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Visual reasoning is the process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing
Visual_reasoning
Language models designed for reasoning tasks
A reasoning model, also known as a reasoning language model (RLM) or large reasoning model (LRM), is a type of large language model (LLM) that has been
Reasoning_model
Reasoning by means of visual representations
Diagrammatic reasoning is reasoning by means of visual representations. The study of diagrammatic reasoning is about the understanding of concepts and
Diagrammatic_reasoning
Multidisciplinary field of research
how analytical reasoning can be facilitated by interactive visual interfaces. Visual analytics is "the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by
Visual_analytics
Ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures
Visuospatial ability or visual-spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures. It is typically measured
Visuospatial_ability
British politician (born 1962)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in 2003. His doctoral thesis was titled "Visual reasoning in Euclid's geometry: an epistemology of diagrams". He also lectured
Jesse_Norman
narrative feedback explaining their reasoning. These comments aim to improve design literacy, strengthen visual reasoning, and support the learning process
Visual_Peer_Review
Thinking through visual processing
occur in those with visual agnosia, who, unlike visual thinkers, may be limited in the use of visualization skills for mental reasoning.[citation needed]
Visual_thinking
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
In artificial intelligence (AI), commonsense reasoning is a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations
Commonsense_reasoning
IQ test designed to measure intelligence in adults
Perceptual Reasoning Index has been split into Visual Spatial Ability (Block Design, Visual Puzzles) and Fluid Reasoning (Matrix Reasoning, Figure Weights)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale
Large multimodal model from OpenAI
notes also described changes to visual understanding, including complex charts, spatial relationships, and related reasoning tasks. In March 2025, OpenAI
GPT-4o
Subfield of computer science and logic
representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. The study of automated
Automated_reasoning
Overview of and topical guide to thought
(defeasibly) q Diagrammatic reasoning – Reasoning by means of visual representations – reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts
Outline_of_thought
Pattern recognition puzzle
X. and NVIDIA Research (2022). Bongard-HOI: Benchmarking Few-Shot Visual Reasoning for Human-Object Interactions. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference
Bongard_problem
Online debate platform
with argument maps in the form of debate trees. It is a collaborative reasoning tool for thoughtful discussion, understanding different points of view
Kialo
American-Canadian cognitive scientist and dramatist
of the Science of Imagination Laboratory. His research focuses on visual reasoning, analogy, and imagination. Jim Davies was born in Glens Falls, New
Jim Davies (cognitive scientist)
Jim_Davies_(cognitive_scientist)
Intelligence test
being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning. The Stanford–Binet test initiated the
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
Stanford–Binet_Intelligence_Scales
Mental representation of the external world
mind. Such models are hypothesized to play a major role in cognition, reasoning and decision-making. The term for this concept was coined in 1943 by Kenneth
Mental_model
Objects, media, or computer programs, which can be used to design
claims Ferguson that visual reasoning is a widely used tool used in creating technological artefacts. There is ample evidence that visual methods, particularly
Design_tool
Canadian philosopher of science
philosophy of mathematics, he has advocated mathematical Platonism, visual reasoning, and in the philosophy of science he has defended scientific realism
James_Robert_Brown
Image-generating deep learning model
key element of human creativity). Its visual reasoning ability is sufficient to solve Raven's Matrices (visual tests often administered to humans to measure
DALL-E
Israeli architect
No. 2 Oxman Rivka (1997). "Design by Re-Representation: A Model of Visual Reasoning in Design" in Akin O. (ed.) a special issue on Prescriptive and Descriptive
Rivka_Oxman
Factors of general intelligence
require general sequential reasoning. Individuals have to apply concepts by inferring the underlying "rules" for solving visual puzzles that are presented
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence
Machine learning technique
Vries, Harm; Dumoulin, Vincent; Courville, Aaron (2018-04-29). "FiLM: Visual Reasoning with a General Conditioning Layer". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference
Normalization (machine learning)
Normalization_(machine_learning)
Area of artificial intelligence
Commonsense reasoning Diagrammatic reasoning Spatial ability Temporal logic Visual thinking Renz, J.; Nebel, B. (2007). "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning using
Spatial–temporal_reasoning
Type of artificial neural network
Harm de Vries; Dumoulin, Vincent; Courville, Aaron (2017). "FiLM: Visual Reasoning with a General Conditioning Layer". arXiv:1709.07871 [cs.CV]. Finn
Neural_field
Korean-American philosopher
to logic, and by 1991 she had completed her dissertation, Valid reasoning and visual representation, under the supervision of Etchemendy. Shin's first
Sun-Joo_Shin
System of communication using visual elements
A visual language is a system of communication using visual elements. Speech as a means of communication cannot strictly be separated from the whole of
Visual_language
Japanese entertainment company
an investment made by Sony Music Entertainment Japan, it was renamed SPE Visual Works. In January 1998, it became a joint venture between SPEJ and SMEJ
Aniplex
Artificial intelligence data structure
Frame was first used by Marvin Minsky as a paradigm to understand visual reasoning and natural language processing. In these and many other types of problems
Frame (artificial intelligence)
Frame_(artificial_intelligence)
Symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques
representation of data List of diagramming software Diagrammatic reasoning – Reasoning by means of visual representations Diagrammatology – Academic study of diagrams
Diagram
video journalism, visual arts, and cognitive science in order to explore the ways human beings relate to others ethically through visual perception. Historically
Visual_ethics
British economist (1842–1924)
15–44. ISSN 0018-2702 Fulltext: Ebsco Cook, Simon J. "Late Victorian Visual Reasoning and Alfred Marshall's Economic Science." British Journal for the History
Alfred_Marshall
Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
participate in general intelligence, together with processing efficiency and reasoning, which have traditionally been considered to compose fluid intelligence
Metacognition
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The
Fallacy
Diagram to visually organize information
to elicit graph-of-thoughts structures from LLMs, representing their reasoning pathways as hierarchical mind maps and reducing hallucination in question-answering
Mind_map
Transparent display presenting data within normal sight lines of the user
2025-04-11. Liang, Yongshi; Zheng, Pai; Xia, Liqiao (January 2023). "A visual reasoning-based approach for driving experience improvement in the AR-assisted
Head-up_display
Type of machine learning model
as assistants. Benchmark evaluations for LLMs attempt to measure model reasoning, factual accuracy, alignment, and safety. Before the emergence of transformer-based
Large_language_model
Theory that exposure to nature can improve concentration
Psycholinguistics Acquisition Comprehension Thinking Cognition Concept Reasoning Decision making Problem solving Numerical cognition Number sense in animals
Attention_restoration_theory
American computer scientist
183:1-183:8 (2013) Carlos D. Correa, Tarik Crnovrsanin, Kwan-Liu Ma: Visual Reasoning about Social Networks Using Centrality Sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Vis
Kwan-Liu_Ma
2008 mathematics book
and portraits of the mathematicians it discusses, many diagrams and visual reasoning in place of rigorous proofs, and only a few simple equations. With
Euler's_Gem
claims Ferguson that visual reasoning is a widely used tool used in creating technological artefacts. There is ample evidence that visual methods, particularly
Eugene_S._Ferguson
Form of figurative language
the general form A is to B as C is to D. In a broader sense, analogical reasoning is a cognitive process of transferring meaning or information of a particular
Analogy
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
matched the performance of OpenAI o1 in mathematics, coding, and multimodal reasoning capabilities. In April 2025, Kimi-VL, an open source 16 billion parameter
Kimi_(chatbot)
Computer science disciplines dealing with images and 3D models
components. Visual analytics describes the discipline of interactive visual analysis of data, also described as “the science of analytical reasoning supported
Visual_computing
Specification of a conceptualization
ontologies as computational models that enable certain kinds of automated reasoning, which was only marginally successful. In the 1980s, the AI community
Ontology (information science)
Ontology_(information_science)
Process to evaluate alternative hypotheses
various fields who make judgments that entail a high risk of error in reasoning. ACH aims to help an analyst overcome, or at least minimize, some of the
Analysis of competing hypotheses
Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses
Problem-solving method
common heuristics involve the use of visual representations, additional assumptions, forward/backward reasoning and simplification. Dual process theory
Heuristic
Visual artifact that depicts or records perception
An image or picture is a visual representation. An image can be two-dimensional, such as a drawing, painting, or photograph, or three-dimensional, such
Image
Foundation model allowing control of robot actions
perform a variety of tasks such as image understanding, visual-question answering and reasoning. In order to directly control robots, VLMs must be extended
Vision–language–action_model
Type of large language model
called reasoning models. In 2025, GPT-5 was released with a router that automatically selects whether to use a faster model or slower reasoning model based
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Computerized information extraction from images
decisions. "Understanding" in this context signifies the transformation of visual images into descriptions of the world that make sense to thought processes
Computer_vision
Process of acquiring new knowledge
attention to. Multimedia learning is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information. This type of learning relies on dual-coding
Learning
Popular IQ test for children
primary index scores, namely Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Wechsler_Intelligence_Scale_for_Children
with intelligence by master craftsmen. The study of logic and formal reasoning from antiquity to the present led to the development of the programmable
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Intuitive grasp of numbers
Psycholinguistics Acquisition Comprehension Thinking Cognition Concept Reasoning Decision making Problem solving Numerical cognition Number sense in animals
Number_sense
2003 mathematics book by Arthur T. Benjamin and Jennifer Quinn
"uncounted identities" are also included. Many proofs are based on a visual-reasoning method that the authors call "tiling", and in a foreword, the authors
Proofs_That_Really_Count
Intellectual capacity
interact with each other. Deductive reasoning, on the other hand, has been shown to be related to either visual or linguistic processing, depending on
Cognitive_skill
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
large language models demonstrating computational creativity, automated reasoning, and decision support simultaneously across domains. Other capabilities
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
Scientific inquiry includes creating a testable hypothesis through inductive reasoning, testing it through experiments and statistical analysis, and adjusting
Scientific_method
Chatbot developed by xAI
reasoning capabilities similar to reasoning models like OpenAI's o3-mini and DeepSeek's R1, allowing users to access a Think mode to enable reasoning
Grok_(chatbot)
British philosopher (1947–2009)
David C. (Spring 2006). "From phenomenology to field theory: Faraday's visual reasoning". Perspectives on Science. 14 (1): 40–65. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.137.9642
David_Gooding
Mental process dealing with knowledge
and mental representations are considered and manipulated. It includes reasoning, concept formation, problem-solving, and decision-making. Many cognitive
Cognition
Intelligence of machines
tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research
Artificial_intelligence
Steps in reasoning
Inferences are steps in logical reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences. Inference is traditionally divided into deduction and induction
Inference
Interdisciplinary theory
is seen as a conceptual metaphor form. For example, spatial reasoning skills and the visual cortex tend to be used to understand a mathematical concept
Embodied_cognition
Michael Hofmann, Shekar Arvind Kumar, Axel Wendt, and Liu Ren InfoVis Visual Reasoning Strategies and Satisficing: How Uncertainty Visualization Design Impacts
IEEE_Visualization
Parmenides Foundation renamed Think Tools Suite to Parmenides Eidos Suite - Visual Reasoning and Knowledge Representation, and is selling it. The company has still
Think_Tools
Ability to identify objects
Visual object recognition refers to the ability to identify the objects in view based on visual input. One important signature of visual object recognition
Object recognition (cognitive science)
Object_recognition_(cognitive_science)
Internal representation of world by AI
handles reasoning and next-token prediction, while a diffusion transformer (DT) does multimodal generation. Encoders (ViT for vision, VAE for visual/audio
World model (artificial intelligence)
World_model_(artificial_intelligence)
Set of cognitive and achievement tests for children
focusing on reasoning and conceptual abilities. Ages 6-17 only The Early Years core battery includes verbal, nonverbal, and spatial reasoning subtests appropriate
Differential_Ability_Scales
French artificial intelligence company
[non-primary source needed] On 10 June 2025, Mistral AI released their first AI reasoning models: Magistral Small (open-source), and Magistral Medium, models which
Mistral_AI
Subfield of artificial intelligence
symbolic AI approaches, such as knowledge representation and automated reasoning, to create more robust, more reliable, and more trustworthy AI. This combination
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Psychological focus, perception and prioritising discrete information
visual domain. These models are often treated as metaphors that guide hypothesis generation and empirical testing. A common assumption is that visual
Attention
Family of large language models by Alibaba
sparse models. In November 2024, QwQ-32B-Preview, a model focusing on reasoning similar to OpenAI's o1, was released under the Apache 2.0 License, although
Qwen
expected lever presses, showing a concept of numerosity independent of visual and auditory modalities. Modern studies in number sense in animals try to
Number_sense_in_animals
Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others
affinity for tasks that require reasoning about mental states. The rTPJ is often active during false-belief reasoning and other tasks that involve distinguishing
Theory_of_mind
Subfield of machine learning
computational technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, reasoning, and semantics at scale. The basic idea is that decisions are based on
Decision_intelligence
Mental representation of information
The cognitive map is generated from a number of sources, both from the visual system and elsewhere. Much of the cognitive map is created through self-generated
Cognitive_map
Making Models: Stimulating Research In Rigidity Theory And Spatial-Visual Reasoning, Held at the Fields Institute, August 5–9, 2014, retrieved 2015-11-21
Walter_Whiteley
Visual representation of the structure of an argument
An argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components
Argument_map
their streaming data from Billboard's methodology in late 2025. YouTube's reasoning was a denied request to count ad-attached streams and YouTube Premium
Lists of Billboard 200 number-one albums
Lists_of_Billboard_200_number-one_albums
Design of a menu to maximize restaurant profits
categories and items is referred to as the theory of sweet spots. The reasoning being sweet spots stem from the classical effect in psychology known as
Menu_engineering
the radio sounds distorted The CRT depicts a chain of cause-and-effect reasoning (if, and, then) in graphical form, where ellipses or circles represent
Current reality tree (theory of constraints)
Current_reality_tree_(theory_of_constraints)
2007 video game
hemisphere deals with sequential analysis - reasoning using language, mathematics, abstraction and reasoning. Memory is primarily stored in a language format
Brain_Assist
List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
into more than one category. These paradoxes may be due to fallacious reasoning (falsidical), or an unintuitive solution (veridical). The term paradox
List_of_paradoxes
Methods in artificial intelligence research
semantic web, and the strengths and limitations of formal knowledge and reasoning systems. Symbolic AI was the dominant paradigm of AI research from the
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Representation in the mind of objects, activities or events, whether they existed or not
absent from an individual's visual field. This ability is crucial to problem-solving tasks, memory, and spatial reasoning. Neuroscientists have found
Mental_image
GitHub. Manning, Christopher D. (2022). "Human Language Understanding & Reasoning". Daedalus. 151 (2): 127–138. doi:10.1162/daed_a_01905. S2CID 248377870
List_of_large_language_models
Part of the cerebral cortex
that possess large amounts of association cortex tend to show advanced reasoning skills. The association cortex is generally divided into unimodal and
Association_cortex
Cognitive process of visually interpreting the human face
surroundings. Though facial perception is mainly considered to stem from visual intake, studies have shown that even people born blind can learn face perception
Face_perception
Exploration of possible solutions
Topic map Tree structure ZigZag See also Design rationale Diagrammatic reasoning Entity–relationship model Geovisualization List of concept- and mind-mapping
Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)
Chatbot developed by Google
high-throughput variants ("Flash") to high-compute models designed for complex reasoning ("Pro" and "Ultra"). The 1.5 and 3 model generations introduced extended
Google_Gemini
Fawcett bw-11m September 24, 1948 Video Geometry: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Carl B. Boyer c-13m December 3, 1962 George Washington's Little History
List_of_Coronet_Films_films
Math Reasoning in Visual Contexts". mathvista.github.io. Retrieved 2025-03-07. "OlympicArena: Benchmarking Multi-discipline Cognitive Reasoning for Superintelligent
Language_model_benchmark
Workplace organisation method
viewed as an element of a broader construct known as visual control, visual workplace, or visual factory. Under those (and similar) terminologies, Western
5S_(methodology)
Neurodevelopmental disorder
visuoconstruction abilities, speech prosody, fine motor coordination, mathematical reasoning, visuospatial memory, and social skills. NVLD is not recognised by the
Nonverbal_learning_disorder
Knowledge management software
Topic map Tree structure ZigZag See also Design rationale Diagrammatic reasoning Entity–relationship model Geovisualization List of concept- and mind-mapping
Personal_knowledge_base
Capacity to understand 3D relationships
involved in mathematical reasoning. Another study found that numerical estimation might rely on integrating different visual-spatial cues (diameter, size
Spatial_ability
Unit of information
scientific experiment. Data is analyzed using techniques such as calculation, reasoning, discussion, presentation, visualization, or other forms of post-analysis
Data
VISUAL REASONING
VISUAL REASONING
Male
Hindi/Indian
(विशाल) Hindi name VISHAL means "large."
Girl/Female
Indian
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Boy/Male
Hindu
Huge, Broad, Great
Boy/Male
Hindu
Very great
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Big; Huge; Broad; Great; Immense; Giant; Massive; Long; Bold; Mercy; Star
Girl/Female
Indian
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Boy/Male
Hindu
Vishtrata- enlarge
Boy/Male
Sikh
Heroic protector, Protector of the brave
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Calm; Sharp; Spacious
Boy/Male
Hindu
Great
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Muslim
Example, Copy, Torch, Light, Lightened, Sparkling, Shining
Girl/Female
Biblical
Parables, governing.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Faith, Trust
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fragrance
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Surname or Lastname
English, of French (Huguenot) origin
English, of French (Huguenot) origin : altered form of French Vassal, status name for a medieval retainer (see Vassell).
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Roman Latin Vitalis, VIDAL means "of life; vital."
VISUAL REASONING
VISUAL REASONING
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Sahara; Help
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Powerful Ruler
Boy/Male
Muslim
The exalter
Male
Arthurian
, dog-horse.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Soft to the touch
Girl/Female
Hebrew
Joy. Joyful.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
To Donate
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Bengali, Indian
One God
Boy/Male
Tamil
Somasekhar | ஸோமாஂஸேகர
Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Indian
Name of Lord Vishnu
VISUAL REASONING
VISUAL REASONING
VISUAL REASONING
VISUAL REASONING
VISUAL REASONING
a.
Resembling a vassal; slavish; servile.
n.
Hence, the code of ceremonies observed by an organization; as, the ritual of the freemasons.
n.
A public officer in Scotland who prosecutes in petty criminal cases; -- called also procurator fiscal.
a.
Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions.
a.
Of or pertaining to sight; used in sight; serving as the instrument of seeing; as, the visual nerve.
a.
Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as, casual expenses.
a.
Pertaining to that which is distal; as, the distal tuberosities of a bone.
a.
Of or pertaining to a widow; vidual.
n.
The visual purple. See under Visual.
a.
Gloomy to the eye or ear; sorrowful and depressing to the feelings; foreboding; cheerless; dull; dreary; as, a dismal outlook; dismal stories; a dismal place.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Mass, or to a missal or Mass book.
pl.
of Vista
v. t.
To treat as a vassal; to subject to control; to enslave.
a.
Remote from the point of attachment or origin; as, the distal end of a bone or muscle
v. t.
To supply with provisions for subsistence; to provide with food; to store with sustenance; as, to victual an army; to victual a ship.
n.
A vital part; one of the vitals.
n.
A prescribed form of performing divine service in a particular church or communion; as, the Jewish ritual.
a.
Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life; as, vital blood.
a.
Of or pertaining to rites or ritual; as, ritual service or sacrifices; the ritual law.
a.
Pertaining to, or resembling, a disk; as, discal cells.