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Threshold dose is the minimum dose of drug that triggers minimal detectable biological effect in an animal. At extremely low doses, biological responses
Threshold_dose
Main model used in radioprotection to minimize radiation exposures
The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced
Linear_no-threshold_model
Measure of organism response to stimulus
as a threshold dose. For most beneficial or recreational drugs, the desired effects are found at doses slightly greater than the threshold dose. At higher
Dose–response_relationship
Type of mathematical model
the effect of a drug may be that there is zero effect for a dose below a critical or threshold value, while an effect of some significance exists above that
Threshold_model
Quantity of radiation absorbed or delivered per unit time
deterministic effects, the dose rate also matters. The total dose can be above the threshold for a deterministic effect, but if the dose is spread out over a
Dose_rate
Health problem caused by frequent doses of ionizing radiation
onset of the chronic form. The lower threshold for chronic radiation syndrome is between 0.7 and 1.5 Gy, at dose rates above 0.1 Gy/yr. This condition
Chronic_radiation_syndrome
Device measuring ionizing radiation exposure
which in turn affects the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. This change in threshold voltage is proportional to radiation dose. Alternate high-k gate dielectrics
Dosimeter
1945 attacks in Japan during WWII
The threshold dose begins at approximately 0.09 to 0.15 Gy and thereafter linearly increases to a 43-percent rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
Assessment of Chernobyl's impact on Earth since 1986
high doses, radiation can cause pregnancy anomalies, but the malformation of organs appears to be a deterministic effect with a threshold dose. Studies
Effects of the Chernobyl disaster
Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Study of effects of radiation on living tissues
are those that reliably occur above a threshold dose, and their severity increases with dose. High radiation dose gives rise to deterministic effects which
Radiobiology
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
high doses, radiation can cause pregnancy anomalies, but the malformation of organs appears to be a deterministic effect with a threshold dose. Studies
Chernobyl_disaster
Measure of ionization of air by ionizing radiation
tissue reactions, occur. There is a threshold dose which causes clinical radiation damage of cells in the body. As the dose increases, the severity of injury
Radiation_exposure
Adverse immune reaction to cow's milk
identified "the eliciting dose for an allergic reaction in 1% of the population" as 0.01 mg for cow's milk. This threshold reference dose (and similar results
Milk_allergy
Dose dependant harmfulness of substances
biological toxicity of pathogens can be difficult to measure because the threshold dose may be a single organism. Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm
Toxicity
Cancer caused by ionizing radiation exposure
linear dose-response model suggests that any increase in dose, no matter how small, results in an incremental increase in risk. The linear no-threshold model
Radiation-induced_cancer
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
defect regions leads to a loss of dose window at a certain post-etch defect level between the low-dose and high-dose patterning cliffs. Hence, the resolution
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography
Quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug
an individual would have to take a much higher dose of a drug to reach the lethal threshold than the dose taken to induce the therapeutic effect of the
Therapeutic_index
the dose is divided by ten, the probability of observing the effect is also divided by ten. Additionally, it is a relationship without threshold. In industrial
Minimal_infective_dose
Form of electromagnetic radiation
epidemiological data currently do not support the proposition that there is a threshold dose of radiation below which there is no increased risk of cancer. However
X-ray
Drug experimentation technique
away, not sold. Psychedelic microdosing is the practice of using sub-threshold doses (microdoses) of serotonergic psychedelic drugs in an attempt to improve
Microdosing
Survivors of atomic bombings in Japan
no difference in their cognitive abilities was found, suggesting a threshold dose for pregnancies below which there is no danger. In 50 or so children
Hibakusha
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
no-threshold model of ionizing radiation exposure. To calculate the value of stochastic health risk in sieverts, the physical quantity absorbed dose is
Sievert
Moist shedding of the skin following radiation exposure
of radiology; however, it is far more common in fluoroscopy where threshold doses lie between 10 and 15 Gy and increasingly common above 15 Gy. It has
Moist_desquamation
Psychedelic drug
injection, threshold effects occur at a dose of 30 mg and full effects occur at a dose of 50 to 100 mg by this route. Similarly, the dose for full effects
Dimethyltryptamine
1300-1500mGy to the head at childhood was similarly found to be roughly the threshold dose for the beginning increase in statistically significant rates of schizophrenia
Radiation-induced cognitive decline
Radiation-induced_cognitive_decline
Decongestant medication
When taken orally, phenylephrine has a threshold dose of about 50 mg to affect the cardiovascular system, a dose at which the drug decreases heart rate
Phenylephrine
Amount of energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation
linear no-threshold model. This calculation starts with the absorbed dose. To represent stochastic risk the dose quantities equivalent dose HT and effective
Absorbed_dose
Naturally occurring glutamate receptor agonist neurotoxin
rapidly excreted unchanged. Threshold hallucinogenic effects of muscimol are said to occur at a dose of 6 mg, whereas threshold effects with ibotenic acid
Ibotenic_acid
Harmful high-frequency radiation
linear no-threshold model (LNT), holds that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate
Ionizing_radiation
Advanced X-ray imaging technology
epidemiological data do not support the proposition, however, that there is a threshold dose of radiation below which there is no increased risk of cancer. The UK
Backscatter_X-ray
American biologist (1890–1967)
argued that no threshold dose of radiation existed that did not produce mutagenesis, which led to the adoption of the linear no-threshold model of radiation
Hermann_Joseph_Muller
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
controversial but commonly applied linear no-threshold model, any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to produce any symptoms of radiation
Acute_radiation_syndrome
Space radiation effects on the brain
relatively small numbers of animals (<10 per dose group); therefore, testing of dose threshold effects at lower doses (< 0.5 Gy) has not been carried out sufficiently
Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
Central_nervous_system_effects_from_radiation_exposure_during_spaceflight
Characteristic of biological processes
Hormesis is a two-phased dose-response relationship whereby low-dose exposures have a beneficial effect and high-dose amounts are either inhibitory to
Hormesis
Pharmaceutical compound
Trachsel, 2C-O-22 produced potential threshold effects at a dose of 42 mg plus 15 mg orally, with Trachsel listing its dose as 57 mg or more. The drug's duration
2C-O-22
Naturally occurring sedative and hallucinogen
these studies at doses of 5 to 15 mg orally. The oral threshold dose of muscimol is approximately 6 mg, while the psychoactive dose range has been said
Muscimol
Unproven hypothesis regarding low doses of ionizing radiation on health
accepted linear no-threshold model (LNT), which states that the radiation dose-risk relationship is linear across all doses, so that small doses are still damaging
Radiation_hormesis
Pharmaceutical compound
4T-MMDA-2 dose of 25 mg orally might be a threshold dose and the active dose is listed as greater than 25 mg. The effects at this "inactive" dose included
4T-MMDA-2
United Kingdom statutory legislation
Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs — Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context". Annals of
Ionising Radiations Regulations
Ionising_Radiations_Regulations
which in turn affects the threshold voltage of the MOSFET. This change in threshold voltage is proportional to radiation dose. Alternate high-k gate dielectrics
Electronic_personal_dosimeter
Changes in health resulting from exposure to a specific source
occurring without a threshold level of dose, whose probability is proportional to the dose and whose severity is independent of the dose, such as cancer and
Health_effect
Former detention center in Pennsylvania, United States
number of patients and number of chemical compounds. In a study titled "Threshold Doses in Humans and Evaluations of Drugs in Man", over 320 inmates were recruited
Holmesburg_Prison
Non-SI unit measuring absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
structures. The same dose given over a longer period of time is less likely to cause ARS. Dose thresholds are about 50% higher for dose rates of 20 rad/h
Rad_(radiation_unit)
Toxic plant alkaloid
yachtsman, died on September 15, 1890, after accidentally taking a fatal dose of aconite. In 1953 aconitine was used by a Soviet biochemist and poison
Aconitine
Species of plant
effects, LSA is about one tenth as potent as its cousin LSD, making a threshold dose level for LSA (D-Lysergic Acid Amide) about 500 μg. The psychoactive
Argyreia_nervosa
Types of pregnancy imaging techniques
on the fetal thyroid gland, but multiple studies have shown that a single dose of intravenously administered iodinated contrast medium to a pregnant mother
Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy
Species of plant
documented that the threshold dose in some individuals is as much as 10 mg insufflated requiring over 24 grams of beans for an effective dose of 5-MeO-DMT.
Anadenanthera_peregrina
Chemical compound
some LSD-like effects at doses ranging from 75 to 1,000 μg orally and a shorter duration. It may only produce weak or threshold psychedelic effects in humans
LSM-775
Medication to treat high blood pressure and alopecia
topical liquid or foam. Oral minoxidil is used at high doses to treat high blood pressure and at low doses to treat hair loss, while topical minoxidil is used
Minoxidil
Cell surface receptor found in humans
adenosine A2a receptor antagonist ST1535 potentiates the effects of a threshold dose of L-DOPA in MPTP treated common marmosets". European Journal of Pharmacology
Adenosine_A2A_receptor
Range of safety measures
warning if a preset dose threshold has been reached, enabling safer working in potentially higher radiation levels, where the received dose must be continually
Radiation_protection
Measurement of exposure to thermal radiation
A Thermal dose unit (TDU) is a unit of measurement used in the oil and gas industry to measure exposure to thermal radiation. It is a function of intensity
Thermal_dose_unit
Synthetic hallucinogen
dose is between 50 and 100 μg, although other sources indicate that these figures are incorrect; Erowid tentatively suggests that the threshold dose for
25I-NBOMe
2021 Austrian film
willed viewer squeamish." iHorror says: "Masking Threshold is unlike anything you have seen before. It’s a dose of pure insanity that is constantly brought
Masking_Threshold_(film)
Psychedelic drug found in toads, mushrooms and plants
intranasal bufotenin and that the "visionary threshold dose" by this route was 40 mg, with smaller doses eliciting perceptibly psychoactive effects. He
Bufotenin
Medical imaging procedure
X-ray has a similar dose as a head CT. Articles in the media often exaggerate the relative dose of CT by comparing the lowest-dose X-ray techniques (chest
CT_scan
Pharmaceutical compound
Shulgin lists 2C-D's dose range as 20 to 60 mg orally and its duration as 4 to 6 hours. He describes threshold effects as occurring at a dose of 6 mg orally
2C-D
Adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure
tolerable dose, MTD, LD0 Minimum lethal concentration, LCmin; Minimum lethal dose, LDmin Median lethal concentration, LC50; Median lethal dose, LD50; Median
Acute_toxicity
Psychedelic drug
occurred more at the higher doses. DOET appeared to show a greater apparent separation between threshold and hallucinogenic doses than had been documented
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine
Benzodiazepine sedative
Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction. Abrupt stopping after long-term use can be potentially dangerous
Diazepam
Release of egg cells from the ovaries
mechanism of action. The ovulation-inhibiting dose (OID) of an estrogen or progestogen refers to the dose required to consistently inhibit ovulation in
Ovulation
Risk assessment ratio in toxicology
framework does not imply the existence of a safe threshold, it is simply a defined point on the dose-response curve used for comparative purposes. EFSA's
Margin_of_exposure
Medical diagnostic method
protocol prioritizes patient safety and identification of a patient’s threshold dose prior to triggering an allergic reaction. Because of the multiple steps
Oral_food_challenge
Class of chemical compounds
with a threshold dose of LSD in two subjects (Abramson and Rolo 1967). [...] According to Shulgin, human subjects administered MIPLA at doses of 180–300
Lysergamides
A virtually safe dose (VSD) may be determined for those carcinogens not assumed to have a threshold. Virtually safe doses are calculated by regulatory
Virtually_safe_dose
Factors that impose risk associated with dental care activities
threshold of radiation e.g. burns, cataracts. Stochastic events are random occurrences after exposure to radiation as there is not a threshold dose above
Occupational hazards in dentistry
Occupational_hazards_in_dentistry
Pharmaceutical compound
Related Compounds, he stated that a 12 mg dose produced threshold effects, but he did not assess higher doses. In addition, Daniel Trachsel has classified
2T-MMDA-3a
American scientist and journalist (born 1968)
Willingham, E.; Gaylor, D.; Bergeron, J. M.; Crews, D. (1999). "No threshold dose for estradiol-induced sex reversal of turtle embryos: How little is
Emily_Willingham
Statistical experiment designs
proportion of the time. This dose can be envisioned as a percentile of the distribution of response thresholds. An example where dose-finding is used is in an
Up-and-down_design
Chemical compound
apparent with approximate oral dosages of 1.5 mg./kg. The ratio between threshold doses of harmaline and its 6-methoxy analog is 3:2, 6-methoxyharmalan being
Substituted_β-carboline
Hearing loss caused by an inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve defect
brainstem. Most cases of SNHL present with a gradual deterioration of hearing thresholds occurring over years to decades. In some, the loss may eventually affect
Sensorineural_hearing_loss
Effects of radiation released from the Fukushima nuclear accident
radiation doses received by the public. John Ten Hoeve and Stanford University professor Mark Z. Jacobson suggest that according to the linear no-threshold model
Radiation effects from the Fukushima nuclear accident
Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Chemical compound
threshold dosage is listed as 10 mg. At mild threshold dosages (around 10 mg) there are eyes-closed "dreams" with some body tingling, at higher doses
ALPHA_(drug)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
children with viral infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome. High doses may result in ringing in the ears. A precursor to aspirin found in the bark
Aspirin
Drugs that promote rapid and sustained neuroplasticity
their rapid and sustained effects, psychoplastogens could potentially be dosed intermittently. In addition to the neuroplasticity effects, these compounds
Psychoplastogen
Psychedelic drug
in 1994 by a team at Purdue University led by David E. Nichols. The threshold dose in humans was reported by Alexander Shulgin in his 2011 book The Shulgin
DOTFM
dose that can be considered to be risk-free. However, some (non-genotoxic) carcinogens may exhibit a threshold whereby doses lower than the threshold
Cancer_slope_factor
Substituted cathinone designer drug
Users may dose repeatedly in order to extend the drugs duration, leading to 0.5—2 gram "sessions" that can span an evening. Single-dose effects last
3-Methylmethcathinone
Descriptor of patient compliance with medical advice
medications as prescribed by their physician with regards to the correct drug, dose, route, timing, and frequency. It has been noted that compliance may only
Patient_adherence
Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
a lethal dose due to suffocation from respiratory paralysis, unless antidotes are quickly administered. Those who absorb a non-lethal dose and do not
Sarin
discrepancy is that the linear-no threshold theory fails, grossly over-estimating the cancer risk in the low dose, low dose rate region. There are no other
Bernard_Cohen_(physicist)
Mechanisms of action
(50–200 mg/kg/day in rabbits, 400 mg/day in rhesus monkeys). In one study, the threshold dose by subcutaneous injection for endometrial transformation in rabbits
Pharmacodynamics of spironolactone
Pharmacodynamics_of_spironolactone
Form of radiotherapy
FLASH radiotherapy is an emerging form of radiotherapy which delivers a high dose of radiation to the patient in an ultra-short time frame which produces a
FLASH_radiotherapy
Medication for pain and fever
mild and is recommended as a first-line treatment for them. At a standard dose, paracetamol slightly reduces fever, though it is inferior to ibuprofen in
Paracetamol
Anticoagulant medication
of Chest Physicians, have been distilled to help manage dose adjustments. The maintenance dose of warfarin can fluctuate significantly depending on the
Warfarin
Family of phenethylamine psychedelics
scientific literature in 1975. However, Shulgin had previously tested sub-threshold doses of 2C-D in 1964 and 1965. 2C-T was first described by Shulgin and David
2C_(psychedelics)
Pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions
low doses, but does result in tolerance to the depressive effects of high doses. Withdrawal-induced depression of ICSS facilitation at low doses is also
Brain_stimulation_reward
Sum of all radiation over a time period
no-threshold model (LNT) for health effects. Particularly the collective dose will not give a good indication of health consequences where the doses to
Collective_dose
Mental disorder
is typically triggered by the chronic abuse or acute ingestion of high doses of caffeine, and can manifest in individuals with no prior history of mental
Caffeine-induced_psychosis
Part of a Geiger counter
gases exhibit threshold voltages increasing with increasing atomic weight. Addition of polyatomic organic quenchers increases threshold voltage, due to
Geiger–Müller_tube
Hallucinogenic class of psychoactive drug
psychedelics. Psychedelic microdosing is the practice of using sub-threshold doses (microdoses) of psychedelics in an attempt to improve creativity, boost
Psychedelic_drug
Study of substances harmful to living organisms
cosmetics in 2013. Most chemicals display a classic dose response curve – at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed. Some show a phenomenon
Toxicology
Maximum acceptable oral dose of a toxic substance in the US
A reference dose is the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) maximum acceptable oral dose of a toxic substance, "below which no adverse
Reference_dose
Comparison of equivalent doses of pain medications
equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would
Equianalgesic
Such numbers are based on the heavily contested linear no-threshold model. This no-threshold epidemiology problem is not unique to Chernobyl, and similarly
Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster
Deaths_due_to_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Treatment of cancer using drugs that inhibit cell division or kill cells
whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be
Chemotherapy
Treatment for bleeding irregularities
number of platelets (low dose – 1.1 × 1011/m2) and those that contained an intermediate number of platelets (intermediate dose – 2.2 × 1011/m2). This review
Platelet_transfusion
Branch of pharmacology
Enzymatic saturation: When the dose of a drug whose elimination depends on biotransformation is increased above a certain threshold the enzymes responsible for
Pharmacokinetics
Chemical compound
(fire diamond) 4 0 0 Threshold limit value (TLV) 0.0002 mg/m3 (TWA), 0.0005 mg/m3 (Skin) (STEL) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 811 mg/kg
Strontium_chromate
Anti-seizure medication
loading dose. Consider using decreased maintenance dose. Kidney disease: Do not use oral loading dose. Can begin with standard maintenance dose and adjust
Phenytoin
THRESHOLD DOSE
THRESHOLD DOSE
Girl/Female
Latin
Goddess of the threshold.
Boy/Male
Indian
Threshold
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Threshold; Gateway
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for someone who did piece-work (especially someone who threshed grain), from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French tasque ‘task’ (Old French tasche, Late Latin taxa, of uncertain origin).Slovenian (Tašker) : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Old Arabic Name; Threshold
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Indian, Latin, Malayalam
Cultural; Goddess of the Threshold
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Gateway; Threshold
Boy/Male
Biblical
Threshold, silver cup.
Biblical
threshold; silver cup
Boy/Male
Muslim
Threshold
Girl/Female
Latin
Goddess of the threshold.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Threshold
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant spelling of Purcell, or alternatively of Percil (from Old French percer ‘to pierce’ + soel, suel ‘threshold’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Selman.German (Sillmann) : possibly a variant of Sieler, or a topographic name for someone living on a ridge, from Low German süll, sill ‘sill’, ‘threshold’, ‘ramp’.
THRESHOLD DOSE
THRESHOLD DOSE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam
Loving; Soft; Love
Boy/Male
Muslim
Right guidance
Girl/Female
Tamil
Tender, Beautiful, Delicate
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
Master
Girl/Female
Arabic
Pure; Clean; Pleasant; Well
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Saibaba; Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Indian
Bitter
Female
Yiddish
Variant spelling of Yiddish Hende, HENDA means "favor; grace."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places now called Wingfield. North and South Wingfield in Derbyshire are evidently named with Old English wynn ‘meadow’, ‘pasture’ + feld ‘pasture’, ‘open country’. A place of this name in Bedfordshire may have as it first element a topographical term or bird name wince (see Winch). One in Suffolk was probably either the ‘field of the people of Wīga’ (a short form of any of various compound names formed with wīg ‘war’), or else derives its first element from Old English wēoh ‘(pre-Christian) temple’.
Male
Polish
Variant spelling of Polish Bratomił, BRATUMIŠmeans "brother's favor."
THRESHOLD DOSE
THRESHOLD DOSE
THRESHOLD DOSE
THRESHOLD DOSE
THRESHOLD DOSE
imp. & p. p.
of Thresh
a.
Threefold; thrice-paired.
n.
Threshold.
n.
The stone forming a threshold.
a.
Threefold; triple; consisting of three; ternate.
a.
Triple; treble; threefold.
v. t.
To make thrice as much; to make threefold.
v. t.
To step over; to stride over or across; as, to bestride a threshold.
n.
The plank, stone, or piece of timber, which lies under a door, especially of a dwelling house, church, temple, or the like; the doorsill; hence, entrance; gate; door.
adv.
In a threefold manner or degree; repeatedly; very.
a.
Consisting of three, or thrice repeated; triple; as, threefold justice.
n.
Fig.: The place or point of entering or beginning, entrance; outset; as, the threshold of life.
a.
The quality or state of being triple, or threefold; trebleness.
n.
Threshold.
a.
Threefold.
v. t.
Made thrice as much; threefold; tripled.
n.
The timber or stone at the foot of a door; the threshold.
a.
Threefold; triple.
v. i.
To become threefold.
n.
The sill or threshold of a door.