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Interaction between subatomic particles
and particle physics, the weak interaction, weak force or weak nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism
Weak_interaction
Unified description of electromagnetism and the weak interaction
interactions of nature: electromagnetism (electromagnetic interaction), and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday
Electroweak_interaction
Binding of quarks in subatomic particles
100 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation. In the context of atomic
Strong_interaction
Quantum number related to the weak interaction
particle physics, weak isospin is a quantum number relating to the electrically charged part of the weak interaction. Particles with nonzero weak isospin can
Weak_isospin
Most basic type of physical force
interactions known to exist: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction. The gravitational and electromagnetic interactions produce
Fundamental_interaction
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known
Standard_Model
Type of weak interaction in nuclear and atomic physics
nuclear physics and atomic physics, weak charge, or rarely neutral weak charge, refers to the Standard Model weak interaction coupling of a particle to the
Weak_charge
Weak force particle interaction
Weak neutral current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force. These interactions are mediated
Neutral_current
Class of elementary particles
subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, the weak interaction, and to electromagnetism
Lepton
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
four fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces (electromagnetism, gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction), as well as the
Quark
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective
W_and_Z_bosons
One way that particles can interact with the weak force
current interactions are one of two primary channels in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force. These interactions are specifically
Charged_current
Idea of connecting all of physics into one set of equations
fundamental interactions (also called forces), beginning with the unification of electromagnetic forces with the weak force to create electroweak interaction. This
Unification of theories in physics
Unification_of_theories_in_physics
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
the Greek letter ν) is an elementary particle that interacts via the weak interaction and gravity. The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral
Neutrino
Abelian charge found in electroweak theory
electroweak interactions of particle physics, the weak hypercharge is a quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin
Weak_hypercharge
Unitary matrix containing information on the weak interaction
weak interaction. Technically, it specifies the mismatch of quantum states of quarks when they propagate freely and when they take part in the weak interactions
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix
Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa_matrix
Force of attraction or repulsion between molecules and neighboring particles
begin with a weak intermolecular interaction between a substrate and an enzyme or a molecule with a catalyst, but several such weak interactions with the
Intermolecular_force
1956 nuclear physics experiment on weak force parity conservation
strong interactions, also applied to weak interactions. If parity conservation were universal, particle decays governed by the weak interaction would behave
Wu_experiment
Mechanism of beta decay proposed in 1933
beta decay in 1933. The Fermi interaction was the precursor to the theory for the weak interaction where the interaction between the proton–neutron and
Fermi's_interaction
Symmetry of spatially mirrored systems
role of weak interactions in radioactive decay of atomic isotopes to establish the chirality of the weak force. By contrast, in interactions that are
Parity_(physics)
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
called force particles (gauge bosons). The strong interaction is mediated by the gluon, the weak interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism
List_of_particles
Subatomic particle having no substructure
electromagnetic interaction. These four gauge bosons form the electroweak interaction among elementary particles. Although the weak and electromagnetic
Elementary_particle
Quantum particle
parity violation in the weak interaction (most significantly, by the Wu experiment). Since the mesons decay through weak interactions, parity is not conserved
Kaon
Quantum number related to the weak interaction
{1}{2}}(Q_{\text{min}}+Q_{\text{max}}).} This relation has an analog in the weak interaction where T is the weak isospin. In the modern formulation, isospin (I) is defined
Isospin
Hypothetical particles that may constitute dark matter
have reduced in number because of self-annihilation caused by their weak interaction. There exists no formal definition of a WIMP, but broadly, it is an
Weakly interacting massive particle
Weakly_interacting_massive_particle
sum to zero. All fermions participate in the weak interaction. Quarks participate in the strong interaction, along gluons (its own quanta), but not leptons
History_of_subatomic_physics
Physical phenomenon
However, the weak interaction, which governs beta decay and the corresponding nuclear transitions, does depend on the chirality of the interaction, and in
Beta_decay_transition
Scientific law regarding conservation of a physical property
the weak interaction) Conservation of strangeness (violated by the weak interaction) Conservation of space-parity (violated by the weak interaction) Conservation
Conservation_law
Subatomic particle
many other unstable particles because the decay is mediated by the weak interaction and because the mass difference between the muon and the set of its
Muon
Quantum physics formula
weak interaction: Q = T 3 + 1 2 Y . {\displaystyle Q=T_{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}Y.} Here the charge Q {\displaystyle Q} is related to the projection of weak
Gell-Mann–Nishijima_formula
Measurement of a quantum system which minimally disturbs it
quantum system. The interaction between the system and the probe correlates the two systems. Typically the interaction only weakly correlates the system
Weak_measurement
American particle physicist (1923–2015)
March 27, 2015) was an American particle physicist who studied the weak interaction. Wolfenstein was born in 1923 and obtained his PhD in 1949 from the
Lincoln_Wolfenstein
Comprehensive physical model
particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high
Grand_Unified_Theory
Method in physics used to deal with infinities
to be observable. There is one exception: gravity, the exceedingly weak interaction of which is magnified by the presence of the enormous masses of stars
Renormalization
Species of elementary particle
These are conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions, but violated by weak interactions. Therefore, such flavour quantum numbers are not of
Flavour_(particle_physics)
Decay of a neutron when outside a nucleus
a half-life of around 608 seconds. The free neutron decays via the weak interaction and may be called the simplest example of beta decay. The decay results
Free_neutron_decay
Italian-American physicist (1901–1954)
later referred to as Fermi's interaction and now called weak interaction, described one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. Through experiments
Enrico_Fermi
Violation of charge-parity symmetry in particle physics and cosmology
neutrino interactions. It is important to the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem and the strong CP problem, and in the study of weak interactions in particle
CP_violation
Study of subatomic particles and forces
three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction. Quarks form hadrons
Particle_physics
Chinese-American physicist (1922–2025)
Prize in Physics for their work on parity non-conservation of the weak interaction, which was confirmed by the Wu experiment in 1956. The two proposed
Yang_Chen-Ning
Type of quark
participates in all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. It has an electric charge of +2/3 e
Top_quark
Chinese-American physicist (1926–2024)
Chen Ning Yang for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions, which Chien-Shiung Wu experimentally proved from 1956 to 1957, with
Tsung-Dao_Lee
1957 measurement of the neutrino helicity
interest due to its implications for the development of a theory of weak interactions. As neutrinos are extremely difficult to detect, their effects had
Goldhaber_experiment
Hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter
four fundamental interactions—electromagnetism, the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravity—only the weak interaction breaks parity. Parity
Mirror_matter
Something that has mass and volume
messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle
Matter
Property of elementary particles
strange quark cannot decay by the strong interaction, and must instead decay via the much slower weak interaction. In most cases these decays change the
Strangeness
Boson with spin 1
intermediate vector bosons (the W and Z bosons, which mediate the weak interaction) drew much attention in particle physics. A pseudovector boson is a
Vector_boson
Theoretical framework in physics
major barrier came with QFT's apparent inability to describe the weak and strong interactions, to the point where some theorists called for the abandonment
Quantum_field_theory
Subatomic particle; made of equal numbers of quarks and antiquarks
in both the weak interaction and strong interaction. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. Mesons are classified
Meson
Absence of, or a violation of, symmetry
violated in weak interactions. The Standard Model incorporates parity violation by expressing the weak interaction as a chiral gauge interaction. Only the
Asymmetry
Period in the evolution of the early universe
universe when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms
Quark_epoch
Material composed of antiparticles
violation of CP symmetry, which has been experimentally observed in the weak interaction. Recent observations indicate black holes and neutron stars produce
Antimatter
Property of particles related to spin
right-chiral antifermions engaging in the charged weak interaction. In the case of the weak interaction, which can in principle engage with both left- and
Chirality_(physics)
Flavour quantum number
under strong and electromagnetic interaction, but not under weak interaction (see CKM matrix). For first-order weak decays, that is processes involving
Charm_(quantum_number)
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
(including otherwise empty space), which breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction and, via the Higgs mechanism, gives a rest mass to
Higgs_boson
Experimental setup at CERN
The Weak Interaction Studies with 32Ar Decay (WISArD) experiment is a permanent experimental setup located in the ISOLDE facility, at CERN. The purpose
WISArD_experiment
Hypothetical particle that interacts only via gravity
Model, which carry an isospin charge of ±+1/ 2 and engage in the weak interaction. The term typically refers to neutrinos with right-handed chirality
Sterile_neutrino
Process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron
further Auger electron emission. Electron capture is an example of weak interaction, one of the four fundamental forces. Electron capture is the primary
Electron_capture
Type of quark
bottom quark can decay into either an up quark or charm quark via the weak interaction. CKM matrix elements Vub and Vcb specify the rates, where both these
Bottom_quark
Hypothetical universe without weak interactions
A weakless universe is a hypothetical universe that contains no weak interactions, but is otherwise very similar to our own universe. In particular, a
Weakless_universe
Concept in physics
understanding, the four fundamental interactions (gravity, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction) in all of physics are not described
Action_at_a_distance
Type of quark
experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The antiparticle of the strange
Strange_quark
Particle smaller than an atom
Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-85249-4. Okun, Lev (1962). "The theory of weak interaction". Proceedings of 1962 International Conference on High-Energy Physics
Subatomic_particle
Mathematics of a particle physics model
the right-handed are singlets – i.e. the weak isospin of ψR is zero. Put more simply, the weak interaction could rotate e.g. a left-handed electron into
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Change in universe after the Big Bang
maintained through the weak interaction. Decoupling occurred approximately at the time when the rate of those weak interactions was slower than the rate
Neutrino_decoupling
Double Penning trap experiment
WITCH (standing for "Weak Interaction Trap for Charged particles"), or experiment IS433, was a double Penning trap experiment to measure the recoil energy
WITCH_experiment
Particle in physics
contain charm quarks. They are often studied to gain knowledge on the weak interaction. The strange D mesons (Ds) were called "F mesons" prior to 1986. The
D_meson
Japanese-American physicist (1933–1982)
Cornell University, Sakurai independently discovered the V-A theory of weak interactions. He authored the popular graduate text Modern Quantum Mechanics (1985
J._J._Sakurai
Quantity in quantum mechanics
A_{w}.} In general the weak value quantity is a complex number. In the weak interaction regime, the ratio P ϵ / P {\displaystyle P_{\epsilon }/P} is close
Weak_value
Type of quark
experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The antiparticle of the up quark
Up_quark
Description of gravity using discrete values
electromagnetic interaction, the strong interaction, and the weak interaction; this leaves gravity as the only interaction that has not been fully accommodated
Quantum_gravity
Symmetry of physical laws under a charge-conjugation transformation
weak interaction violated P-symmetry. For several decades, it appeared that the combined symmetry CP was preserved, until CP-violating interactions were
C-symmetry
Force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms
known as the weak nuclear force. The weak interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions. It plays no role in the interaction of nucleons, though
Nuclear_force
American theoretical physicist (1929–2019)
particles and their interactions. Gell-Mann played key roles in developing the concept of chirality in the theory of the weak interactions and spontaneous
Murray_Gell-Mann
History and future of the universe
breaking when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms
Chronology_of_the_universe
Hypothetical physical concept
concept referred to unification of the four fundamental interactions: electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear forces, and gravity. Finding such a theory
Theory_of_everything
Model of neutrino oscillation
that it partners with in the charged-current weak interaction. These three eigenstates of the weak interaction form a complete, orthonormal basis for the
Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix
Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata_matrix
Composite subatomic particle
category term: Notwithstanding the fact that this report deals with weak interactions, we shall frequently have to speak of strongly interacting particles
Hadron
American particle physicist
experimental contributions to particle physics including fundamental work on weak interactions culminating in the discovery of asymmetry under time reversal. In
James_Cronin
American theoretical nuclear physicist
his research on neutron-rich matter, neutron-star structure, neutrino interactions, and parity-violating electron scattering. He is an emeritus Professor
Charles_J._Horowitz
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
hydrogen in the early universe to helium; likewise, an increase in the weak interaction also would convert all hydrogen to helium. Water, as well as sufficiently
Anthropic_principle
Antiparticle of the electron
Positrons can be created by positron emission radioactive decay (through weak interactions), or by pair production from a sufficiently energetic photon which
Positron
Grand Unified Theory proposed in 1974
symmetry and predicts the existence of a high energy right handed weak interaction with heavy W' and Z' bosons and right-handed neutrinos. Originally
Pati–Salam_model
Type of radioactive decay
that parity was conserved in weak interactions, and so they postulated that this symmetry may not be preserved by the weak force. They sketched the design
Beta_decay
Theoretical physicist, musician
Ashtekar, how those weak interactions on the right-handed chiral half in space-time connection could explain the weak interaction. The theory devised
Stephon_Alexander
Italian physicist (1935-2010)
August 2010) was an Italian physicist best known for his work on the weak interaction, particularly his introduction of the Cabibbo angle. Interested in
Nicola_Cabibbo
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
equipment; phenomena like interference are described by waves. Most everyday interactions with light can be understood using geometrical optics. Quantum optics
Light
Proper form of a protein or nucleic acid
formed from weak interactions along the covalently-bonded backbone. This is in contrast to the denatured state, in which these weak interactions are disrupted
Native_state
American physicist (1944–2012)
for his contributions to nuclear and particle physics, particularly weak interaction physics. He was a graduate of Berkeley, receiving a Bachelor of Science
Stuart_Freedman
Born series are good approximation to the expanded quantity for "weak" interaction V {\displaystyle V} and large collision energy. The Born series for
Born_series
Process in which disordered components form an organized structure or pattern
or metallic bonds. These weak interactions are important in materials synthesis for two reasons. First, weak interactions take a prominent place in materials
Self-assembly
Quantum state with the lowest possible energy
electromagnetic interactions and the weak interactions are unified (at very high energies only) in the theory of the electroweak interaction. The Standard
Quantum_vacuum_state
Conjecture that gravity must be the weakest force
compared to a U(1) gauge group interaction like electromagnetism,[further explanation needed] the mildest version of the weak gravity conjecture implies that
Weak_gravity_conjecture
Japanese physicist (1911–1970)
model and its SU(3) symmetry were also explained in the textbook "Weak Interaction of Elementary Particles", L.B.Okun (1965). In 1959, Gamba, Marshak
Shoichi_Sakata
Ionizing radiation
of the neutrino): n → p + e− + ν e This process is mediated by the weak interaction. The neutron turns into a proton through the emission of a virtual
Beta_particle
Type of quark
neutral currents and I am ready to bet now a whole case that if the weak interaction sessions of this Conference were dominated by the discovery of the
Charm_quark
Subatomic particle; lightest meson
6 MeV/c2 and a mean lifetime of 2.6033×10−8 s. They decay due to the weak interaction. The primary decay mode of a pion, with a branching fraction of 0.999877
Pion
Extremely short period of the early universe
period, three of the four fundamental interactions—electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and the weak interaction—were unified as the electronuclear
Grand_unification_epoch
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
quantum chromodynamics, and describes the interactions of subnuclear particles such as quarks and gluons. The weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force
Quantum_mechanics
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
variety of interactions, since it seems to only interact through gravity (and possibly through some means no stronger than the weak interaction, although
Dark_matter
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