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One-way cryptographic tool
In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute
Trapdoor_function
Sliding or hinged door that is flush with the surface of a floor, ceiling, or roof
mills, however, its list of uses has grown over time. The trapdoor has played a pivotal function in the operation of the gallows, cargo ships, trains, booby
Trapdoor
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is an algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value, such as a master key, a password
Key_derivation_function
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
variant of the learning with errors lattice problem as its basic trapdoor function. It won the NIST competition for the first post-quantum cryptography
ML-KEM
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
plaintext prior to asymmetric encryption. When combined with any secure trapdoor one-way permutation f {\displaystyle f} , this processing is proved in
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
Collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle
In cryptography, a pseudorandom function family, abbreviated PRF, is a collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle in
Pseudorandom_function_family
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
to N, then signed with the reverse trapdoor function. This forgery attack, then, only produces the padded hash function output that corresponds to σ, but
Digital_signature
Password cracking dataset
is a precomputed table for caching the outputs of a cryptographic hash function, usually for cracking password hashes. Passwords are typically stored not
Rainbow_table
Function used in computer cryptography
existence of one-way functions. A trapdoor one-way function or trapdoor permutation is a special kind of one-way function. Such a function is hard to invert
One-way_function
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
MAC functions are similar to cryptographic hash functions, they possess different security requirements. To be considered secure, a MAC function must
Message_authentication_code
Archive file format for cryptography objects
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PKCS_12
Key agreement protocol
key from x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} using some hash-based key derivation function. The shared secret calculated by both parties is equal, because d A ⋅ Q
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
exchange Key management Key size Public-key cryptography Rabin signature Trapdoor function e = 2 is also possible (and even faster) but qualitatively different
RSA_cryptosystem
U.S. government cryptographic standard
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FIPS_140-3
one-way trapdoor function and a random function (hash function); EPOC-2 uses a one-way trapdoor function, two random functions (hash functions) and a symmetric-key
Efficient Probabilistic Public-Key Encryption Scheme
Efficient_Probabilistic_Public-Key_Encryption_Scheme
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
cryptographic hash function is computed, and only the resulting hash is digitally signed. Cryptographic hash functions are functions that take a variable-length
Cryptography
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
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Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Type of cipher used in World War I
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ADFGVX_cipher
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend against
Salt_(cryptography)
Puzzle
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Cryptogram
Surveillance strategy
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Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Encoding for text messages
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Tap_code
Cryptographic hash function
Skein is a cryptographic hash function and one of five finalists in the NIST hash function competition. Entered as a candidate to become the SHA-3 standard
Skein_(hash_function)
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
{\displaystyle e={\textrm {HASH}}(m)} . (Here HASH is a cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-2, with the output converted to an integer.) Let z {\displaystyle
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
g, ga mod p, and gb mod p. Such a function that is easy to compute but hard to invert is called a one-way function. Once Alice and Bob compute the shared
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
as a worst-case lattice problem. She then showed a cryptographic hash function whose security is equivalent to the computational hardness of SIS. In 1998
Lattice-based_cryptography
Digital verification standard
a single key pair for one user. Choose an approved cryptographic hash function H {\displaystyle H} with output length | H | {\displaystyle |H|} bits.
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Cryptographic hash function
ShangMi 3 (SM3) is a cryptographic hash function, standardised for use in commercial cryptography in China. It was published by the State Cryptography
SM3_(hash_function)
Rotor cipher machine
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Schlüsselgerät_41
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
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Autokey_cipher
Type of data structure
use many more child nodes under each node. Usually, a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-2 is used for the hashing. If the hash tree only needs to protect
Merkle_tree
Mechanism for authenticating cryptographic keys
essentially unaffected by such things as company failures, and has continued to function with little change. However, a related problem does occur: users, whether
Web_of_trust
Cryptographic hash function
JH is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Hongjun Wu. Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition
JH_(hash_function)
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
ISBN 978-1584885511. Andrew Chi-Chih Yao. Theory and applications of trapdoor functions Archived 2019-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. In Proceedings of the
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
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Joan_Clarke
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
storage devices. Thus, a deterministic algorithm called a key derivation function (KDF) uses a password to generate the secure cryptographic keying material
Key_(cryptography)
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
(manual or auto-enrollment). In the case of Microsoft Standalone CAs, the function of RA does not exist since all of the procedures controlling the CA are
Public_key_infrastructure
Type of substitution cipher
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Pigpen_cipher
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
Codes typically have direct meaning from input to key. Codes primarily function to save time. Ciphers are algorithmic. The given input must follow the
Cipher
Key derivation function
cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used to reduce vulnerability
PBKDF2
Early block substitution cipher
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Playfair_cipher
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
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Certificate_signing_request
Digital signature scheme
Typically a Schnorr group is used. All users agree on a cryptographic hash function H : { 0 , 1 } ∗ → Z / q Z {\displaystyle H:\{0,1\}^{*}\rightarrow \mathbb
Schnorr_signature
Topics referred to by the same term
series Trapdoor (software), a piece of computer software used for network administration Trapdoor (company), a video game developer Trapdoor function, a type
Trapdoor_(disambiguation)
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
VeraCrypt includes optimizations to the original cryptographic hash functions and ciphers, which boost performance on modern central processing units
VeraCrypt
Theory of cryptography
In cryptography, a sponge function or sponge construction is any of a class of algorithms with finite internal state that take an input bit stream of any
Sponge_function
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
ciphertext. This combination is done using the Boolean "exclusive or" (XOR) function, symbolised by ⊕. This is represented by the following "truth table", where
Lorenz_cipher
Hiding messages in other messages
digital text such as spacing and font choice, chaffing and winnowing, mimic functions, modifying the echo of a sound file (echo steganography)[citation needed]
Steganography
Approach to public-key cryptography
based on the Diffie–Hellman scheme, X25519 and X448 are Diffie–Hellman functions specified by the IRTF for use with Montgomery-form curves, The Elliptic
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Payment protocol for Bitcoin
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Lightning_Network
Encryption and decryption method
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Book_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
communications security. Wikifunctions has a Latin alphabet Caesar cipher function. The transformation can be represented by aligning two alphabets; the cipher
Caesar_cipher
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle n}
Cryptographic_hash_function
Form of public key cryptography
"disguised" version of W {\displaystyle W} . The private key also contains some "trapdoor" information that can be used to transform a hard knapsack problem using
Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem
Merkle–Hellman_knapsack_cryptosystem
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
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ChaCha20-Poly1305
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is an obsolete cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers
MD2_(hash_function)
Alternative SSH server and client
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Dropbear_(software)
Cipher method
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Chaocipher
Public-key cryptosystem
m {\displaystyle m} of G {\displaystyle G} using a reversible mapping function. Choose an integer y {\displaystyle y} randomly from { 1 , … , q − 1 }
ElGamal_encryption
Encryption method
programming interface for an AE implementation provides the following functions: Encryption Input: plaintext, key, and optionally a header (also known
Authenticated_encryption
Computer communications authentication algorithm
type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. As with any MAC, it may be used to simultaneously
HMAC
Hash functions
pseudorandom function and can also be used as a secure message authentication code (MAC). SipHash, however, is not a general purpose key-less hash function such
SipHash
Simple encryption method
are 26 letters in the basic Latin alphabet and 26 = 2 × 13, the ROT13 function is its own inverse: ROT 13 ( ROT 13 ( x ) ) = x {\displaystyle
ROT13
Multiparty cryptographic process
secret sharing protocol to share the results of two random polynomial functions. Every party then verifies all the shares they received. If verification
Distributed_key_generation
Standard in public cryptography
(RSA keys, X.509 certificates, DES/Triple DES keys, etc.) and all the functions needed to use, create/generate, modify and delete those objects. Most
PKCS_11
2015 password-based key derivation function
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel
Argon2
Method of encryption
3-letter, etc. combinations in a language can be used to inform a scoring function in an algorithm that gradually reverses possible transpositions based on
Transposition_cipher
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
N ∗ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Z} _{N}^{*}} . H() is a hash function; e.g., SHA-256. k is a parameter derived by both sides; in SRP-6, k = 3
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Public-key encryption scheme
based on a trapdoor function whose security, like that of RSA, is related to the difficulty of integer factorization. The Rabin trapdoor function has the
Rabin_cryptosystem
Cryptography standard
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PKCS_7
Cryptography construction
similar operations, and both consist of iteratively running a function called a "round function" a fixed number of times. Many modern symmetric block ciphers
Feistel_cipher
Type of code
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Polybius_square
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
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Frequency_analysis
Message-digest hashing algorithm
widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified
MD5
Substitution cipher based on linear algebra
For example, the MixColumns step in AES is a matrix multiplication. The function g in Twofish is a combination of non-linear S-boxes with a carefully chosen
Hill_cipher
Security system
or 1 depending on whether pi divides cs mod p. The security of the trapdoor function relies on the difficulty of the following multiplicative knapsack
Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem
Naccache–Stern_knapsack_cryptosystem
Steganography method
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Bacon's_cipher
Cryptographic hash function
cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function. It was designed by Vincent Rijmen (co-creator of the Advanced Encryption
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999.
Bcrypt
Substitution cipher
Atbash cipher may then be enciphered and deciphered using the encryption function for an affine cipher by setting a = b = (m − 1): E ( x ) = D ( x ) = (
Atbash
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
Hash-based cryptography Non-commutative cryptography RSA problem Trapdoor function Tropical cryptography Standardization CRYPTREC IEEE P1363 NESSIE NSA
Signal_Protocol
which s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} is decryptable is found. Use the trapdoor function to compute such z {\displaystyle z} that H z T = s i 0 {\displaystyle
Niederreiter_cryptosystem
Cryptographic hash function
Lane is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition; it was designed by Sebastiaan Indesteege with contributions by Elena
Lane_(hash_function)
Cryptographic attack
compiler optimizations. Countermeasures include blinding and constant-time functions. Many cryptographic algorithms can be implemented (or masked by a proxy)
Timing_attack
Cryptographic key management algorithm
exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as a hash function, and is therefore called a double ratchet. The algorithm
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
authenticated encryption schemes Lattice-based cryptography NIST hash function competition "Post-Quantum Cryptography PQC". 3 January 2017. "Post-Quantum
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
attack on cryptographic hash functions tries to find a message that has a specific hash value. A cryptographic hash function should resist attacks on its
Preimage_attack
Aspect of cryptography
protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic
Cryptographic_protocol
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
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Vigenère_cipher
Encryption system
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Bifid_cipher
Type of transposition cipher
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Rail_fence_cipher
Disused cipher that was used historically
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Classical_cipher
Fundamental tool in cryptography
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Tabula_recta
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
unlimited-time in use (the first such signature that does not require trapdoor properties). This includes cryptographic systems which rely on error-correcting
Post-quantum_cryptography
Type of cryptosystem
Perhaps the first system with complete threshold properties for a trapdoor function (such as RSA) and a proof of security was published in 1994 by Alfredo
Threshold_cryptosystem
German cipher machine during World War II
are not considered to be Enigma derivatives as their internal ciphering functions are not mathematically identical to the Enigma transform. A unique rotor
Enigma_machine
American cipher machine
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SIGABA
Pseudorandom number generator
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Fortuna_(PRNG)
Group of public-key cryptography standards
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PKCS
Asymmetric encryption algorithm developed by Robert McEliece
Hash-based cryptography Non-commutative cryptography RSA problem Trapdoor function Tropical cryptography Standardization CRYPTREC IEEE P1363 NESSIE NSA
McEliece_cryptosystem
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