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Main model used in radioprotection to minimize radiation exposures
The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a dose-response model used in radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects such as radiation-induced
Linear_no-threshold_model
Type of mathematical model
In mathematical or statistical modeling a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges
Threshold_model
Unproven hypothesis regarding low doses of ionizing radiation on health
the more generally accepted linear no-threshold model (LNT), which states that the radiation dose-risk relationship is linear across all doses, so that
Radiation_hormesis
globe. Such numbers are based on the heavily contested linear no-threshold model. This no-threshold epidemiology problem is not unique to Chernobyl, and
Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster
Deaths_due_to_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Characteristic of biological processes
the commonly accepted model of dose response in radiobiology is the linear no-threshold model (LNT), which assumes a strictly linear dependence between the
Hormesis
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
probability of eventually developing fatal cancer based on the disputed linear no-threshold model of ionizing radiation exposure. To calculate the value of stochastic
Sievert
staunch opponent of the so-called Linear no-threshold model (LNT) which postulates there exists no safe threshold for radiation exposure. His view which
Bernard_Cohen_(physicist)
Assessment of Chernobyl's impact on Earth since 1986
doubt on the use of the linear no threshold model to predict cancer rates from Chernobyl. The article claimed that the threshold for radiation damage was
Effects of the Chernobyl disaster
Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
worldwide, excluding thyroid cancer. These figures are based on a linear no-threshold model, which the International Commission on Radiological Protection
Chernobyl_disaster
Mathematical descriptions of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system
integrate-and-fire models such as the Adaptive Exponential Integrate-and-Fire model, the spike response model, or the (linear) adaptive integrate-and-fire model can
Biological_neuron_model
Cancer caused by ionizing radiation exposure
around the globe. Such numbers are based on the heavily contested linear no-threshold model. Of the 100 million curies (4 exabecquerels) of radioactive material
Radiation-induced_cancer
Measure of organism response to stimulus
States) has published a documentary series on the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model though the society has not adopted a policy on LNT." Due to
Dose–response_relationship
Persons exposed to nuclear test fallout
of radiation received and the duration of exposure, using the linear no-threshold model (LNT). Sex, age, race, culture, occupation, class, location, and
Downwinders
Mathematical function conceived as a crude model
to the threshold, and no inhibitory inputs are firing; y ( t + 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle y(t+1)=0} otherwise. It can be used to represent linearly separable
Artificial_neuron
Harmful high-frequency radiation
quantitative models predicting the level of risk remain controversial.[citation needed] The most widely accepted model, the linear no-threshold model (LNT),
Ionizing_radiation
Isotope of plutonium
two million people. However, this estimate is based on the dose-linear no-threshold model which has been criticised. Orally ingested plutonium is by far
Plutonium-239
Topics referred to by the same term
may refer to: Alliant Energy (stock symbol LNT) Leave No Trace camping Linear no-threshold model for ionizing radiation Latvijas Neatkarīgā Televīzija
LNT
American biologist (1890–1967)
argued that no threshold dose of radiation existed that did not produce mutagenesis, which led to the adoption of the linear no-threshold model of radiation
Hermann_Joseph_Muller
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
in life. According to the controversial but commonly applied linear no-threshold model, any exposure to ionizing radiation, even at doses too low to
Acute_radiation_syndrome
Radioactive isotope of cobalt
did not suffer a higher incidence of cancer mortality, as the linear no-threshold model would predict, but suffered a lower cancer mortality than the
Cobalt-60
2011 nuclear accident in Japan
body are not linear, and with obvious thresholds. The WHO reports that the radiation levels from the accident were below the thresholds for deterministic
Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Nuclear and radiation accidents by casualties
deaths as a result of worldwide Chernobyl fallout by assuming a linear no-threshold model for very low doses. A Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200
List of nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
List_of_nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll
Chemical element with atomic number 86 (Rn)
PMC 2651614. PMID 19330110. Cohen B. L. (1995). "Test of the linear-no threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products"
Radon
Hypothetical spacecraft propulsion through continuous nuclear explosions for thrust
the Earth's magnetosphere: calculations using the (disputed) linear no-threshold model of radiation damage showed that the fallout from each takeoff
Nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Amount of energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation
it a 5.5% chance of eventually developing cancer based on the linear no-threshold model. This calculation starts with the absorbed dose. To represent
Absorbed_dose
Physical or chemical agent that increases the rate of genetic mutation
Colossal Man. Carcinogenesis DNA damage (naturally occurring) Linear no-threshold model Papavramidou N, Papavramidis T, Demetriou T (March 2010). "Ancient
Mutagen
Range of safety measures
dose. These ideas are combined to form the linear no-threshold model which says that there is not a threshold at which there is an increase in the rate
Radiation_protection
not yet been observed and was estimated based on the contested linear no-threshold model. Nuclear fallout was detected as far away as Canada. The Chernobyl
List_of_industrial_disasters
Measure of ionization of air by ionizing radiation
this threshold of 100 mSv will produce a direct increase in probability of incurring cancer. This dose-response model is known as 'linear-non-threshold' or
Radiation_exposure
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
the generally accepted linear no-threshold model of radiation toxicity. Cohen estimated that one pound of plutonium could kill no more than 2 million people
Plutonium
Approximation method in statistics
Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters
Non-linear_least_squares
Effects of radiation released from the Fukushima nuclear accident
2013. A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated, using a linear no-threshold model, that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
Radiation effects from the Fukushima nuclear accident
Radiation_effects_from_the_Fukushima_nuclear_accident
Metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99
exposures. This level of radiation exposure is estimated by the linear no-threshold model to carry a 1 in 1000 lifetime risk of developing a solid cancer
Technetium-99m
accepted by society is not expected. Dose-response relationship Linear no-threshold model Derelanko, M.J. and Hollinger, M.A. (Eds). CRC Handbook of Toxicology
Virtually_safe_dose
increases linearly as the exposure increases. This was the basis for the model proposed by BEIR IV in the 1980s. The linear no-threshold model has since
Health_effects_of_radon
The threshold model has a drift toward the "local minority", which is not present in the linear case. Most proofs of coexistence for threshold voter
Voter_model
Topics referred to by the same term
"Blaschko line") Linear no-threshold model, a dose-response model used in ionizing radiation protection to estimate stochastic health effects Linear plasmid,
Linear_(disambiguation)
Possible casualties and related deaths caused by the Fukushima nuclear disaster
calculated by largely applying the conservative Linear no-threshold model of radiation exposure, a model that assumes even the smallest amount of radiation
Fukushima nuclear accident casualties
Fukushima_nuclear_accident_casualties
Geometric property of a pair of sets of points in Euclidean geometry
called linear threshold logic, or perceptrons. The classical theory is summarized in, as Knuth claims. The number of Boolean functions which are linearly separable
Linear_separability
Australian environmentalist
Karamoskos, say there is growing scientific confidence in the linear no-threshold model for ionising radiation. Green has been a regular media commentator
Jim_Green_(activist)
Controversy over the use of nuclear power
humans. Debate on the applicability of linear no-threshold model versus radiation hormesis and other competing models continues, however, the predicted low
Nuclear_power_debate
Polish physician
nuclear war as "old mythology". Jaworowski also rejected the linear no-threshold model (LNT) for what he considered its poor scientific basis and the
Zbigniew_Jaworowski
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
perceptron is called a linearly separable Boolean function, or threshold Boolean function. The sequence of numbers of threshold Boolean functions on n
Perceptron
Statistical classification in machine learning
In machine learning, a linear classifier makes a classification decision for each object based on a linear combination of its features. A simpler definition
Linear_classifier
Sum of all radiation over a time period
avoided. All calculations that involve adding doses assume the Linear no-threshold model (LNT) for health effects. Particularly the collective dose will
Collective_dose
Concept in statistical mathematics
Segmented linear regression is segmented regression whereby the relations in the intervals are obtained by linear regression. Segmented linear regression
Segmented_regression
City in Mazandaran province, Iran
used models of radiation-induced cancer posits that the risk rises linearly with dose at a rate of 5% per Sv. If this linear no-threshold model is correct
Ramsar,_Iran
Risk assessment ratio in toxicology
"Low-dose radiation risk extrapolation fallacy associated with the linear-no-threshold model". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 27 (2): 163–168. Bibcode:2008HETox
Margin_of_exposure
2007 book
certain threshold (following ICRP recommendations) is contrary to normal practice, even the ICRP's own practice, and contradicts the linear no-threshold model
Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment
Chernobyl:_Consequences_of_the_Catastrophe_for_People_and_the_Environment
Type of activation function
rectified linear function could account for a broad range of emergent properties in the visual cortex. His work showed that a single unified model could drive
Rectified_linear_unit
Toy model of excitable media
external stimulus I ext {\displaystyle I_{\text{ext}}} exceeds a certain threshold value, the system will exhibit a characteristic excursion in phase space
FitzHugh–Nagumo_model
Type of mathematical function
changepoints, threshold values or knots. As in many applications, this function is also continuous. The graph of a continuous piecewise linear function on
Piecewise_linear_function
Quantum error correction schemes can suppress the logical error rate arbitrarily low
analogue to von Neumann's threshold theorem for classical computation. This result was proven independently (for various error models) by the groups of Dorit
Threshold_theorem
American physicist (1907–1999)
generally "flawed" anti-nuclear stance, an exaggeration of the Linear no-threshold model. Anti-nuclear movement in the United States List of nuclear whistleblowers
Karl_Z._Morgan
theoretically NOAEL and LOAEL do not exist as there is no safe dose for the carcinogens. A linear no-threshold model is commonly used for illustrating the probability
Threshold_dose
Models include the independent cascade model, linear threshold model, energy model, HISBmodel, and Galam's Model. The Independent Cascade (IC) model is
Rumor spread in social network
Rumor_spread_in_social_network
Statistical method
lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need
Lasso_(statistics)
Feinendegen, Ludwig; Yang, Chichuan; Kaminski, Joseph (April 2009). "The Linear No-Threshold Relationship Is Inconsistent with Radiation Biologic and Experimental
Environmental impact of nuclear power
Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power
Threshold of percolation theory models
simplified lattice models of random systems or networks (graphs), and the nature of the connectivity in them. The percolation threshold is the critical value
Percolation_threshold
Type of artificial neural network
language modelling by Yoshua Bengio with co-authors. If using a threshold, i.e. a linear activation function, the resulting linear threshold unit is called
Feedforward_neural_network
Method used in statistics, pattern recognition, and other fields
Fisher's linear discriminant, and was created to binarize the histogram of pixels in a grayscale image by optimally picking the black/white threshold that
Linear_discriminant_analysis
Audio equipment manufacturing company
incorporated Threshold as co-founders in Sacramento, California on December 5, 1974. The first amplifier sold by Threshold was the model 800A, introduced
Threshold_Audio
Formation of cancer
[citation needed] Cancer cell Armitage–Doll multistage model of carcinogenesis Linear no-threshold model Oncogenic retroviridae protein Majérus, Marie-Ange
Carcinogenesis
of Atomic Radiation adopted the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model - a linear dose-effect relationship without a threshold - largely at the instigation of
History of radiation protection
History_of_radiation_protection
Type of machine learning model
The qualifier "large" in "large language model" is inherently vague, as there is no definitive threshold for the number of parameters required to qualify
Large_language_model
Concept in machine learning
near the interpolation threshold, where the number of parameters is the same as the number of training data points (the model is just large enough to
Double_descent
Transistor current
gate-to-source voltages below the threshold voltage. The amount of subthreshold conduction in a transistor is set by its threshold voltage, which is the minimum
Subthreshold_conduction
athletic facilities. According to certain models, such as the National Academy of Sciences' "linear, no-threshold" model, small increases in radiation exposure
Concerns and controversies at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics
Overview of and topical guide to nuclear power
development German nuclear energy project Inertial fusion power plant Linear no-threshold model Polywell World energy resources and consumption World Nuclear
Outline_of_nuclear_power
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
performance of a binary classifier model (although it can be generalized to multiple classes) at varying threshold values. ROC analysis is commonly applied
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Model of magnetic hysteresis
circuit analysis codes. The vector Preisach model is constructed as the linear superposition of scalar models. For considering the uniaxial anisotropy of
Preisach_model_of_hysteresis
American scientist
of heart disease. Gofman advocated for the adoption of the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model as a means of estimating actual cancer risks from low-level
John_Gofman
Quality in crops
called threshold or tolerance. Up to the threshold the crop is not affected by soil salinity while beyond it the yield starts declining. The model is fitted
Crop_tolerance_to_seawater
The Novak–Tyson Model is a non-linear dynamics framework developed in the context of cell-cycle control by Bela Novak and John J. Tyson. It is a prevalent
Novak–Tyson_model
Statistical method
exclude the outliers and find a linear model that only uses the inliers in its calculation. This is done by fitting linear models to several random samplings
Random_sample_consensus
Regression analysis for modeling ordinal data
can be performed using a generalized linear model (GLM) that fits both a coefficient vector and a set of thresholds to a dataset. Suppose one has a set
Ordinal_regression
Dark matter halo formation model
69 at collapse, the above collapse threshold is nevertheless useful. It tells us that if we model the initial (linear) density field and extrapolate into
Spherical_collapse_model
Regression analysis
modeling see least squares and non-linear least squares. The assumption underlying this procedure is that the model can be approximated by a linear function
Nonlinear_regression
Biological neuron model
spike response model (SRM) is a spiking neuron model in which spikes are generated by either a deterministic or a stochastic threshold process. In the
Spike_response_model
radiation. The World Health Organization projects using the "Linear No Threshold Model" that there may be a slight increase in cancer over the natural
Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea
Anti-nuclear_movement_in_South_Korea
Effect in MOSFETs
prematurely. The origin of the threshold decrease can be understood as a consequence of charge neutrality: the Yau charge-sharing model. The combined charge in
Drain-induced barrier lowering
Drain-induced_barrier_lowering
Topics referred to by the same term
amplitudes that linearization models them poorly Nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF), in plasma physics, magnetic flux density field with no Lorentz force
Nonlinearity_(disambiguation)
Technique for designing controllers
control (or ADRC, also known as automatic disturbance rejection control) is a model-free control technique used for designing controllers for systems with unknown
Active disturbance rejection control
Active_disturbance_rejection_control
American radiation biologist
1999. Final Report". Reexamining the Scientific Basis for the Linear No-threshold Model of Low-dose Radiation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy
Marvin_Goldman
Projection of data onto lower-dimensional manifolds
solvers have a high computational cost. Like Locally Linear Embedding, it has no internal model. An autoencoder is a feed-forward neural network which
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Nonlinear_dimensionality_reduction
Inferential psychometric model
application of the generalized linear model (GLM) to psychophysical data. The probability of response is related to a linear combination of predictors by
Psychometric_function
models are a class of models in which the dependent variable is censored above or below a certain threshold. A commonly used likelihood-based model to
Censored_regression_model
Proposed Chinese electron–positron collider
Compact Linear Collider – another post-LHC linear particle accelerator planned at CERN International Linear Collider – another post-LHC linear particle
Circular Electron Positron Collider
Circular_Electron_Positron_Collider
Concept in financial risk modeling
defined as the probability weighted ratio of gains versus losses for some threshold return target. The ratio is an alternative for the widely used Sharpe
Omega_ratio
Delays experienced through a linear time-invariant system
phase and no beginning and no end. Linear time-invariant systems process each sinusoidal component independently; the property of linearity means they
Group_delay_and_phase_delay
Sending data between network nodes when an event of interest is triggered at a sensor
relaxed and usually modeled as a set of thresholds or probabilities. Event detection falls under three main categories: threshold based, supervised and
Event_detection_for_WSN
Quantum field of electrons
collectively carries an electric current in a jerky fashion above the threshold field. Linear chain compounds exhibiting CDW transport have CDW wavelengths λcdw
Charge_density_wave
Spiking neuron model
action potentials. In the EIF, the threshold for spike initiation is replaced by a depolarizing non-linearity. The model was first introduced by Nicolas
Exponential integrate-and-fire
Exponential_integrate-and-fire
Theory in continuum mechanics
complex model that is based on ideas from dislocation dynamics is the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model. This model has been used to model the plastic
Viscoplasticity
Dependence of the state of a system on its history
piecewise-linear hysteresis loops frequently used in discrete automatics to be built in the model. There are implementations of the hysteresis loop model in
Hysteresis
Algorithms for mesh generation
convert the polygonal model into triangles suitable for the finite element method. Chew's second algorithm takes a piecewise linear system (PLS) and returns
Delaunay_refinement
Type of large language model
suggests that these capabilities do not scale linearly, but instead appear once models exceed certain thresholds in size and training scale. This phenomenon
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Statistical model for time series data
Self-Exciting Threshold AutoRegressive (SETAR) models are typically applied to time series data as an extension of autoregressive models, in order to allow
SETAR_(model)
Naturally occurring variation in transistor attributes
paper on threshold-voltage sensitivity. This research looked into the effect that the oxide thickness and implantation energy had on the threshold voltage
Process variation (semiconductor)
Process_variation_(semiconductor)
Restricted model of non-universal quantum computation
permanents of matrices. The model consists of sampling from the probability distribution of identical bosons scattered by a linear interferometer. Although
Boson_sampling
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lingard.French : occupational name for a maker of or dealer in linen goods, from Old French linge ‘linen (goods)’ (see Linge 1).
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Old Arabic Name; Threshold
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Threshold
Girl/Female
Biblical
Stirring up, forbidding.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metronymic from Line.
Boy/Male
Indian
Threshold
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lingam
Biblical
threshold; silver cup
Girl/Female
Latin
Goddess of the threshold.
Male
Greek
(ΑἰνÎας) Variant spelling of Greek AineÃas, AINEAS means "praiseworthy."
Boy/Male
Biblical
Threshold, silver cup.
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Old High German Baldawin, BALDUÃNO means "brave friend."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Gateway; Threshold
Male
English
Irish Anglicized form of Gaelic Fionnbarr, FINBAR means "fair-headed."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Threshold; Gateway
Male
Yiddish
 Variant spelling of Yiddish Lieber, LIBER means "beloved." Compare with another form of Liber.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Threshold
Girl/Female
Latin
Goddess of the threshold.
Female
Scottish
Variant spelling of Scottish Lilias, LILEAS means "lily."
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Linsey, LINSAY means "Lincoln's wetlands."
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Flower
Male
Native American
Native American Hopi name CHUA means "snake."
Boy/Male
Japanese
Complacent; satisfied.
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Irish
Like a Lion; Faithful; Loyal
Male
Italian
Italian and Spanish form of Latin Nazarius, NAZARIO means "of Nazareth."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Celtic, Chinese, Christian, English, German, Greek, Irish
Rock; Bear; Adherent of the Goddess Artemis; Bear Man; Eagle of Thor
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Ox Enclosure
Male
Japanese
(貞雄) Japanese name SADAO means "decisive man."
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Blamed; Goddess Sita
Female
English
Pet form of English Cass, CASSIE means "she who entangles men."
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD-MODEL
a.
Of a linear shape.
a.
Of or pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a straight direction; lineal.
n.
Threshold.
a.
Descending in a direct line from an ancestor; hereditary; derived from ancestors; -- opposed to collateral; as, a lineal descent or a lineal descendant.
n.
Threshold.
a.
Composed of lines; delineated; as, lineal designs.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as, bilinear coordinates.
a.
Linear.
n.
One who lines, as, a liner of shoes.
n.
Fig.: The place or point of entering or beginning, entrance; outset; as, the threshold of life.
adv.
Nay; not; not at all; not in any respect or degree; -- a word expressing negation, denial, or refusal. Before or after another negative, no is emphatic.
n.
The plank, stone, or piece of timber, which lies under a door, especially of a dwelling house, church, temple, or the like; the doorsill; hence, entrance; gate; door.
a.
In the direction of a line; of or pertaining to a line; measured on, or ascertained by, a line; linear; as, lineal magnitude.
a.
Threefold.
adv.
In a linear manner; with lines.
a.
Consisting of three, or thrice repeated; triple; as, threefold justice.
n.
A refusal by use of the wordd no; a denial.
n.
The stone forming a threshold.
n.
One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line.
a.
Like a line; narrow; of the same breadth throughout, except at the extremities; as, a linear leaf.