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Framework for the description of the structure of a language
Traditional grammar (also known as classical grammar) is a framework for the description of the structure of a language or group of languages. The roots
Traditional_grammar
Structural rules of a language
There are in effect two different ways to study grammar: traditional grammar and theoretical grammar. Fluency in a particular language variety involves
Grammar
Linguistic term
definitions can lead to confusion. The notion of a predicate in traditional grammar traces back to Aristotelian logic. A predicate is seen as a property
Predicate_(grammar)
Clause relationships in linguistics
in a clause. The standard examples of grammatical functions from traditional grammar are subject, direct object, and indirect object. In recent times
Grammatical_relation
Grammatical concept
their grammars less on the subject-object or agent-object dichotomies but rather on the pragmatic dichotomy of topic and comment. In English traditional grammar
Object_(grammar)
Property of items within the grammar of a language
syntactic categories) largely correspond to the parts of speech of traditional grammar, and refer to nouns, adjectives, etc. A phonological manifestation
Grammatical_category
Part of a sentence
Grammatical case Object (grammar) Preparatory subject Quirky subject Sentence (linguistics) Subjective (grammar) Term logic Traditional grammar Comrie (1989), pp
Subject_(grammar)
use of traditional grammar notations. The Speech Recognition Grammar Specification was derived from this specification. The following JSGF grammar will
JSGF
Words expressing a complete thought
grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" (a pangram). In traditional
Sentence_(linguistics)
Grammar of the Tagalog language
Tagalog language, one of the languages in the Philippines. In Tagalog, traditional grammar recognizes nine parts of speech: nouns (pangngalan), pronouns (panghalíp)
Tagalog_grammar
Nonfinite verb form
form" is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional grammar makes a distinction within -ing forms between present participles
Gerund
Part of speech used to count
In linguistics, and more precisely in traditional grammar, a cardinal numeral (or cardinal number word) is a part of speech used to count.[citation needed]
Cardinal_numeral
Sentence constituent
man. A verb phrase is similar to what is considered a predicate in traditional grammars. Verb phrases generally are divided among two types: finite, of which
Verb_phrase
Word used in English for conditional constructions
ascent was exhilarating, if NP[a challenge]/AdjP[challenging]). Traditional grammar books commonly treat if, often understood as a single word encompassing
If_(preposition)
Grammatical clause that can be a sentence on its own
In traditional grammar, an independent clause (also known as a main or matrix clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a simple sentence. An independent
Independent_clause
How clauses compose sentences in grammar and syntax
clauses in their syntactic structure. Such division is an element of traditional grammar. In English, sentences are composed of five clause patterns:[citation
Sentence_clause_structure
Grammar of the Marathi language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Maharashtra, India
the traditional grammar. In this view, the cases are: nominative (unmarked), accusative (singular -la, plural -na), ergative, which is traditionally called
Marathi_grammar
Pejorative for someone who excessively criticizes grammar
Look up grammar Nazi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Grammar Nazi (also known as Grammar Pedant, or Spelling Nazi/Pedant) is an informal, pejorative
Grammar_Nazi
Research tradition in linguistics
which make testable falsifiable predictions. This is different from traditional grammar where grammatical patterns are often described more loosely. These
Generative_grammar
Approach to language education
with partners, and instructors teach topics outside of the realm of traditional grammar. CLT also claims to encourage learners to incorporate their personal
Communicative language teaching
Communicative_language_teaching
Subordinators in the English language
which marks a clause as subordinate." Most dictionaries and many traditional grammar books use the term subordinating conjunction and include a much larger
English_subordinators
speakers who want to study Esperanto's grammar, word construction, writing and pronunciation. It does not use traditional grammatical terminology, which makes
Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko
Plena_Manlibro_de_Esperanta_Gramatiko
Predicative expression
In traditional grammar, a subject complement is a predicative expression that follows a copula (commonly known as a linking verb), which complements the
Subject_complement
Cause or initiator of an event
language English passive voice Passive voice Patient (grammar) Kroeger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Agent_(grammar)
Prescriptive rules of grammar and usage
language, including rules of spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Linguistic prescriptivism may aim to establish a standard language, teach
Linguistic_prescription
Phrase that can be removed
Some dependency grammars, for instance, employ the term circonstant (instead of adjunct), following Tesnière (1959). The area of grammar that explores the
Adjunct_(grammar)
Phonetician
education of the late 19th century, which sought to replace the traditional grammar–translation method with oral language teaching. He was one of the
Wilhelm_Viëtor
1985 compendium on the English language
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language is a descriptive grammar of English written by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
A_Comprehensive_Grammar_of_the_English_Language
Grammar concept
In traditional grammar and guide books, a linking verb is a verb that describes the subject by connecting it to a predicate adjective or predicate noun
Linking_verb
Concept in English grammar
In the traditional grammar of Modern English, a phrasal verb typically constitutes a single semantic unit consisting of a verb followed by a particle
English_phrasal_verbs
Branch of Linguistics
viewed in much broader terms that go beyond a mere extension of traditional grammar towards an entire text. Text linguistics takes into account the form
Text_linguistics
Part of speech
complementizers is specific to certain modern grammatical theories. In traditional grammar, such words are normally considered conjunctions. The standard abbreviation
Complementizer
Word or phrase necessary to complete an expression
complement to be something very different from the subject complements of traditional grammar, which are predicative expressions, as just mentioned above. Construed
Complement_(linguistics)
Words in English that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
pro-form for a noun phrase. Traditional grammars consider them to be a distinct part of speech, while most modern grammars see them as a subcategory of
Pronouns_in_English
Particles in Chinese
often applied to words that are difficult to classify according to traditional grammar. Both Classical Chinese and Modern Standard Chinese make use of particles
Chinese_particles
This article describes the grammar of the Scottish Gaelic language. Gaelic shares with other Celtic languages a number of interesting typological features:
Scottish_Gaelic_grammar
Smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition
central word of a non-finite clause is often a non-finite verb. Traditional grammar focuses on finite clauses, the awareness of non-finite clauses having
Clause
Word indicating multiples of an object
In linguistics, more precisely in traditional grammar, a multiplier is a word that counts how many times its object should be multiplied, such as single
Multiplier_(linguistics)
Prepositions in the English language
origins in generative grammar. It refers to a restricted subset of what are classified as subordinating conjunctions in traditional grammar. There are only
English_prepositions
Type of school in the United Kingdom and some other countries
A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, originally
Grammar_school
Grammatical category for verbs
In grammar, the voice (or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified
Voice_(grammar)
Adjectives in the English language
cases such as the very poor and the French which denote a class, traditional grammars see the adjective as being "used as a noun". However, poor cannot
English_adjectives
Semantic role
Argument Transitivity Valency Branching Serial verb construction Traditional grammar Predicate Subject Object Adjunct Predicative Semantics Contrast Mirativity
Patient_(grammar)
Property regarding whether a lexical item denotes a transitive object
which considers other arguments in addition to transitive objects. English grammar makes a binary distinction between intransitive verbs (e.g., arrive, belong
Transitivity_(grammar)
2002 compendium on the English language
descriptive grammar with the main objective of reducing "the large gap that exists between traditional grammar and the partial descriptions of English grammar proposed
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
The_Cambridge_Grammar_of_the_English_Language
Word representing the position or rank in a sequential order
represent quantity (e.g., "three") and other types of numerals. In traditional grammar, all numerals, including ordinal numerals, are grouped into a separate
Ordinal_numeral
Independent, single-sex, day & boarding school in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
of the University of Sydney. The first curriculum reflected the traditional Grammar School education – it included Latin and Greek classics, mathematics
Ipswich_Grammar_School
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
but not a locative case. The traditional case order (nom-gen-dat-acc) was expressed for the first time in The Art of Grammar in the 2nd century BCE: Πτώσεις
Grammatical_case
1653 book about grammar of the Lithuanian language
served in the Lithuanian churches in Klaipėda. The book follows then-traditional grammar schemes for studies in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The lexical material
Grammatica_Litvanica
Public school government school in Roseau, Dominica
functions as a traditional grammar school, as it has expanded its curriculum beyond its historical scope. The birthplace of the Dominica Grammar School was
Dominica_Grammar_School
Expression of time reference in grammar
Nonetheless, in many descriptions of languages, particularly in traditional European grammar, the term "tense" is applied to verb forms or constructions that
Grammatical_tense
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
on grammar had been written long before modern syntax came about. In the West, the school of thought that came to be known as "traditional grammar" began
Syntax
Structure of a formal language
A formal grammar is a set of symbols and the production rules for rewriting some of them into every possible string of a formal language over an alphabet
Formal_grammar
Standardized set of Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets used to write the Chinese language, with the other being simplified characters
Traditional Chinese characters
Traditional_Chinese_characters
Semantic feature of noun phrases in linguistics
grammatical category of species.[citation needed] Construct state Article (grammar) Topic–comment Specificity Lambrecht, Knud (1996). Information structure
Definiteness
Class of Ancient Greek verbs
also describe events or conditions in past time, and traditional grammars like Smyth's A Greek Grammar for Colleges introduce it as one of three secondary
Aorist_(Ancient_Greek)
Grammatical category indicating truth or falsehood
In linguistics and grammar, affirmation (abbreviated aff) and negation (neg) are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb
Affirmation_and_negation
Grammatical category distinguishing between speakers, listeners, and others
the king,... sunki-t = you, the king,... sunki-r = he, the king,... The grammar of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons
Grammatical_person
Grammar of the English language
prepositions, and by the "Saxon genitive or English possessive" (-'s). Traditional grammar distinguishes eight English parts of speech: 1. noun: names a person
English_grammar
Overview of the grammar of the Malay language
Malay grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Malay language (Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore) and Indonesian (Indonesia
Malay_grammar
Family of theories within the field of cognitive linguistics
Construction grammar (often abbreviated CxG) is a family of theories within the field of cognitive linguistics which posit that constructions, or learned
Construction_grammar
Hindu philosophical concept
any vowel diacritics in a Brahmic script. It is a term used in the traditional grammar of the Sanskrit language and in the Vedanta school of Indian philosophy
Akshara
Any characteristic used to classify a phoneme or word
In formal models of grammar, features can be represented as attribute-value pairs. For example, in Lexical functional grammar, syntactic features are
Feature_(linguistics)
Linguistic system of noun classification
"10". Test Yourself: Spanish Grammar. McGraw-Hill. p. 85. ISBN 0844223743. L'Huillier, Monique (1999). Advanced French Grammar. Cambridge University Press
Grammatical_gender
Grammatical case
prepositional case, especially if preceded by the definite article. In traditional grammars, and in scholarly treatments of the early language, the term dative
Adpositional_case
Coordinators in the English language
standing in a relation of coordination." Most dictionaries and many traditional grammar books use the term coordinating conjunction for this group of words
English_coordinators
Clauses in English grammar
syntax. Traditional English grammar also includes adverbial clauses, but since at least 1924, when Jespersen published The philosophy of grammar, many linguists
English_clause_syntax
Grammatical feature of verbs
this type of sentence. The subjunctive mood figures prominently in the grammar of the Romance languages, which require this mood for certain types of
Grammatical_mood
Reference book on grammar
reference grammar: language and linguistics, writers and readers (Tübingen: Niemeyer) Leitner, G. (ed.) (1991), English traditional grammars: an international
Grammar_book
Grammatical number
Geoffrey K., The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, Suffolk, UK, 2002 Curme, George O., A Grammar of the English Language
Plural
Dravidian language
13th-century grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five
Tamil_language
Word that does not add to the meaning of a sentence
cross-cultural comparisons. The term is distinct from the expletives of traditional grammar in that a syntactic expletive has a particular syntactical meaning
Expletive_(linguistics)
11–16 boys academy in Manchester, England
organ was replaced. Around 1950 the school was given Grammar School status with the traditional grammar school ethos and curriculum. In 1958, a four-storey
Burnage_Academy_for_Boys
sound. While articles are actually a subclass of determiners (and in traditional grammars most French determiners are in turn a subclass of adjectives), they
French articles and determiners
French_articles_and_determiners
Linguistic terminology
all languages. Dependency grammars sometimes call arguments actants, following Lucien Tesnière (1959). The area of grammar that explores the nature of
Argument_(linguistics)
Grammar of the Kannada language
Kannada grammar (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ) describes the structure of the Kannada language, which has a native tradition of grammar dating back to Kēśirāja's
Kannada_grammar
Word classes, largely corresponding to traditional parts of speech
corresponding to traditional parts of speech (e.g. noun, verb, adposition, etc.), are syntactic categories. In phrase structure grammars, the phrasal categories
Syntactic_category
School in Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire, England
Conservative group on Grimsby council wanted to retain the school as a traditional grammar school. John Davoll, founder of The Conservation Society, spoke on
Oasis_Academy_Wintringham
Phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations
Relativity of Irreality. In: Bybee, J. & Fleischman, S. (Eds.) Modality in Grammar and Discourse John Benjamins Asher, R. E. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of language
Modality_(semantics)
Feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages
the least) are quite usual. In many languages, including English, traditional grammar requires the comparative form to be used when at least two things
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees_of_comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs
Word used in English interrogative subordinate clauses
for a clausal subject (Whether/*If to attend was the question). Traditional grammar books commonly treat if, often understood as a single word encompassing
If_(subordinator)
Terms describing information structure in linguistics
linguists disagree on many details. Languages often show different kinds of grammar between sentences that introduce new topics and those that continue discussing
Topic_and_comment
1965 book by Noam Chomsky
a deeper, more extensive reformulation of transformational generative grammar (TGG), a new kind of syntactic theory that he had introduced in the 1950s
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
Aspects_of_the_Theory_of_Syntax
American educator and author (1929–2021)
Eighth Grade Students Instructed in Transformational-generative Grammar and Traditional Grammar (1971) South Carolina's Blacks and Native Americans, 1776-1976
Marianna_W._Davis
Attitude or emotion of an utterance
express an adversative situation: In some languages with split intransitive grammars, such as the Central Pomo language of California, the choice of encoding
Affect_(linguistics)
Reference grammar of Modern English, first published 1909–1949
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (MEG) is a seven-volume reference grammar of Modern English, largely written by Otto Jespersen. The first
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
A_Modern_English_Grammar_on_Historical_Principles
Aspect of linguistics representing subordinate relationships between things
separated from John. Many languages make the distinction as part of their grammar, typically by using different affixes for alienable and inalienable possession
Possession_(linguistics)
Class of modern grammatical theories
Dependency grammar (DG) is a class of modern grammatical theories that are all based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the constituency relation
Dependency_grammar
English embedded clause type marking non-real possibilities
Cambridge Grammar of the English Language narrows the definition further so that the usage of were, as in "I wish she were here", traditionally known as
English_subjunctive
Semantic distinction between entities
library.fiveable.me. Retrieved 2025-04-25. Kroeger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7
Contrast_(linguistics)
Latin noun
added to the traditional grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric
Humanitas
Grammar of the Dutch language
outlines the grammar of the Dutch language, which shares strong similarities with German grammar and also, to a lesser degree, with English grammar. Vowel length
Dutch_grammar
Linguistic category
European languages, recognition of the nominal grouping is reflected in traditional grammar studies based on Latin, which has a highly productive marking system
Nominal_(linguistics)
Dutch professor
English grammars Pointing out in 1991 that "The major change that has [occurred since the advent of structuralism] in the history of traditional grammars of
Reinard_Zandvoort
Prep school in New Haven, Connecticut, US
of the Connecticut Colony, to found a traditional grammar school that would teach Latin, Greek, and Hebrew grammar. The school's first home was a building
Hopkins_School
List of every preposition from each category
prototypical prepositions. Note that dictionaries and grammars informed by concepts from traditional grammar may categorize these intransitive prepositions as
List_of_English_prepositions
Complex sentence that could be expressed in a simpler way
is used to produce the equivalent of cleft sentences. However, in traditional grammar, shì...de clefts were seen as a construction with a function in reference
Cleft_sentence
Sentence with two or more simultaneous agents and patients
Argument Transitivity Valency Branching Serial verb construction Traditional grammar Predicate Subject Object Adjunct Predicative Semantics Contrast Mirativity
Reciprocal_construction
Scholars from Hellenistic Alexandria
JSTOR 699069. S2CID 161911026. Frede, Michael (1987). "The Origins of Traditional Grammar". Essays in Ancient Philosophy. U. of Minnesota Press. pp. 338–359
Alexandrine_grammarians
Grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to which something is given
giving. In Scottish Gaelic and Irish, the term dative case is used in traditional grammars to refer to the prepositional case-marking of nouns following simple
Dative_case
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance