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Change in nuclear fission rate caused by voids in a reactor
In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called void coefficient of reactivity) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the
Void_coefficient
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
reactor design had several shortcomings, such as the large positive void coefficient, the 'positive scram effect' of the control rods and instability at
RBMK
Investigations into the Chernobyl nuclear accident
time." The reactor had a dangerously large positive void coefficient of reactivity. The void coefficient is a measurement of how a reactor responds to increased
Investigations into the Chernobyl disaster
Investigations_into_the_Chernobyl_disaster
Nuclear incidents at Leningrad Unit 1 and Chernobyl Unit 1
"positive void coefficient", and the RBMK reactor has the highest positive void coefficient of any commercial reactor ever designed. A high void coefficient does
Partial meltdowns at Leningrad and Chernobyl
Partial_meltdowns_at_Leningrad_and_Chernobyl
Type of nuclear reactor
This property is called the void coefficient of reactivity, and in an RBMK reactor like Chernobyl, the void coefficient is positive, and fairly large
Pressurized_water_reactor
Measure of nuclear reactor fuel stability
with the fuel. Nuclear fission Nuclear reactor physics Void coefficient Temperature coefficient Friant, David; Bernard, David; Blaise, Patrick (2023-08-03)
Fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity
Fuel_temperature_coefficient_of_reactivity
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
light-water reactor designs, the RBMK design had a positive void coefficient, meaning that voids formed during boiling had the effect of increasing rather
Chernobyl_disaster
Former Soviet inorganic chemist and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1936–1988)
media some defects in the RBMK reactor design such as the positive void coefficient, as well as problems with operator training. Some details were censored
Valery_Legasov
Indian nuclear reactor design
with the mixed oxide fuel enables the reactor to achieve a negative void coefficient. The remaining 37 channels are occupied by the shutdown system. This
Advanced_heavy-water_reactor
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
the moderator is also lost and the reaction will stop. This negative void coefficient is an important safety feature of these reactors. In CANDU the moderator
Neutron_moderator
Form of nuclear reactor failure
of a LOCA or of voids appearing in its coolant system (by water boiling, for example). This is measured by the coolant void coefficient. Most modern nuclear
Loss-of-coolant_accident
Nuclear power safety method that does not require electrical power nor intervention
Nuclear reactor response properties such as Temperature coefficient of reactivity and Void coefficient of reactivity usually refer to the thermodynamic and
Passive_nuclear_safety
Decommissioned nuclear power plant in Ukraine
2019. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient – World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Archived from
Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant
People involved in the nuclear accident
boiling in the reactor, and because of a combination of a positive void coefficient and xenon burnout, the power began to increase dramatically. At ~1:23:30 a
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster
Individual_involvement_in_the_Chernobyl_disaster
present. It was partially moderated with graphite, but had a negative void coefficient due to also using moderation from the coolant water, meaning it was
N-Reactor
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
can provide positive or negative feedback (a positive or negative void coefficient), depending on whether the reactor is under- or over-moderated. Intermediate-energy
Neutron_temperature
Reactor accident due to core overheating
cooling is lost, but moderation continues. This is termed a positive void coefficient of reactivity. The RBMK tends towards dangerous power fluctuations
Nuclear_meltdown
Nuclear reactor design
these comparatively low concerns. For example, the IFR's positive void coefficient could be reduced to an acceptable level by adding technetium to the
Integral_fast_reactor
Nuclear reactor where water boils in core
the fuel, and reactor power decreases. Thus the BWR has a negative void coefficient. Reactor pressure in a BWR is controlled by the main turbine or main
Boiling_water_reactor
Field of physics dealing with nuclear reactors
moderated by groundwater and, presumably, controlled by the negative void coefficient as the water boiled from the heat of the reaction. Uranium from the
Nuclear_reactor_physics
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
however, the reaction slowed or stopped. The reactor thus had a negative void coefficient of reactivity, something employed as a safety mechanism in human-made
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
Safety systems of boiling water reactors
pressurized water reactor, a boiling water reactor has a negative void coefficient, that is, the neutron (and the thermal) output of the reactor decreases
Boiling water reactor safety systems
Boiling_water_reactor_safety_systems
When one nuclear reaction causes more
example, power plants licensed in the United States require a negative void coefficient of reactivity: if coolant were to be removed from the reactor core
Nuclear_chain_reaction
Form of water
(being cooled with ordinary water instead) which produced the positive void coefficient that was one of a series of flaws in reactor design leading to the
Heavy_water
Power generated from nuclear reactions
prevented by natural feedback mechanisms, a concept known as negative void coefficient of reactivity. If the temperature or the amount of steam in the reactor
Nuclear_power
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
Instead, a massive power excursion (exacerbated by the high and positive void coefficient of the RBMK as it was designed and used at the time) during a mishandled
Nuclear_graphite
Series of boiling water nuclear reactor safety experiments
core could be stable, because the bubble formation creates a negative void coefficient. Subsequently, the reactor was used for power excursion tests which
BORAX_experiments
Concept nuclear reactor whose water operates at supercritical pressure
fast SCWR needs a relatively complex reactor core to have a negative void coefficient. [clarification needed] However, single coolant flow pass core is feasible
Supercritical_water_reactor
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal
Compressibility
Soviet / Russian nuclear reactor type
and compensating for loss of cooling, a condition known as negative void coefficient. Later versions of the reactors are encased in massive steel reactor
VVER
Sustained nuclear fission achieved solely by prompt neutron emission
University of California, Berkeley. Subcritical reactor Thermal neutron Void coefficient "Reactor Physics" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 23 September
Prompt_criticality
2006. "RBMK Reactors | reactor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny | Positive void coefficient". World-nuclear.org. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on
History_of_nuclear_power
Soviet politician and engineer (1898–1991)
2023-10-30. "RBMK Reactors | reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosty Kanalny | Positive void coefficient - World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2023-10-25
Efim_Slavsky
Ability of soils to allow water to flow through its voids
of its porosity. The coefficient of permeability varies with the void ratio as e/sup>/(1+e). For a given soil, the greater the void ratio, the higher the
Permeability_of_soils
enriched uranium (<2% 235U). RBMK Hanford Engineer Works Hanford Site Void coefficient "Plutonium: The First 50 Years". FAS Project on Government Secrecy
Light_water_graphite_reactor
Nuclear reactor design
positive void coefficient of reactivity, the Argentina-designed CARA fuel bundles used in Atucha I, are capable of the preferred negative coefficient. While
Pressurized heavy-water reactor
Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor, CO2 or He cooled
fuel but require online refueling to be viable power reactors. No void coefficient of reactivity as the coolant is a gas at room temperature and remains
Gas-cooled_reactor
Comparison between the Chernobyl disaster and Fukushima nuclear disaster
unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:23 AM
Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents
Comparison_of_the_Chernobyl_and_Fukushima_nuclear_accidents
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
which affects thermal neutrons, does not work, nor does a negative void coefficient of the moderator. Both techniques are common in ordinary light-water
Fast-neutron_reactor
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume
Porosity
Differential diffusion
suppression of voids formed at the boundary interface in various kinds of alloy-to-metal bonding. These are referred to as Kirkendall voids. The Kirkendall
Kirkendall_effect
Retired research nuclear reactor
temporary cooling system, and some of them ruptured; the positive void coefficient of the reactor led to a further power increase. About 14 seconds later
NRX
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
void coefficient too many neutrons may be lost. Old proposed single fluid designs promising breeding performance tend to have an unsafe positive void
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by molten sodium
could increase. Furthermore, a large-core SFR can have a positive void coefficient in the center of its core. However, other design features can be used
Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
reactivity control, and reduces the RBMK's dangerously high positive void coefficient. Ceramic-metallic (cermet) fuel is a type of micro-particle fuel that
Nuclear_fuel
Fast-neutron nuclear reactor cooled by molten lead
lead-cooled fast reactors. Lead has a positive void coefficient, or void reactivity, meaning that as voids occur in the circulating coolant an increase
Lead-cooled_fast_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
and shut the reactor down. This capability is known as a negative void coefficient of reactivity. Currently offered LWRs include the following: ABWR AP1000
Light-water_reactor
Canadian heavy water nuclear reactor design
layout of the system. CANDU designs have a positive void coefficient, as well as a small power coefficient, normally considered bad in reactor design. This
CANDU_reactor
Type of nuclear reactor cooled by a gas
elements with low neutron capture cross sections to prevent positive void coefficient and induced radioactivity. The use of gas also removes the possibility
Gas-cooled_fast_reactor
Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
Retrieved 8 August 2019. MSRs have large negative temperature and void coefficients of reactivity, and are designed to shut down due to expansion of the
Cost_of_electricity_by_source
standard natural uranium fuel, with more negative temperature and void coefficients, enhancing overall safety. Twenty-four of these fuel bundles have
CANFLEX
Roughly, the number of k-dimensional holes on a topological surface
homology group in this case is a vector space over Q. The universal coefficient theorem, in a very simple torsion-free case, shows that these definitions
Betti_number
metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or
Stress_migration
Classification of grainy soils based on the sizes of their grains
a soil can also be determined by calculating the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and the coefficient of curvature, Cc, of the soil and comparing the calculated
Soil_gradation
with the coefficient of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n-1}} and ending with the coefficient of x 0 {\displaystyle x^{0}} , a.k.a. the coefficient of 1. However
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks
Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
Theory of soil consolidation and effective stress
Darcy's law is valid for all hydraulic gradients. The coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volume compressibility remain constant throughout
Terzaghi's_principle
Mass per unit volume
void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction, if the difference in density of the two voids
Density
Women's handball club
except for four seasons when they were in the second tier. 1 The season was voided due to COVID-19 pandemic. Squad for the 2020-21 season President: Iva Lesjak
ŽRK_Zamet
center-to-center void spacing, d {\displaystyle d} is the grain size, D B {\displaystyle D_{B}} is the grain-boundary diffusion coefficient, δ B {\displaystyle
Damage_mechanics
Study of heat conduction between solid bodies
or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, h c {\displaystyle h_{c}} , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity
Thermal_contact_conductance
Legality of sexual relationships between family members
"Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy - Calculation Of The Coefficient Of Relationship". Genetic-genealogy.co.uk. "Kin Selection". Benjamin/Cummings
Legality_of_incest
Type of shift register in computing
in finite field arithmetic as a polynomial mod 2. This means that the coefficients of the polynomial must be 1s or 0s. This is called the feedback polynomial
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
In geometry, property of being directionally dependent
in the sense that more symmetric crystal types have fewer independent coefficients in the tensor description of a given property. When a material is polycrystalline
Anisotropy
Physical process
for vapor growth. Confined boiling typically has higher heat transfer coefficient but a lower CHF than pool boiling. CHF occurs when the vapor momentum
Boiling
Twin-aisle airliner family
Ciornei (31 May 2005). "Mach number, relative thickness, sweep and lift coefficient of the wing – An empirical investigation of parameters and equations"
Airbus_A330
Assembly of layers of fibrous composite materials
properties, including in-plane stiffness, bending stiffness, strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The individual layers consist of high-modulus,
Composite_laminate
Identity document of China
second-generation cards came into force; all first-generation cards became void and unusable. If used, first-generation cards are treated as expired ID cards
Resident_Identity_Card
Type of matrix factorization
{\displaystyle n^{2}} coefficients while two triangle matrices combined contain n(n + 1) coefficients, and therefore n coefficients of matrices LU are not
LU_decomposition
Physical property of allowing light
aqueous solutions are highly transparent. Absence of structural defects (voids, cracks, etc.) and molecular structure of most liquids are mostly responsible
Transparency_and_translucency
Probability distribution
the probability mass function's binomial coefficient arises when considering the equivalent multiset coefficient ( ( r k ) ) {\displaystyle \textstyle \left(\
Negative binomial distribution
Negative_binomial_distribution
Process by which soils decrease in volume
material. The first phase consists of soil grains, and a combination of void (air) or other fluid (typically groundwater) comprise the second and third
Soil_consolidation
Analytical methodology in spectroscopy
Complications arise, for example, for gas phase reactions which require large void volumes, which make it difficult to homogenize heat and mass within the cell
Operando_spectroscopy
Steel known for strength and toughness
Melting point: 1,413 °C (2,575 °F) Thermal conductivity: 25.5 W/m·K Mean coefficient of thermal expansion: 11.3×10−6 K−1 (20.3×10−6 °F−1) Yield tensile strength:
Maraging_steel
Concrete with rebar
characteristics give reinforced concrete its special properties: The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is similar to that of steel, eliminating
Reinforced_concrete
Industrial process based on lost-wax casting
occur at this point because the waxes used have a thermal expansion coefficient that is much greater than the investment material surrounding it—as the
Investment_casting
sum of two elements is equivalent to computing XOR on the polynomial coefficients. A generator of a field is an element of the field such that g i {\displaystyle
Non-standard_RAID_levels
Motor vehicle
have been adopted throughout the industry. It had one of the lowest coefficient of drag (Cd) of any vehicle of the time (0.28 for the 200/200D model
Mercedes-Benz_W124
Sports car manufactured by Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan
team. The team set a numerical target for the car to achieve a drag coefficient of Cd=0.28 or lower, combined with front and rear downforce, which was
Nissan_GT-R
Extension of the factorial function
binomial coefficients motivates why the properties of the gamma function when extended to negative numbers are natural. A binomial coefficient gives the
Gamma_function
American rabbi and physicist
(November 1967). "Matrix Products and the Explicit 3, 6, 9, and 12-j Coefficients of the Regular Representation of SU(n)". Journal of Mathematical Physics
Aryeh_Kaplan
International football competition
point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points); UEFA coefficient ranking for the qualifying group stage draw. To determine the best runner-up
2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification
2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification
Amount of water an aquifer releases while staying saturated
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. Storativity or the storage coefficient is the volume of water released from storage per unit decline in hydraulic
Specific_storage
International football competition
permanent suspension of the 2020 Venezuelan Primera División season and the voiding of the standings and results recorded due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela
2021_Copa_Sudamericana
Ways electronic components fail and prevention measures
that may cause material fatigue, especially when the thermal expansion coefficients of the materials are different. Humidity and aggressive chemicals can
Failure of electronic components
Failure_of_electronic_components
coefficients void tdf_low_pass::initialize(){ num(0) = 1.0; den(0) = 1.0; den(1) = 1.0/(2.0*M_PI*fcut); } ToDo: description // AC implementation void
SystemC_AMS
Spinning a tool to mix metal workpieces together at the joint, without melting them
tool, the amount of which will depend on the down force and friction coefficient (sliding friction) and/or the flow strength of the material in the surrounding
Friction_stir_welding
Football tournament season
Liechtenstein. The team remaining in the competition with the highest UEFA club coefficient, Vaduz, were selected to play in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League by the
2019–20_Liechtenstein_Cup
Country in West Asia
International Monetary Fund. 14 April 2026. Retrieved 18 April 2026. "Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 January 2026.
Israel
Sexual activity between close relatives
physical disability, and death; that risk is proportional to their parents' coefficient of relationship, a measure of how closely the parents are related genetically
Incest
Affinity (Catholic canon law) Assortative mating Avunculate marriage Coefficient of relationship Consanguine marriage Cousin marriage in the Middle East
Legality of incest in the United States
Legality_of_incest_in_the_United_States
American full-size car
traveling at 101 mph (163 km/h). The ninth generation Impala has a drag coefficient of 0.33. Available trim levels at the time of introduction of the ninth
Chevrolet_Impala
Santos Laguna 2025–26 football season
between tied teams; 5) Number of goals scored away; 6) Highest relegation coefficient; 7) Fair Play points Notes: Teams ranked 7th to 10th qualified for the
2025–26_Santos_Laguna_season
Seminal work on stereophonic sound by Alan Blumlein
built around operational amplifiers and precision resistors. The scaling coefficients of 0.7017 (square root of 0.5) in the above formulae assure equality
United_Kingdom_patent_394325
American theoretical physicist (1904–1967)
photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-rays, obtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray
J._Robert_Oppenheimer
Country in South America
Subjects: April 2025". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved
Guyana
Technology used in oil and gas wells
the wireline (called cablehead tension, CHT) and the elastic stretch coefficient of the cable. None of these are constants, so the correction has to be
Wireline_(cabling)
Interconnect between layers in HDI substrates and PCBs
hence decreases microvia fatigue life. As for voids, different voiding conditions, such as different void sizes, shapes, and locations result in different
Microvia
waveguides if off-shifted away from each other can enhance the coupling coefficient even more than 100% if optimized properly, and thus the effective power
Slot-waveguide
Steel reinforcement
patterns embossed into its surface. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, so a concrete structural member reinforced with
Rebar
Genus of ants (Camponotus sp.)
sisters, the coefficient of relatedness is r > 0.75 (due to their haplodiploid genetic system). Between parent and offspring, the coefficient of relatedness
Carpenter_ant
travel, tourism, insurance
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
VOID COEFFICIENT
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