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covers the evolution of time-sharing systems, providing links to major early time-sharing operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution. The meaning
Time-sharing_system_evolution
Computing resource shared by concurrent users
time-sharing is the concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each task or user a small slice of processing time
Time-sharing
Computer operating system
Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) was the first general purpose time-sharing operating system. Compatible Time Sharing is time sharing which is compatible
Compatible Time-Sharing System
Compatible_Time-Sharing_System
Computer operating system
The BBN Time-Sharing System was an early time-sharing system created at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) for the PDP-1 computer. It began operation in September
BBN_Time-Sharing_System
Discontinued operating system
The Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (DTSS) is a discontinued operating system first developed at Dartmouth College between 1963 and 1964. It was the first
Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System
Operating system
Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) is a time-sharing operating system developed principally by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, with help
Incompatible Timesharing System
Incompatible_Timesharing_System
1960s timesharing system for IBM mainframes
The IBM Time Sharing System TSS/360 is a discontinued early time-sharing operating system designed exclusively for a special model of the System/360 line
TSS_(operating_system)
Time-sharing computer operating system
The Berkeley Timesharing System was a pioneering time-sharing operating system implemented between 1964 and 1967 at the University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley_Timesharing_System
1969 operating system by BBN
TOPS-20, notably Mark Crispin and the Panda TOPS-20 distribution. Time-sharing system evolution Some text in this article was taken from The Jargon File entry
TENEX_(operating_system)
Computer operating system
RSTS (/ˈrɪstɪs/) is a multi-user time-sharing operating system developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC, now part of Hewlett-Packard) for the PDP-11
RSTS/E
Family of IBM operating systems
Release 2. CMS can use DIAG for I/O on CMS file systems. History of CP/CMS Time-sharing system evolution "Introducing IBM z/VM 7.4". August 6, 2024. Varian
VM_(operating_system)
Operating system by Digital Equipment Corporation
TOPS-20 Panda Distribution. See also SDF Public Access Unix System. Time-sharing system evolution Richard Stallman (30 October 1986). "RMS lecture at KTH
TOPS-20
Mainframe operating system
The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems. Created in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on
Michigan_Terminal_System
Time-sharing operating system
Information and Computing Service") is an influential early time-sharing operating system based on the concept of a single-level memory. It has been written
Multics
Operating system
companies that needed IBM370 assembler programmers in the 1980s. Time-sharing system evolution Email From Craig Estey to Paul Cheffers 28 Dec 2011 "The Hacker
VPS/VM
Computer operating system
since IBM's EC12, BC12 and later models. OpenSolaris for System z PR/SM Time-sharing system evolution z/OS z/TPF z/VSE "Introducing IBM z/VM 7.5". 18 September
Z/VM
IBM operating system specializing in virtualization
CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) is a discontinued time-sharing operating system of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is known for its
CP/CMS
Type of decentralized filesystem
sharing Disk sharing Distributed data store Distributed file system for cloud Global file system Gopher (protocol) List of distributed file systems CacheFS
Clustered_file_system
Family of computer operating systems
Wikibooks Data from Wikidata The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System The Creation of the UNIX Operating System The Unix Tree: source code and manuals
Unix
Time-sharing monitor for IBM computers
time-sharing monitor developed by Stanford University for IBM System/360 and System/370 computers in 1967–68. ORVYL was one of the first time-sharing
ORVYL_and_WYLBUR
Defunct time-sharing system software
University in the 1970s from an early IBM time-sharing system called RAX (Remote Access Computing System). The system ran on IBM S/360, S/370, and 4300-series
MUSIC/SP
Software organization of the Michigan Terminal System
MTS System Architecture describes the software organization of the Michigan Terminal System, a time-sharing computer operating system in use from 1967
MTS_system_architecture
of CP/CMS — the historical context in which the IBM time-sharing virtual machine operating system was built. CP/CMS development occurred in a complex
History_of_CP/CMS
The evolution of cetaceans is thought to have proceeded in modern day Pakistan during the Eocene epoch (56–34 mya), the second epoch of the Paleogene
Evolution_of_cetaceans
Series of third-generation computers
combined system was usually referred to as BPM/BTM. The Universal Time-Sharing System (UTS) became available in 1971, supporting much enhanced time-sharing facilities
SDS_Sigma_series
IBM experimental operating system
then-revolutionary CP[-67]/CMS – a virtual machine/virtual memory time-sharing operating system for the IBM System/360 Model 67, and the parent of IBM's VM family. CP-40
IBM_CP-40
and General Electric were jointly developing an experimental time-sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-645 mainframe. Multics introduced
History_of_Unix
Change in the heritable traits of populations
result in some genetic variants becoming more or less common over time. Evolution is often defined as a change in the frequency of alleles (the variants
Evolution
Software that manages computer hardware resources
common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software
Operating_system
Text typesetting markup software
ISBN 978-1-59327-953-0. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1984). "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System". AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (6 Part
Roff_(software)
Economic and social systems that enable shared access to assets
The sharing economy is a socio-economic system whereby consumers share in the creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods, and services
Sharing_economy
Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs
The evolution of nervous systems dates back to the first development of nervous systems in animals (or metazoans). Neurons developed as specialized electrical
Evolution_of_nervous_systems
Mobile broadband communication standard
In telecommunications, Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for cellular mobile devices and data terminals. It
LTE_(telecommunication)
The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the
Evolution_of_mammals
Overview of and topical guide to change in the heritable characteristics of organisms
geologic time Evolution of color vision in primates – Loss and regain of color vision during the evolution of primates Immune system – Biological system protecting
Outline_of_evolution
Scientific view of guided evolution by God
theistic evolution accepts the general scientific consensus on the age of the Earth, the age of the universe, the Big Bang, the origin of the Solar System, the
Theistic_evolution
Aspect of computing history
PLATO system, which used plasma panel displays and long-distance time sharing networks. PLATO was remarkably innovative for its time; the shared memory
History_of_operating_systems
Independent evolution of similar features
homologous, sharing an ancestral state despite serving different functions. The opposite of convergent evolution is divergent evolution, where related
Convergent_evolution
System that relates geologic strata to time
Geology portal Cosmic calendar Deep time Evolutionary history of life Formation and evolution of the Solar System Geology of Mars Geon (geology) History
Geologic_time_scale
Original Unix operating system from Bell Labs
well. Prior to V8, the operating system was most commonly called simply UNIX (in caps) or the UNIX Time-Sharing System. Ancient UNIX is any early release
Research_Unix
Sports sedan and rally car
drive systems. The Lancer Evolution was originally intended only for Japanese markets, but demand on the "grey import" market led the Evolution series
Mitsubishi_Lancer_Evolution
Middle ear bones evolved from jaw bones
The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the mammalian middle ear, where the three middle
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles
IBM computer model from 1960s
one processor." Time-sharing can be provided on a Model 65 using IBM's Time Sharing Option (TSO). Smithsonian Institution – has a System/360 Model 65, though
IBM_System/360_Model_65
Defunct time-sharing operating system for IBM mainframes
VP/CSS was a time-sharing operating system developed by National CSS. It began life in 1968 as a copy of IBM's CP/CMS, which at the time was distributed
VP/CSS
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
PMID 15917802. Crida, A. (2009). "Solar System Formation". Reviews in Modern Astronomy: Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Structures. Vol. 21. pp. 215–227
Solar_System
contains a list and comparison of file sharing applications; most of them make use of peer-to-peer file sharing technologies. This comparison also contains
Comparison of file-sharing applications
Comparison_of_file-sharing_applications
Online gambling software company
Evolution AB is a Swedish gaming technology company headquartered in Stockholm. It develops and licenses B2B live casino software for online casino operators
Evolution_AB
A wiki site for protocol sharing run from MIT. Biology and Bioethics. Biology online wiki dictionary. Biology Video Sharing Community. What is Biotechnology
Outline_of_biology
2007 American film
Wings of Evolution is a 2007 documentary film about the revolutionary educational system of the Siragu Montessori School, a school for homeless and underprivileged
Wings_of_Evolution
General Electric mainframe computers
1080/00076791.2016.1205033. Ritchie, Dennis (October 1984). "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System" (PDF). AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (6
GE-600_series
Brief car rental method
vehicles with a separate car sharing facilitator (peer-to-peer). Car sharing is part of a larger trend of shared mobility. Car sharing began in Europe in the
Carsharing
Collaboration software
ShareFile is a content collaboration, file sharing and sync software that supports all the document-centric tasks and workflow needs of small and large
ShareFile
Environmental governance and wildlife crime information-sharing system
The Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System (WEMS) is an environmental governance and information-sharing system designed to support the monitoring of
Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
Wildlife_Enforcement_Monitoring_System
Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book
Objections_to_evolution
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
to evolutions in their architecture. For example, memory-mapped I/O lets input and output devices be treated the same as memory. A single system bus
Von_Neumann_architecture
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
J.; Edgecombe, Greg (2011). "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 4 (3): 489–501. doi:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y
Arthropod
Evolutionary process
language. Modern humans interbred with archaic humans, indicating that their evolution was not linear but weblike. The study of the origins of humans involves
Human_evolution
Evolution of societies
evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or social evolution are theories of cultural evolution that describe how societies and culture change over time
Sociocultural_evolution
paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system is the reconstructed geological and geomorphological evolution within the collision zone of the Himalayan
Paleogeography of the India–Asia collision system
Paleogeography_of_the_India–Asia_collision_system
Origin of smell
accessory system (vomeronasal) solely arose in tetrapods. Mutations affecting OR genes on the chromosome are primarily responsible for the evolution of smell
Evolution_of_olfaction
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot
Time_crystal
1976 book by Richard Dawkins
two individuals share, the more sense it makes for them to co-operate. The book introduced the term meme for a unit of cultural evolution analogous to the
The_Selfish_Gene
Systems describing the emergence of resource sharing in nature
biologists have developed various theoretical models to explain the evolution of food-sharing behavior—"[d]efined as the unresisted transfer of food" from one
Evolutionary models of food sharing
Evolutionary_models_of_food_sharing
22 hardware running Rave Racer System 22 hardware running Time Crisis System 22 hardware running Aqua Jet "Namco System 21 (Concept)". "Commodore User
List of Namco arcade system boards
List_of_Namco_arcade_system_boards
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
earliest time-sharing systems (the Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, the BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System in 1963)
Computer_network
List of alternatives to Darwinian natural selection
at a time, one change to follow another. In Cuvier's view, evolution was impossible, as any one change would unbalance the whole delicate system. Louis
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution
Computer networking concept
departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking." Licklider first learned about time-sharing from Christopher Strachey at the inaugural
Intergalactic Computer Network
Intergalactic_Computer_Network
Directory structure used by a Unix-like operating system
parameter |citeseerx= (help) Ritchie, Dennis M. (1979). The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System. Language Design and Programming Methodology Conf. Archived
Unix_filesystem
Computer operating system
desktop operating system in the world, with a 76% market share as of September 2026[update], and the second-most popular operating system overall, behind
Microsoft_Windows
Religious rejection of evolution
Recurring cultural, political, and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and
Rejection of evolution by religious groups
Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups
2000 US copyright infringement case
Napster was a pioneering peer-to-peer file sharing Internet service, founded by Shawn Fanning, that emphasized sharing digitally encoded music as MP3 audio
Metallica_v._Napster,_Inc.
Biological system that determines the development of an organism's sex
and ZW sex chromosome evolution in amniotes is that they evolved at the same time, in two different branches. No genes are shared between the avian ZW
Sex-determination_system
Similar evolution in distinct species
Parallel evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response
Parallel_evolution
Instructions a computer can execute
architecture's hardware. Over time, software has become complex, owing to developments in networking, operating systems, and databases. Software can generally
Software
Chromosomal system
and has more genes, similarly to the X chromosome in the XY system. No genes are shared between the avian ZW and mammalian XY chromosomes, and, from
ZW_sex-determination_system
Management system developed by Toyota
Japanese industrial engineers, developed the system between 1948 and 1975. Originally called "Just-in-time production", it builds on the approach created
Toyota_Production_System
Branch of mathematics that studies dynamical systems
the behavior of time averages of various functions along trajectories of dynamical systems. The notion of deterministic dynamical systems assumes that the
Ergodic_theory
The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the evolutionary lineage of the modern human species, Homo sapiens, throughout the history
Timeline_of_human_evolution
Evolution of fish
The evolution of fishes took place over a timeline which spans the Cambrian to the Cenozoic, including during that time in particular the Devonian, which
Timeline_of_fish_evolution
Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
The evolution of the eye is the origin and development with diversification by natural selection over geological time of organs of photosensitivity and
Evolution_of_the_eye
Hypothesis on normative mate selection
species, which then often co-exist for long periods of time. Thus the fossil record suggests that evolution occurs in bursts, interspersed by long periods of
Koinophilia
American computer scientist known for Unix (1941–2011)
March 15, 2023. Ritchie, Dennis M. (October 1984). The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System. Bell Laboratories (Report). Retrieved October 31, 2016
Dennis_Ritchie
Uses in embedded systems
devices. Alongside the evolution of the Linux kernel, build systems evolved to support the building of an optimized operating system for an embedded device
Linux_on_embedded_systems
System composed of many interacting components
Schuster. Ho, Y. J.; Ruiz Estrada, M. A; Yap, S. F. (2016). "The evolution of complex systems theory and the advancement of econophysics methods in the study
Complex_system
Single instance of a software that serves multiple tenants
companies rented space and processing power on mainframe computers (time-sharing) to reduce computing expenses. Often they also reused existing applications
Multitenancy
Argument by proponents of intelligent design
leaps in evolution if viewed on the molecular scale. Other intelligent design proponents claim that the evolution of the entire visual system would be
Irreducible_complexity
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
as to what path a given physical system will take over time. The Schrödinger equation gives the evolution over time of the wave function, the quantum-mechanical
Schrödinger_equation
(Kontact, Novell Evolution) natively for Microsoft Outlook and web interface Zimbra Zulip Axigen Bricolage, content management system BigBlueButton, Web
List of collaborative software
List_of_collaborative_software
2005 video game
flies away. A sequel to Far Cry Instincts, sharing the same name except for the addition of the subtitle Evolution, was released for the Xbox on March 28
Far_Cry_Instincts
Subphylum of chordates
Function, Evolution (second ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 747 pp. ISBN 978-0-697-28654-3. "Vertebrata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved
Vertebrate
Class of mating system in non-human species
, & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems Archived 2017-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. Science, 197(4300)
Polygyny_in_animals
Ukrainian situational awareness system
information among ground units instead of sharing it". Ukraine surprised NATO in quickly making this system even more accessible to troops than "more
Delta (situational awareness system)
Delta_(situational_awareness_system)
Map of history from Big Bang to present
The tree of knowledge (ToK) system is a new[when?] map of Big History that traces cosmic evolution across four different planes of existence, identified
Tree_of_knowledge_system
Sharing of data from national air traffic control agencies
is an advanced technology program designed to facilitate greater sharing of ATM system information, such as airport operational status, weather information
System Wide Information Management
System_Wide_Information_Management
Notion that species can revert to primitive forms
can revert to supposedly more primitive forms over time. The concept relates to the idea that evolution is purposeful (teleology) and thus progressive (orthogenesis)
Devolution_(biology)
American satellite-based radio navigation service
Delta 31. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provide geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the
Global_Positioning_System
Concurrent execution of multiple processes
the central processor can still be used with another program. In a time-sharing system, multiple human operators use the same processor as if it was dedicated
Computer_multitasking
Totality of psychological phenomena
§ Evolution and Development of the Nervous System Hatfield 2013, pp. 6–7 Erulkar & Lentz 2024, § Evolution and Development of the Nervous System Hatfield
Mind
Data distribution using P2P networking technology
Peer-to-peer file sharing is the distribution and sharing of digital media using peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technology. P2P file sharing allows users to
Peer-to-peer_file_sharing
Peer-to-peer file sharing application
LimeWire is a free peer-to-peer file sharing client for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Solaris. Created by Mark Gorton in 2000, it was most prominently
LimeWire
travel, tourism, insurance
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
TIME SHARING-SYSTEM-EVOLUTION
travel, tourism, insurance