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Change in nuclear fission rate caused by voids in a reactor
In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called void coefficient of reactivity) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the
Void_coefficient
Investigations into the Chernobyl nuclear accident
time." The reactor had a dangerously large positive void coefficient of reactivity. The void coefficient is a measurement of how a reactor responds to increased
Investigations into the Chernobyl disaster
Investigations_into_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
reactor design had several shortcomings, such as the large positive void coefficient, the 'positive scram effect' of the control rods and instability at
RBMK
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
light-water reactor designs, the RBMK design had a positive void coefficient, meaning that voids formed during boiling had the effect of increasing rather
Chernobyl_disaster
Type of nuclear reactor
This property is called the void coefficient of reactivity, and in an RBMK reactor like Chernobyl, the void coefficient is positive, and fairly large
Pressurized_water_reactor
Nuclear power safety method that does not require electrical power nor intervention
Nuclear reactor response properties such as Temperature coefficient of reactivity and Void coefficient of reactivity usually refer to the thermodynamic and
Passive_nuclear_safety
Measure of nuclear reactor fuel stability
physics Void coefficient Temperature coefficient "Doppler Broadening". Nuclear Power. Retrieved 27 February 2026. Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
Fuel_temperature_coefficient_of_reactivity
Indian nuclear reactor design
with the mixed oxide fuel enables the reactor to achieve a negative void coefficient. The remaining 37 channels are occupied by the shutdown system. This
Advanced_heavy-water_reactor
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
the moderator is also lost and the reaction will stop. This negative void coefficient is an important safety feature of these reactors. In CANDU the moderator
Neutron_moderator
Form of nuclear reactor failure
of a LOCA or of voids appearing in its coolant system (by water boiling, for example). This is measured by the coolant void coefficient. Most modern nuclear
Loss-of-coolant_accident
Reactor accident due to core overheating
cooling is lost, but moderation continues. This is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. The RBMK tends towards dangerous power fluctuations
Nuclear_meltdown
Former Soviet inorganic chemist and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1936–1988)
media some defects in the RBMK reactor design such as the positive void coefficient, as well as problems with operator training. Some details were censored
Valery_Legasov
People involved in the nuclear accident
boiling in the reactor, and because of a combination of a positive void coefficient and xenon burnout, the power began to increase dramatically. At ~1:23:30 a
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster
Individual_involvement_in_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
can provide positive or negative feedback (a positive or negative void coefficient), depending on whether the reactor is under- or over-moderated. Intermediate-energy
Neutron_temperature
Decommissioned nuclear power plant in Ukraine
2019. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient – World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Archived from
Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
however, the reaction slowed or stopped. The reactor thus had a negative void coefficient of reactivity, something employed as a safety mechanism in human-made
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Safety systems of boiling water reactors
pressurized water reactor, a boiling water reactor has a negative void coefficient, that is, the neutron (and the thermal) output of the reactor decreases
Boiling water reactor safety systems
Boiling_water_reactor_safety_systems
Nuclear reactor design
these comparatively low concerns. For example, the IFR's positive void coefficient could be reduced to an acceptable level by adding technetium to the
Integral_fast_reactor
Sustained nuclear fission achieved solely by prompt neutron emission
California, Berkeley in 1942. Subcritical reactor Thermal neutron Void coefficient "INSAG-7: The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1" (PDF). IAEA
Prompt_criticality
present. It was partially moderated with graphite, but had a negative void coefficient due to also using moderation from the coolant water, meaning it was
N-Reactor
Form of water
(being cooled with ordinary water instead) which produced the positive void coefficient that was one of a series of flaws in reactor design leading to the
Heavy_water
Canadian heavy water nuclear reactor design
layout of the system. CANDU designs have a positive void coefficient, as well as a small power coefficient, normally considered bad in reactor design. This
CANDU_reactor
Field of physics dealing with nuclear reactors
moderated by groundwater and, presumably, controlled by the negative void coefficient as the water boiled from the heat of the reaction. Uranium from the
Nuclear_reactor_physics
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
Instead, a massive power excursion (exacerbated by the high and positive void coefficient of the RBMK as it was designed and used at the time) during a mishandled
Nuclear_graphite
Concept nuclear reactor whose water operates at supercritical pressure
fast SCWR needs a relatively complex reactor core to have a negative void coefficient. [clarification needed] However, single coolant flow pass core is feasible
Supercritical_water_reactor
Differential diffusion
suppression of voids formed at the boundary interface in various kinds of alloy-to-metal bonding. These are referred to as Kirkendall voids. The Kirkendall
Kirkendall_effect
When one nuclear reaction causes more
example, power plants licensed in the United States require a negative void coefficient of reactivity: if coolant were to be removed from the reactor core
Nuclear_chain_reaction
Ability of soils to allow water to flow through its voids
of its porosity. The coefficient of permeability varies with the void ratio as e/sup>/(1+e). For a given soil, the greater the void ratio, the higher the
Permeability_of_soils
Power generated from nuclear reactions
prevented by natural feedback mechanisms, a concept known as negative void coefficient of reactivity. If the temperature or the amount of steam in the reactor
Nuclear_power
Comparison between the Chernobyl disaster and Fukushima nuclear disaster
unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:23 AM
Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents
Comparison_of_the_Chernobyl_and_Fukushima_nuclear_accidents
Soviet / Russian nuclear reactor type
and compensating for loss of cooling, a condition known as negative void coefficient. Later versions of the reactors are encased in massive steel reactor
VVER
Retired research nuclear reactor
temporary cooling system, and some of them ruptured; the positive void coefficient of the reactor led to a further power increase. About 14 seconds later
NRX
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
and shut the reactor down. This capability is known as a negative void coefficient of reactivity. Currently offered LWRs include the following: ABWR AP1000
Light-water_reactor
enriched uranium (<2% 235U). RBMK Hanford Engineer Works Hanford Site Void coefficient "Plutonium: The First 50 Years". FAS Project on Government Secrecy
Light_water_graphite_reactor
Series of boiling water nuclear reactor safety experiments
core could be stable, because the bubble formation creates a negative void coefficient. Subsequently, the reactor was used for power excursion tests which
BORAX_experiments
Nuclear reactor design
positive void coefficient of reactivity, the Argentina-designed CARA fuel bundles used in Atucha I, are capable of the preferred negative coefficient. While
Pressurized heavy-water reactor
Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor, CO2 or He cooled
fuel but require online refueling to be viable power reactors. No void coefficient of reactivity as the coolant is a gas at room temperature and remains
Gas-cooled_reactor
Soviet politician and engineer (1898–1991)
2023-10-30. "RBMK Reactors | reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosty Kanalny | Positive void coefficient - World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25
Efim_Slavsky
2006. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient". World-nuclear.org. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on
History_of_nuclear_power
Nuclear reactor where water boils in core
the fuel, and reactor power decreases. Thus the BWR has a negative void coefficient. Reactor pressure in a BWR is controlled by the main turbine or main
Boiling_water_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten sodium
could increase. Furthermore, a large-core SFR can have a positive void coefficient in the center of its core. However, other design features can be used
Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor
Indian fast breeder nuclear reactor design
[clarification needed] The prototype fast breeder reactor has a negative void coefficient, thus ensuring a high level of passive nuclear safety. This means that
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor
Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor
Fast-neutron nuclear reactor cooled by molten lead
lead-cooled fast reactors. Lead has a positive void coefficient, or void reactivity, meaning that as voids occur in the circulating coolant an increase
Lead-cooled_fast_reactor
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
which affects thermal neutrons, does not work, nor does a negative void coefficient of the moderator. Both techniques are common in ordinary light-water
Fast-neutron_reactor
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume
Porosity
Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
Retrieved 8 August 2019. MSRs have large negative temperature and void coefficients of reactivity, and are designed to shut down due to expansion of the
Cost_of_electricity_by_source
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal
Compressibility
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by a gas
elements with low neutron capture cross sections to prevent positive void coefficient and induced radioactivity. The use of gas also removes the possibility
Gas-cooled_fast_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
void coefficient too many neutrons may be lost. Old proposed single fluid designs promising breeding performance tend to have an unsafe positive void
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
Roughly, the number of k-dimensional holes on a topological surface
homology group in this case is a vector space over Q. The universal coefficient theorem, in a very simple torsion-free case, shows that these definitions
Betti_number
Probability distribution
the probability mass function's binomial coefficient arises when considering the equivalent multiset coefficient ( ( r k ) ) {\displaystyle \textstyle \left(\
Negative binomial distribution
Negative_binomial_distribution
Theory of soil consolidation and effective stress
Darcy's law is valid for all hydraulic gradients. The coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volume compressibility remain constant throughout
Terzaghi's_principle
Mass per unit volume
void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction, if the difference in density of the two voids
Density
standard natural uranium fuel, with more negative temperature and void coefficients, enhancing overall safety. Development began in the mid-1980s by AECL
CANFLEX
Sexual activity between close relatives
physical disability, and death; that risk is proportional to their parents' coefficient of relationship, a measure of how closely the parents are related genetically
Incest
Study of heat conduction between solid bodies
or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, h c {\displaystyle h_{c}} , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity
Thermal_contact_conductance
International football competition
point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points); UEFA coefficient ranking for the qualifying group stage draw. To determine the best runner-up
2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification
Classification of grainy soils based on the sizes of their grains
a soil can also be determined by calculating the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of curvature, Cc, of the soil and comparing the calculated
Soil_gradation
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-rays, obtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
Technique in analytical chemistry
do the opposite. That is, the analytes may have different partition coefficients, leading to the separation of the analytes. The interaction between the
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance_liquid_chromatography
Used to count, measure, and label
Indian texts used a Sanskrit word Shunye or shunya to refer to the concept of void. In mathematics texts this word often refers to the number zero. In a similar
Number
Electronic instrument
magnitude of the reflection is referred to as the reflection coefficient or ρ. The coefficient ranges from 1 (open circuit) to −1 (short circuit). The value
Time-domain_reflectometer
American full-size car
traveling at 101 mph (163 km/h). The ninth generation Impala has a drag coefficient of 0.33. Available trim levels at the time of introduction of the ninth
Chevrolet_Impala
with the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} and ending with the coefficient of x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} , a.k.a. the coefficient of 1. However
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks
Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or
Stress_migration
Process by which soils decrease in volume
material. The first phase consists of soil grains, and a combination of void (air) or other fluid (typically groundwater) comprise the second and third
Soil_consolidation
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
In the equation above, they must be engineering strains for the 6,6 coefficient of the compliance matrix to be written as shown, i.e., 2(sE 11 − sE 12)
Piezoelectricity
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten material
power generators.[citation needed] MSRs exploit a negative temperature coefficient of reactivity and a large allowable temperature rise to prevent criticality
Molten-salt_reactor
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
over a unit area. The U-factor or U-value is the overall heat transfer coefficient and can be found by taking the inverse of the R-value. It is a property
R-value_(insulation)
Metallic material
ceramic chip carriers. Coefficient of expansion matching many common materials. Due to zero wetting angle requires pressure to form a void-free joint. Alloy
Solder_alloys
Mechanism of spontaneous phase separation
initially homogeneous alloy implies uphill diffusion or a negative diffusion coefficient. Becker and Dehlinger had already predicted a negative diffusivity inside
Spinodal_decomposition
Form of carbon
the highest sound velocity. It has low adhesion and friction, and its coefficient of thermal expansion is extremely low. Its optical transparency extends
Diamond
Interconnect between layers in HDI substrates and PCBs
hence decreases microvia fatigue life. As for voids, different voiding conditions, such as different void sizes, shapes, and locations result in different
Microvia
Polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links
provided improvements in flexural modulus (stiffness), reduction in coefficient of thermal expansion and better thermal stability. This technology was
Polyurethane
center-to-center void spacing, d {\displaystyle d} is the grain size, D B {\displaystyle D_{B}} is the grain-boundary diffusion coefficient, δ B {\displaystyle
Damage_mechanics
Scottish club in European football
Retrieved 31 July 2015. "Member associations - UEFA rankings - Club coefficients". UEFA. 6 October 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025. "1914 Budapest Cup"
Celtic F.C. in international football
Celtic_F.C._in_international_football
Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances
tooling material selection is normally based on, but not limited to, the coefficient of thermal expansion, expected number of cycles, end item tolerance,
Composite_material
Insulator in semiconductor devices
deposition. Integration difficulties include low mechanical strength, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch and thermal stability. Some examples
Low-kappa_dielectric
Common synthetic polymer
thicknesses and colors. As flat sheets, PVC is often expanded to create voids in the interior of the material, providing additional thickness without
Polyvinyl_chloride
Medical condition
more often observed in areas with a specific ethnic background and high coefficients of inbreeding. They generate proteins with various degrees of enzymatic
5α-Reductase_2_deficiency
Wafer bonding process in semiconductor production
sufficiently clean, flat and smooth. Otherwise unbonded areas so called voids, i.e. interface bubbles, can occur. The procedural steps of the direct bonding
Direct_bonding
International football competition
point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points); UEFA coefficient for the group stage draw. To determine the best three runners-up, the
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification (UEFA)
2023_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)
Extinct genus of marine squamate reptiles
accounting for drag may have been underestimated; estimation of drag coefficients for an extinct species can be difficult as it requires a hypothetical
Tylosaurus
Renal function test
middle-age population. The 2021 CKD-EPI formula does not include a race coefficient (see discussion below). The 2021 CKD-EPI equation is: e G F R = 142
Glomerular_filtration_rate
Construction element consisting of at least two glass plates
impacts both the thermal performance (R-value) and the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC). Two types of low E coatings are available: hard coatings and
Insulated_glazing
Material
high-temperature ceramic, and gets insulating properties from the many tiny air-filled voids within the material. The foam can be used not only for thermal insulation
Ceramic_foam
terrestrial and marine processes. coastal bench See wave-cut platform. coefficient of localization A measure of the degree of localization or spatial concentration
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
Affinity (Catholic canon law) Assortative mating Avunculate marriage Coefficient of relationship Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage in the Middle East
Legality of incest in the United States
Legality_of_incest_in_the_United_States
Legality of sexual relationships between family members
"Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy - Calculation Of The Coefficient Of Relationship". Genetic-genealogy.co.uk. "Kin Selection". Benjamin/Cummings
Legality_of_incest
Amount of water an aquifer releases while staying saturated
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. Storativity or the storage coefficient is the volume of water released from storage per unit decline in hydraulic
Specific_storage
European football tournament
domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA association coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
2021–22_UEFA_Champions_League
1980 short story by Harry Mathews
uttered," Malinowski highlights two aspects that guided his approach: the "coefficient of strangeness," which he also calls the "element of nonsense," meaning
The translation of The Dialect of the Tribe in French
The_translation_of_The_Dialect_of_the_Tribe_in_French
Concrete which has been mechanically ground, honed, and polished
The application of wax may dull the finish. non slippery – due to high coefficient of friction minimizes dust mite and allergen problems; does not allow
Polished_concrete
Sports car manufactured by Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan
team. The team set a numerical target for the car to achieve a drag coefficient of Cd=0.28 or lower, combined with front and rear downforce, which was
Nissan_GT-R
Aspects of fluid mechanics involving flow of fluids (liquids and gases)
heterogeneous fluid properties and body forces Cavitation – Low-pressure voids formed in liquids Compressible flow – Branch of fluid mechanics Couette
Outline_of_fluid_dynamics
Steel alloy resistant to corrosion
1021/es903584q. PMID 20426460. Wu, Wenjie; Maye, Mathew M. (1 January 2014). "Void Coalescence in Core/Alloy Nanoparticles with Stainless Interfaces". Small
Stainless_steel
Four Unknowns, which contains an ancient method of arranging binomial coefficients in a triangle. 1356- Narayana Pandita completes his treatise Ganita Kaumudi
Timeline_of_mathematics
Distinction between nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables
differences, one cannot define measures that require some ratios, such as the coefficient of variation. More subtly, while one can define moments about the origin
Level_of_measurement
Italian open-source hardware and software company
Jaume (2016-03-15). "Estimating the Underwater Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient with a Low-Cost Instrument: The KdUINO DIY Buoy". Sensors. 16 (3): 373
Arduino
Physical process
for vapor growth. Confined boiling typically has higher heat transfer coefficient but a lower CHF than pool boiling. CHF occurs when the vapor momentum
Boiling
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Rapha, RAFA means "feeble, flaccid, weak," i.e. "a shade" living in Hades, void of blood and animal life; therefore weak and languid like a sick person, but still able to think.Â
Girl/Female
Biblical
Vain, void, mountain of enjoyment.
Male
Czechoslovakian
, beloved.
Biblical
made void; forsaken
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Roman Latin Vitus, VID means "life."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Coward, perhaps a deliberate respelling by a bearer anxious to avoid association with the unrelated modern English word coward.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin) and French
English (of Norman origin) and French : occupational name for a maker of glass objects, Old French verrie(o)r (from verre, voir(r)e ‘glass’, Latin vitrum).
Boy/Male
Biblical
Void.
Boy/Male
Hebrew Latin
Worker.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Made void, forsaken.
Boy/Male
Australian, Hebrew, Latin, Portuguese
Worker; She; Woman; Sheep Herder
Boy/Male
Indian
Helper; Doctor; Medicine
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, German, Greek, Kurdish
Empty; Void
Girl/Female
Biblical
Void, empty.
Biblical
vain; void; mountain of enjoyment
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian, Slovak and Slovenian form of Hebrew David, DÃVID means "beloved."
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of Roman Latin Ovid, OFYDD means "sheep herder."
Female
Slovene
Feminine form of Slovene Vid, VIDA means "life."Â Compare with masculine Vida.
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Blonde.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Stopper; The One who Says to Avoid
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
Boy/Male
Greek English
Farmer.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, German, Irish
High; Noble
Girl/Female
Indian
Who wants good for every one, Lovable
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Rosanne, ROSEANN means "rose of grace."
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Telugu
Good Son
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord of courageous men, Brave Lord
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.Probably a variant of Swiss German Bandi, or German Bender or Bänder (see Bander).Hungarian (Bándy) : variant of Bandi.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Wealth
Girl/Female
Tamil
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Bury in Lancashire (now part of Greater Manchester), or from some other similarly named place. The place name comes from the dative case, byrig, of Old English burh ‘fortified place’. Compare Burke, originally used after a preposition (e.g. Richard atte Bery).French : habitational name from places so named in Marne and Oise. The place name is from Buriacum, the name of a Gallo-Roman estate, composed of the personal name Burius + the locative suffix -acum.German : probably a variant spelling of Buri. According to Gottschald, however, it is from French Purry.Czech (Burý) : topographic name from bur ‘pine wood’.Czech (Burý) : descriptive nickname from burý ‘dark’.
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
v. i.
To become void or vacant.
a.
To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter.
a.
Void of meaning.
a.
Void of delight.
a.
Void of love; void of tenderness or kindness.
v. i.
To void excrement.
v. i.
To void excrement.
a.
Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use.
a.
To remove the contents of; to make or leave vacant or empty; to quit; to leave; as, to void a table.
n.
Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void.
v. i.
To void excrement.
a.
Void of understanding.
v. i.
To void excrement.
a.
To throw or send out; to evacuate; to emit; to discharge; as, to void excrements.
a.
To emit or throw out; to void; as, to avoid excretions.
a.
To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as, to avoid the company of gamesters.
a.
To render void; to make to be of no validity or effect; to vacate; to annul; to nullify.
imp. & p. p.
of Void
a.
To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Void