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Main model used in radioprotection to minimize radiation exposures
The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced
Linear_no-threshold_model
Type of mathematical model
In mathematical or statistical modeling a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges
Threshold_model
Unproven hypothesis regarding low doses of ionizing radiation on health
the more generally accepted linear no-threshold model (LNT), which states that the radiation dose-risk relationship is linear across all doses, so that
Radiation_hormesis
staunch opponent of the so-called Linear no-threshold model (LNT) which postulates there exists no safe threshold for radiation exposure. His view which
Bernard_Cohen_(physicist)
globe. Such numbers are based on the heavily contested linear no-threshold model. This no-threshold epidemiology problem is not unique to Chernobyl, and
Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster
Deaths_due_to_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
probability of eventually developing fatal cancer based on the disputed linear no-threshold model of ionizing radiation exposure. To calculate the value of stochastic
Sievert
Assessment of Chernobyl's impact on Earth since 1986
unlike the linear no-threshold model used for cancer risk, malformation of organs is a deterministic effect with a threshold dose below which no rate increase
Effects of the Chernobyl disaster
Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Characteristic of biological processes
the commonly accepted model of dose response in radiobiology is the linear no-threshold model (LNT), which assumes a strictly linear dependence between the
Hormesis
Topics referred to by the same term
may refer to: Alliant Energy (stock symbol LNT) Leave No Trace camping Linear no-threshold model for ionizing radiation Latvijas Neatkarīgā Televīzija
LNT
Harmful high-frequency radiation
quantitative models predicting the level of risk remain controversial.[citation needed] The most widely accepted model, the linear no-threshold model (LNT),
Ionizing_radiation
Mathematical descriptions of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system
integrate-and-fire models such as the Adaptive Exponential Integrate-and-Fire model, the spike response model, or the (linear) adaptive integrate-and-fire model can
Biological_neuron_model
Measure of organism response to stimulus
States) has published a documentary series on the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model though the society has not adopted a policy on LNT." Due to
Dose–response_relationship
Cancer caused by ionizing radiation exposure
around the globe. Such numbers are based on the heavily contested linear no-threshold model. Of the 100 million curies (4 exabecquerels) of radioactive material
Radiation-induced_cancer
Mathematical function conceived as a crude model
to the threshold, and no inhibitory inputs are firing; y ( t + 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle y(t+1)=0} otherwise. It can be used to represent linearly separable
Artificial_neuron
Radioactive isotope of cobalt
did not suffer a higher incidence of cancer mortality, as the linear no-threshold model would predict, but suffered a lower cancer mortality than the
Cobalt-60
accepted by society is not expected. Dose-response relationship Linear no-threshold model Derelanko, M.J. and Hollinger, M.A. (Eds). CRC Handbook of Toxicology
Virtually_safe_dose
Isotope of plutonium
two million people. However, this estimate is based on the dose-linear no-threshold model which has been criticised. Orally ingested plutonium is by far
Plutonium-239
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
in life. According to the controversial but commonly applied linear no-threshold model, any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to
Acute_radiation_syndrome
Persons exposed to nuclear test fallout
of radiation received and the duration of exposure, using the linear no-threshold model (LNT). Sex, age, race, culture, occupation, class, location, and
Downwinders
Sum of all radiation over a time period
avoided. All calculations that involve adding doses assume the Linear no-threshold model (LNT) for health effects. Particularly the collective dose will
Collective_dose
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
the generally accepted linear no-threshold model of radiation toxicity. Cohen estimated that one pound of plutonium could kill no more than 2 million people
Plutonium
American biologist (1890–1967)
argued that no threshold dose of radiation existed that did not produce mutagenesis, which led to the adoption of the linear no-threshold model of radiation
Hermann_Joseph_Muller
Chemical element with atomic number 86 (Rn)
PMC 2651614. PMID 19330110. Cohen B. L. (1995). "Test of the linear-no threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products"
Radon
2011 nuclear accident in Japan
body are not linear, and with obvious thresholds. The WHO reports that the radiation levels from the accident were below the thresholds for deterministic
Fukushima_nuclear_accident
theoretically NOAEL and LOAEL do not exist as there is no safe dose for the carcinogens. A linear no-threshold model is commonly used for illustrating the probability
Threshold_dose
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion through continuous nuclear explosions for thrust
the Earth's magnetosphere: calculations using the (disputed) linear no-threshold model of radiation damage showed that the fallout from each takeoff
Nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Amount of energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation
it a 5.5% chance of eventually developing cancer based on the linear no-threshold model. This calculation starts with the absorbed dose. To represent
Absorbed_dose
Measure of ionization of air by ionizing radiation
this threshold of 100 mSv will produce a direct increase in probability of incurring cancer. This dose-response model is known as 'linear-non-threshold' or
Radiation_exposure
Range of safety measures
dose. These ideas are combined to form the linear no-threshold model which says that there is not a threshold at which there is an increase in the rate
Radiation_protection
Type of machine learning model
The qualifier "large" in "large language model" is inherently vague, as there is no definitive threshold for the number of parameters required to qualify
Large_language_model
Nuclear and radiation accidents by casualties
deaths as a result of worldwide Chernobyl fallout by assuming a linear no-threshold model for very low doses. A Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200
List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll
Metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99
exposures. This level of radiation exposure is estimated by the linear no-threshold model to carry a 1 in 1000 lifetime risk of developing a solid cancer
Technetium-99m
not yet been observed and was estimated based on the contested linear no-threshold model. Nuclear fallout was detected as far away as Canada. The Chernobyl
List_of_industrial_disasters
Statistical classification in machine learning
In machine learning, a linear classifier makes a classification decision for each object based on a linear combination of its features. A simpler definition
Linear_classifier
Approximation method in statistics
Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters
Non-linear_least_squares
Physical or chemical agent that increases the rate of genetic mutation
Colossal Man. Carcinogenesis DNA damage (naturally occurring) Linear no-threshold model Papavramidou N, Papavramidis T, Demetriou T (March 2010). "Ancient
Mutagen
Geometric property of a pair of sets of points in Euclidean geometry
called linear threshold logic, or perceptrons. The classical theory is summarized in, as Knuth claims. The number of Boolean functions which are linearly separable
Linear_separability
American physicist (1907–1999)
generally "flawed" anti-nuclear stance, an exaggeration of the Linear no-threshold model. Anti-nuclear movement in the United States List of nuclear whistleblowers
Karl_Z._Morgan
The threshold model has a drift toward the "local minority", which is not present in the linear case. Most proofs of coexistence for threshold voter
Voter_model
Topics referred to by the same term
"Blaschko line") Linear no-threshold model, a dose-response model used in ionizing radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects Linear plasmid,
Linear_(disambiguation)
Regression analysis
modeling see least squares and non-linear least squares. The assumption underlying this procedure is that the model can be approximated by a linear function
Nonlinear_regression
increases linearly as the exposure increases. This was the basis for the model proposed by BEIR IV in the 1980s. The linear no-threshold model has since
Health_effects_of_radon
Type of mathematical function
changepoints, threshold values or knots. As in many applications, this function is also continuous. The graph of a continuous piecewise linear function on
Piecewise_linear_function
City in Mazandaran province, Iran
used models of radiation-induced cancer posits that the risk rises linearly with dose at a rate of 5% per Sv. If this linear no-threshold model is correct
Ramsar,_Iran
Type of activation function
rectified linear function could account for a broad range of emergent properties in the visual cortex. His work showed that a single unified model could drive
Rectified_linear_unit
Concept in statistical mathematics
Segmented linear regression is segmented regression whereby the relations in the intervals are obtained by linear regression. Segmented linear regression
Segmented_regression
Models include the independent cascade model, linear threshold model, energy model, HISBmodel, and Galam's Model. The Independent Cascade (IC) model is
Rumor spread in social network
Rumor_spread_in_social_network
Possible casualties and related deaths caused by the Fukushima nuclear disaster
calculated by largely applying the conservative Linear no-threshold model of radiation exposure, a model that assumes even the smallest amount of radiation
Fukushima nuclear accident casualties
Fukushima_nuclear_accident_casualties
Transistor current
gate-to-source voltages below the threshold voltage. The amount of subthreshold conduction in a transistor is set by its threshold voltage, which is the minimum
Subthreshold_conduction
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
perceptron is called a linearly separable Boolean function, or threshold Boolean function. The sequence of numbers of threshold Boolean functions on n
Perceptron
Controversy over the use of nuclear power
humans. Debate on the applicability of linear no-threshold model versus radiation hormesis and other competing models continues, however, the predicted low
Nuclear_power_debate
Effects of radiation released from the Fukushima nuclear accident
2013. A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated, using a linear no-threshold model, that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
Radiation effects from the Fukushima nuclear accident
Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Risk assessment ratio in toxicology
"Low-dose radiation risk extrapolation fallacy associated with the linear-no-threshold model". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 27 (2): 163–168. Bibcode:2008HETox
Margin_of_exposure
The Novak–Tyson Model is a non-linear dynamics framework developed in the context of cell-cycle control by Bela Novak and John J. Tyson. It is a prevalent
Novak–Tyson_model
Type of artificial neural network
language modelling by Yoshua Bengio with co-authors. If using a threshold, i.e. a linear activation function, the resulting linear threshold unit is called
Feedforward_neural_network
Toy model of excitable media
external stimulus I ext {\displaystyle I_{\text{ext}}} exceeds a certain threshold value, the system will exhibit a characteristic excursion in phase space
FitzHugh–Nagumo_model
American radiation biologist
1999. Final Report". Reexamining the Scientific Basis for the Linear No-threshold Model of Low-dose Radiation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy
Marvin_Goldman
Threshold of percolation theory models
simplified lattice models of random systems or networks (graphs), and the nature of the connectivity in them. The percolation threshold is the critical value
Percolation_threshold
Quantum error correction schemes can suppress the logical error rate arbitrarily low
analogue to von Neumann's threshold theorem for classical computation. This result was proven independently (for various error models) by the groups of Dorit
Threshold_theorem
Quality in crops
called threshold or tolerance. Up to the threshold the crop is not affected by soil salinity while beyond it the yield starts declining. The model is fitted
Crop_tolerance_to_seawater
Australian environmentalist
Karamoskos, say there is growing scientific confidence in the linear no-threshold model for ionising radiation. Green has been a regular media commentator
Jim_Green_(activist)
Inferential psychometric model
application of the generalized linear model (GLM) to psychophysical data. The probability of response is related to a linear combination of predictors by
Psychometric_function
Audio equipment manufacturing company
incorporated Threshold as co-founders in Sacramento, California on December 5, 1974. The first amplifier sold by Threshold was the model 800A, introduced
Threshold_Audio
Method used in statistics, pattern recognition, and other fields
in that they both look for linear combinations of variables which best explain the data. LDA explicitly attempts to model the difference between the classes
Linear_discriminant_analysis
Effect in MOSFETs
prematurely. The origin of the threshold decrease can be understood as a consequence of charge neutrality: the Yau charge-sharing model. The combined charge in
Drain-induced barrier lowering
Drain-induced_barrier_lowering
Topics referred to by the same term
amplitudes that linearization models them poorly Nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF), in plasma physics, magnetic flux density field with no Lorentz force
Nonlinearity_(disambiguation)
Statistical method
exclude the outliers and find a linear model that only uses the inliers in its calculation. This is done by fitting linear models to several random samplings
Random_sample_consensus
Statistical method
lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need
Lasso_(statistics)
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
performance of a binary classifier model (although it can be generalized to multiple classes) at varying threshold values. ROC analysis is commonly applied
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
athletic facilities. According to certain models, such as the National Academy of Sciences' "linear, no-threshold" model, small increases in radiation exposure
Concerns and controversies at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics
Feinendegen, Ludwig; Yang, Chichuan; Kaminski, Joseph (April 2009). "The Linear No-Threshold Relationship Is Inconsistent with Radiation Biologic and Experimental
Environmental impact of nuclear power
Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power
Polish physician
nuclear war as "old mythology". Jaworowski also rejected the linear no-threshold model (LNT) for what he considered its poor scientific basis and the
Zbigniew_Jaworowski
2007 book
certain threshold (following ICRP recommendations) is contrary to normal practice, even the ICRP's own practice, and contradicts the linear no-threshold model
Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment
Chernobyl:_Consequences_of_the_Catastrophe_for_People_and_the_Environment
Concept in machine learning
near the interpolation threshold, where the number of parameters is the same as the number of training data points (the model is just large enough to
Double_descent
Statistical model for time series data
Self-Exciting Threshold AutoRegressive (SETAR) models are typically applied to time series data as an extension of autoregressive models, in order to allow
SETAR_(model)
radiation. The World Health Organization projects using the "Linear No Threshold Model" that there may be a slight increase in cancer over the natural
Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea
Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea
Proposed Chinese electron–positron collider
Compact Linear Collider – another post-LHC linear particle accelerator planned at CERN International Linear Collider – another post-LHC linear particle
Circular Electron Positron Collider
Circular_Electron_Positron_Collider
models are a class of models in which the dependent variable is censored above or below a certain threshold. A commonly used likelihood-based model to
Censored_regression_model
Formation of cancer
[citation needed] Cancer cell Armitage–Doll multistage model of carcinogenesis Linear no-threshold model Oncogenic retroviridae protein Majérus, Marie-Ange
Carcinogenesis
Overview of and topical guide to nuclear power
development German nuclear energy project Inertial fusion power plant Linear no-threshold model Polywell World energy resources and consumption World Nuclear
Outline_of_nuclear_power
Subset of artificial intelligence
were mostly perceptrons and other models that were later found to be reinventions of the generalised linear models of statistics. Probabilistic reasoning
Machine_learning
Theory in continuum mechanics
complex model that is based on ideas from dislocation dynamics is the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model. This model has been used to model the plastic
Viscoplasticity
Notion in supervised machine learning
polynomial has a high capacity. A much simpler alternative is to threshold a linear function. This function may not fit the training set well, because
Vapnik–Chervonenkis_dimension
Algorithms for mesh generation
convert the polygonal model into triangles suitable for the finite element method. Chew's second algorithm takes a piecewise linear system (PLS) and returns
Delaunay_refinement
Model of magnetic hysteresis
circuit analysis codes. The vector Preisach model is constructed as the linear superposition of scalar models. For considering the uniaxial anisotropy of
Preisach_model_of_hysteresis
American scientist
of heart disease. Gofman advocated for the adoption of the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model as a means of estimating actual cancer risks from low-level
John_Gofman
Quantum field of electrons
collectively carries an electric current in a jerky fashion above the threshold field. Linear chain compounds exhibiting CDW transport have CDW wavelengths λcdw
Charge_density_wave
String metric for measuring edit distance
Daniel S. Hirschberg, “A linear space algorithm for computing maximal common subsequences”, Communications of the ACM, vol. 18, no. 6, 1975, pp. 341–343
Levenshtein_distance
Sub-class of survival models
First-hitting-time models can be applied to expected lifetimes, of patients or mechanical devices. When the process reaches an adverse threshold state for the
First-hitting-time_model
Dependence of the state of a system on its history
piecewise-linear hysteresis loops frequently used in discrete automatics to be built in the model. There are implementations of the hysteresis loop model in
Hysteresis
Projection of data onto lower-dimensional manifolds
solvers have a high computational cost. Like Locally Linear Embedding, it has no internal model. An autoencoder is a feed-forward neural network which
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Nonlinear_dimensionality_reduction
Paradigm in the science of memory
The high-threshold model of recognition memory predicts that a plot of the hit rate versus the false alarm rate (i.e., the ROC) will be linear it also
Remember versus know judgements
Remember_versus_know_judgements
Naturally occurring variation in transistor attributes
paper on threshold-voltage sensitivity. This research looked into the effect that the oxide thickness and implantation energy had on the threshold voltage
Process variation (semiconductor)
Process_variation_(semiconductor)
Biological neuron model
spike response model (SRM) is a spiking neuron model in which spikes are generated by either a deterministic or a stochastic threshold process. In the
Spike_response_model
Type of feedforward neural network
organized in layers, notable for being able to distinguish data that is not linearly separable. Modern neural networks are trained using backpropagation and
Multilayer_perceptron
Low-space search for a majority element
is an algorithm for finding the majority of a sequence of elements using linear time and a constant number of words of memory. It is named after Robert
Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm
Boyer–Moore_majority_vote_algorithm
Non-parametric regression technique
regression technique and can be seen as an extension of linear models that automatically models nonlinearities and interactions between variables. The
Multivariate adaptive regression spline
Multivariate_adaptive_regression_spline
Type of large language model
suggests that these capabilities do not scale linearly, but instead appear once models exceed certain thresholds in size and training scale. This phenomenon
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Delays experienced through a linear time-invariant system
phase and no beginning and no end. Linear time-invariant systems process each sinusoidal component independently; the property of linearity means they
Group_delay_and_phase_delay
The linear-nonlinear-Poisson (LNP) cascade model is a simplified functional model of neural spike responses. It has been successfully used to describe
Linear-nonlinear-Poisson cascade model
Linear-nonlinear-Poisson_cascade_model
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