated information and look at various sides of an issue
Critical_thinking
Type of formal logic
necessity Modal verb Multimodal logic Multi-valued logic Neighborhood semantics Provability logic Regular modal logic Relevance logic Strict conditional Two-dimensionalism
Modal_logic
Method to analyze non-binary inputs
based on fuzzy logic – a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and
Fuzzy_control_system
Approach to logic
In logic and formal semantics, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to
Term_logic
Logical principle
an indeterminate valuePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Law of excluded middle is untrue in many-valued logic – Propositional calculus
Law_of_excluded_middle
French physicist and philosopher (1914–2013)
explaining that "the works of Mrs. Février prove that this logic is a three-valued logic.". She then taught in several high schools in the provinces
Paulette_Destouches-Février
representing 1), but sometimes three-valued logic is used, especially in high-density memory. Modern computers generally use binary logic, but many early machines
History_of_computing_hardware
Brazilian logician
proof theory and semantics of many-valued logics and paraconsistent logics. His tableau method for many-valued logics generalized all previous treatments
Walter_Carnielli
Ancient philosophy
philosophy is traditionally divided into three interconnected disciplines: logic, physics, and ethics. Stoic logic focuses on highly intentional reasoning
Stoicism
Symbol connecting formulas in logic
Boolean domain Boolean function Boolean logic Boolean-valued function Catuṣkoṭi Dialetheism Four-valued logic List of Boolean algebra topics Logical conjunction
Logical_connective
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Form of logic that allows quantification over predicates
In logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. Second-order logic
Second-order_logic
Mathematical table used in logic
used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, Boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the functional values of logical
Truth_table
Logic gate
EXOR and pronounced as exclusive OR, ksor or sometimes EX-OR) is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH) output when the number of true inputs
XOR_gate
System of formal deduction in logic
In logic, more specifically proof theory, a Hilbert system, sometimes called Hilbert calculus, Hilbert-style system, Hilbert-style proof system, Hilbert-style
Hilbert_system
Logic puzzle by Raymond Smullyan
The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever is a logic puzzle so called by American philosopher and logician George Boolos and published in The Harvard Review of Philosophy
The_Hardest_Logic_Puzzle_Ever
Branch of logic using category theory to study mathematical structures
are three important themes in the categorical approach to logic: Categorical semantics Categorical logic introduces the notion of structure valued in a
Categorical_logic
Multidrop serial communication standard
a driver circuit which cannot be switched off, RS-485 drivers use three-state logic allowing individual transmitters to be deactivated. This allows RS-485
RS-485
Number of arguments required by a function
In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity (/ˈærɪti/ ) is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or relation. In mathematics
Arity
German computer scientist
data flow analysis. He invented a popular shape analysis based on three-valued logic together with Mooly Sagiv and Tom Reps. Wilhelm is co-author of the
Reinhard_Wilhelm
Logical connective OR
In logic, disjunction (also known as logical disjunction, logical or, logical addition, or inclusive disjunction) is a logical connective typically notated
Logical_disjunction
Strategies of rhetoric
appeal to audience emotions, and an appeal to reasoning or logic, respectively—all three of which appear in Aristotle's Rhetoric. There is also a less
Modes_of_persuasion
Computer that uses ternary logic
ternary computer, also called trinary computer, is one that uses ternary logic (i.e., base 3) instead of the more common binary system (i.e., base 2) in
Ternary_computer
Logic theorem
In logic, the law of noncontradiction (LNC; also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction)
Law_of_noncontradiction
Logically self-contradictory statement
interdependent elements" leading to a lasting "unity of opposites". In logic, many paradoxes exist that are invalid arguments, yet are nevertheless valuable
Paradox
Bearer of truth values
truth values of simple propositions and show how they determine the truth values of compound propositions. First-order logic extends propositional logic with
Proposition
Diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a collection of sets
set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science. A Venn diagram uses simple
Venn_diagram
Paradoxical assertion
"Computation of fuzzy truth values for the liar and related self-referential systems" (PDF). Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic and Soft Computing. 12 (5–6):
Liar_paradox
Function returning one of only two values
integer-valued function giving the coefficients of a decomposition into linear functions (Walsh functions), analogous to the decomposition of real-valued functions
Boolean_function
Non-standard positional numeral system
heaps that support constant-time worst-case insertion operations. Three-valued logic Redundant binary representation n-ary Gray code Sloane, N. J. A. (ed
Skew_binary_number_system
American company
LSI Logic Corporation was an American ASIC and EDA company founded in Santa Clara, California. The company designed and sold semiconductors and software
LSI_Logic
Axioms for the natural numbers
In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms (/piˈɑːnoʊ/; [peˈaːno]), also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural
Peano_axioms
Programmable digital computer used to control machinery
A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing
Programmable_logic_controller
Logical formalism using combinators instead of variables
Combinatory logic is a notation to eliminate the need for quantified variables in mathematical logic. It was introduced by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell
Combinatory_logic
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
Surname or Lastname
English of three possible origins
English of three possible origins : of three possible origins: from a medieval survival with added initial H- of the Old English personal name Ædduc, a diminutive of Æddi, itself a short form of various compound names with the first element ēad ‘prosperity’, ‘fortune’.English of three possible origins : habitational name from Haydock near Liverpool, which is probably named from Welsh heiddog ‘characterized by barley’.English of three possible origins : from Middle English hadduc ‘haddock’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a fisherman or fish seller, or a nickname for someone supposedly resembling the fish.
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English, Finnish, French, Swedish
Lives in the Valley; Valley; Usually with a Stream; Strong; Healthy
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Veda means Vedham and Shree means Sriman Narayana
Girl/Female
Japanese
Bending branch.
Boy/Male
Scottish American
Derivative of the Scandinavian god of battle 'Tyr.' Tuesday was named for Tyr.
Boy/Male
English Latin
Strong.; the name of more than 50 saints and three Roman emperors.
Boy/Male
English Latin
Strong.; the name of more than 50 saints and three Roman emperors.
Boy/Male
English
Lives in the valley.
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of German Walther, VALTER means "ruler of the army."
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southeastern)
English (mainly southeastern) : topographic name for someone who lived near a conspicuous tree, Middle English tre(w).
Girl/Female
Indian, Sikh
King
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Latin
Strong; Variant of Valentinus; The Name of More than 50 Saints and Three Roman Emperors
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a valley, Middle English valeye.
Female
Spanish
Spanish name SALUD means "health."
Male
English
Variant spelling of Middle English Alvred, ALURED means "elf counsel."
Girl/Female
British, English, Finnish, French, Latin
Valley; Usually with a Stream; Strong
Girl/Female
Hindu
Goddess Lakshmi, Auspicious, Luster, Prosperity, Pratham, Shrestha
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Latin
Strong; Variant of Valentinus; The Name of More than 50 Saints and Three Roman Emperors
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English, Finnish, Swedish
Valley; Usually with a Stream; From the Glen
Male
Welsh
Welsh name ALED means "offspring."
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Festival.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Tsephanyah, ZEPHANIAH means "hidden by God" or "protected by God." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including the ninth of the minor prophets.Â
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Friend of the World
Girl/Female
American, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Jamaican
Glowing; Modern Variant of Candace; Ancient Hereditary Title Used by Ethiopian Queens; White; Pure
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Lovely Scene
Boy/Male
Muslim
Najm Udeen | نجم یودین
The star of the faith
Male
English
 Old French derogatory byname derived from the Old Occitan word brian, BRIAN means "maggot." Compare with another form of Brian.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain derivation. Reaney suggests this is from Old French dix mars ‘ten marks’, presumably as a nickname for someone who owed this as a feudal due or paid it in rent.German : variant of the personal name Dietmar (see Dittmar).
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
The Moon
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
THREE VALUED-LOGIC
a.
Having three nerves.
a.
Connected with, or serving to connect, three channels or pipes; as, a three-way cock or valve.
a.
Alt. of Three-leaved
a.
Having three sides, especially three plane sides; as, a three-sided stem, leaf, petiole, peduncle, scape, or pericarp.
n.
A symbol representing three units, as 3 or iii.
a.
Having three prominent longitudinal angles; as, a three-cornered stem.
a.
Consisting of three distinct webs inwrought together in weaving, as cloth or carpeting; having three strands; threefold.
a.
Bearing three flowers together, or only three flowers.
imp. & p. p.
of Value
a.
Having three acute or setigerous points; tricuspidate.
n.
The number greater by a unit than two; three units or objects.
a.
Having three lobes.
a.
Having three corners, or angles; as, a three-cornered hat.
a.
Consisting of, or having, three valves; opening with three valves; as, a three-valved pericarp.
a.
Producing three leaves; as, three-leaved nightshade.
a.
Consisting of three distinct leaflets; having the leaflets arranged in threes.
a.
Having three valves; three-valved.
a.
Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend.
v. t.
To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3.