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Theory in international relations
Weaponized interdependence is a theory in international relations that describes how states can leverage asymmetrical interdependence within global production
Weaponized_interdependence
Concept in international relations
peace among states, disrupting world order. In the concept of weaponized interdependence (see section below), liberal scholars Keohane and Nye suggest
Complex_interdependence
Study of the interrelations of economics, geography and politics
such thing. Naturally, they frequently break that promise." "Weaponized interdependence" is a term defined by Henry Farrell and Abraham L. Newman. Farrell
Geoeconomics
Mutual dependence of parties that trade within an economic system
ways in which interdependence can contribute to conflict between states. For example, through their work on "weaponized interdependence", Abraham Newman
Economic_interdependence
American political scientist and professor
finance. Most recently, Newman and Henry Farrell coined the term “weaponized interdependence” to describe the ways in which states are increasingly using economic
Abraham_L._Newman
Irish-american political scientist
major contribution has been in his work with Abraham Newman on weaponized interdependence. Henry Farrell grew up in Ireland; first in Dublin, then in a
Henry Farrell (political scientist)
Henry_Farrell_(political_scientist)
2022 nonfiction book by Chris Miller
industry's modest origins in Silicon Valley to its current state of "weaponized interdependence", concentrated primarily near the Taiwan Strait. Kirkus Reviews
Chip_War
Financial telecommunication network
February 2026. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (July 2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
SWIFT
Study of global economic governance
Oatley, Thomas (2021). "Weaponized International Financial Interdependence". The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence. Brookings Institution Press
International political economy
International_political_economy
Concept in international relations
ISBN 978-0-691-13569-4. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019-07-01). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
Power (international relations)
Power_(international_relations)
International relations theory
ctt7ztkw2. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019-07-01). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
Capitalist_peace_theory
Financial penalties applied by nations
ISSN 1094-2939. Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019). "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion". International
Economic_sanctions
States, preferring to describe the Special Relationship as one of "interdependence". Polaris had not been designed to penetrate anti-ballistic missile
Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom
American journalist
University Press. ISBN 9780521643320. The Uses and Abuses of Weaponized Interdependence. Brookings Institution Press, 2021. Drezner, Daniel W. (March
Daniel_W._Drezner
Economic policy in which governments raise military spending to boost economic growth
greater discretionary power. This type of economy is linked to the interdependence between welfare and warfare states, in which the latter feeds the former
Military_Keynesianism
Romanian nuclear weapons program
nuclear proliferation in Central and Eastern Europe?". Regional Security Interdependence. Masaryk University Press. pp. 110–130. "Nuclear Power in Romania |
Danube_Program
Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective
developed an opposing theory they dubbed "complex interdependence." They explain that "... complex interdependence sometimes comes closer to reality than does
International relations theory
International_relations_theory
American political scientist (1937–2025)
1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored
Joseph_Nye
2025 book by Edward Fishman
Fishman also proposes a geoeconomic "impossible trinity": that economic interdependence, economic security, and geopolitical competition cannot all be sustained
Chokepoints
Study of relationships between states
neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts. Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations rely on the idea of sovereignty
International_relations
Nuclear weapons security pact
1958 Anglo-American Mutual Defence Agreement: The Search for Nuclear Interdependence". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 31 (3): 425–466. doi:10.1080/01402390802024726
US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
US–UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement
Concept in sociology
The large effect size and causal design demonstrated that behavioral interdependence is a key concern in multi-officer-involved shootings 2026: In Minneapolis
Contagious_shooting
American political scientist
importance of state power in international economic affairs amid complex interdependence. Gilpin argued that states were still the key actors in the realm of
Robert_Gilpin
2010 treaties between United Kingdom and France
sharing and pooling of materials and equipment including through mutual interdependence, the building of joint facilities, mutual access to each other's defence
Lancaster_House_Treaties
American author and advocate against nuclear weapons (1943–2014)
28–93. Comment on the Pentagon Papers (June 26, 1971) Comment on the interdependence of the United States and the Soviet Union, displayed in latest Middle
Jonathan_Schell
Alliance between different states with the purpose to cooperate militarily
"What Allies Want: Reconsidering Loyalty, Reliability, and Alliance Interdependence". International Security. 44 (4): 45–83. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00375.
Military_alliance
Fictional Dwarf in The Lord of the Rings
and treasure". In their view, he and his Dwarves also illustrate the interdependence of nations through their networks of trade and allies; the varied "relationships
Gimli_(Middle-earth)
Series of connected links which are typically made of metal
from said oppression. Chains can also symbolize interconnectivity or interdependence. Unicode, in versions 6.x, contains the U+1F517 🔗 LINK SYMBOL, which
Chain
Novel by Barbara Kingsolver
relationships between the members of the community. It conveys the idea of interdependence and interaction, community's importance to each individual's life,
The_Bean_Trees
UK nuclear weapons programme
1958 Anglo-American Mutual Defence Agreement: The Search for Nuclear Interdependence". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 31 (3): 425–466. doi:10.1080/01402390802024726
Trident (UK nuclear programme)
Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)
French automatic rifle/Light machine gun
semi-automatic rifles, some with scopes. This differentiation induces an interdependence of the men which increases the psychological resistance superior to
Chauchat
Buddhist philosophical metaphor
Hinduism. Indra's Net symbolizes the universe as a web of connections and interdependences [...] I seek to revive it as the foundation for Vedic cosmology and
Indra's_net
Theme in Tolkien's writing
and treasure". In their view, he and his Dwarves also illustrate the interdependence of nations through their networks of trade and allies; the varied "relationships
Economy_of_Middle-earth
Park located in Nagasaki, Japan
the plaque reads: "The seven human figures represent continents. The interdependence of the figures symbolizes global peace and solidarity." "Triumph of
Nagasaki_Peace_Park
Ethnic group
construct that ignored the shared language, culture, and deep historical interdependence between the Hima and Iru, leaving a legacy of formalized stratification
Hima_people
Early leader of the Haitian Revolution (1741–1801)
slave rebellion in modern history. Haiti's independence exposed an interdependence between slave emancipation and the construction of a sovereign state
Georges_Biassou
Act or event that provokes or is used to justify war
nationalism, domestic political regime type and leadership change, economic interdependence and trade, territory, climate change-induced scarcity, and so on".
Casus_belli
Problem in nuclear reactor start-up
239Pu, required for nuclear weapons, and would lead to investigations and punishment of the reactor operators. The interdependence of 135Xe buildup and the
Iodine_pit
List of environmental and other issues affecting life on Earth
28 March 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018. "Issues of resilience, interdependence and growth affect global climate change risk". Carbon Brief. 20 February
List_of_global_issues
Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group
Parsis largely dominated sea shipping trade. This led to religious interdependence, tolerance, assimilation and community cohesion ultimately becoming
Gujarati_people
Military theory
Robert M. Webster and Muir S. Fairchild at ACTS studied the industrial interdependence of the United States as a model for targeting an aggressor enemy state
Industrial_web_theory
Humanist worldview
Manifesto II (1973) A Secular Humanist Declaration (1980) A Declaration of Interdependence(1988) "IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism" (1996) "Humanism: Why, What
Humanist_Manifesto
Increasing worldwide interdependence
Globalization is the process of increasing interdependence and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries
Globalization
Measures taken to ensure mutual safety
liberal thought. Economic liberalism assumes that economic openness and interdependence between countries makes them more peaceful than countries who are isolated
International_security
7591/9781501738128. ISBN 0801495210. Robert 0. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), p. 19. Ernst Haas, "Technological Self-Reliance
International_regime
Financial-economic agreement reached in 1944
the development of a high level of monetary interdependence. The stage was set for monetary interdependence by the return to convertibility of the Western
Bretton_Woods_system
Indian legal scholar and university director
in India”, GNLU Centre for Sports Law, Gandhinagar, 20 March 2010 “Interdependence of Criminology and Forensic Science Management in the Administration
Bimal_N._Patel
Philosophy concept in computing
Future Challenges". Information Technology and Society Interaction and Interdependence. Proceedings of 23rd Interdisciplinary Information Management Talks
Computer_ethics
International observance, 22 April
the Earth." The term Mother Earth is used because it "reflects the interdependence that exists among human beings, other living species and the planet
International Mother Earth Day
International_Mother_Earth_Day
Military defence organisation
Common Purpose, the Canadian government subscribed to the principle of interdependence and was admitted by the UK and the US. The resulting arrangement was
The Technical Cooperation Program
The_Technical_Cooperation_Program
Diplomatic forum for EU-US Trade and Tech
of connectivity traps, supply chain vulnerabilities and weaponized technology interdependence have become a common geostrategic concern in both Brussels
Trade_and_Technology_Council
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963
foreign policy problems and for what he called the "Declaration of Interdependence" (a title not used by the Americans who called it the "Declaration
Harold_Macmillan
2005 video game
by 1UP.com, was equally praised by reviewers, many appreciating the interdependence of the classes and strategic gameplay. Several reviews closed remarking
Day_of_Defeat:_Source
German political and economic term
civilize. The idea is that with trade will come dialogue, and that interdependence makes conflict less likely. Montesquieu wrote "wherever the ways of
Wandel_durch_Handel
International relations theory
democracies include arguments revolving around institutions, commerce, interdependence, alliances, US world dominance and political stability. There are instances
Democratic_peace_theory
1968–1996 British nuclear weapons programme
States, preferring to describe the Special Relationship as one of "interdependence". As had been feared, the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, vetoed
Polaris (UK nuclear programme)
Polaris_(UK_nuclear_programme)
Winners of satirical science award
November 2021). "Honesty and dishonesty in gossip strategies: a fitness interdependence analysis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
List of Ig Nobel Prize winners
List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners
1986 protest in the United States
front page and page 10. Gonzalez, Cindy. "Peace Marchers Declare 'Interdependence'", Omaha World-Herald, July 2, 1986, page 25. "Offutt peace demonstration
Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament
Great_Peace_March_for_Global_Nuclear_Disarmament
Defunct American nuclear weapons manufacturing site in Colorado
to delay the Safeguard Program. Senator Robert Byrd highlighted the interdependence of the AEC sites such as Los Alamos, Hanford, and Rocky Flats. Only
Rocky_Flats_Plant
Southern African philosophy
Ubuntu. Even with the various definitions, Ubuntu encompasses the interdependence of humans on one another and the acknowledgment of one's responsibility
Ubuntu_philosophy
Nuclear-powered attack submarine class
Economic Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problem of Reforms, Modernisation and Interdependence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-48543-0. Archived from the original on 1
Type_091_submarine
Games based on, or similar to, shogi
incorporates elements of Chinese chess. Ko shogi is unusual for the interdependence of its pieces and the complex rules of promotion, but likewise there
Shogi_variant
Bilateral relations
and honey, horses, tobacco, leather and fat. It is known that the interdependence of Colombia and Cuba is very strong, since they depend mainly on imported
Colombia–Cuba_relations
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
agricultural goods, as well as diplomatic ties progressively deepened their interdependence. The era's major powers operated on variants of the palace economy
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Organization successful in avoiding catastrophes where accidents are expected due to risk
variety of components, systems, and levels. Tight coupling – reciprocal interdependence across many units and levels. Distinguishable hierarchy – multiple
High_reliability_organization
Political ideology within liberalism
caused more opportunity and individualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive
Social_liberalism
Rule of Law". In Del Sarto, Raffaella A. (ed.). Fragmented Borders, Interdependence and External Relations: The Israel-Palestine-European Union Triangle
Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel
International crisis following 2023 coup in Niger
ECOWAS sanctions had a profound impact on Niger due to its economic interdependence with other countries in the region. Niger is especially dependent on
Nigerien_crisis_(2023–2024)
Japanese manga series by Yukiwo
remain closest persons and regularly emphasize their strong bonds and interdependence. While outdoors, she wears a paper bag on her head to avoid accidentally
Dropkick_on_My_Devil!
was a mature dark fantasy storyline, focusing on themes of love, the interdependence of good and evil, and clashing values. Maehiro created the world first
Characters of Final Fantasy XVI
Characters_of_Final_Fantasy_XVI
American diplomat
PassBlue. Retrieved 30 May 2025. "John Kelley | Global Interdependence Center". www.interdependence.org. Retrieved 30 May 2025. "Remarks by John Kelley,
John_Kelley_(diplomat)
Couples awarded the Nobel Prize
and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." (awarded together
List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize
List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize
Important figure in early Buddhism
Liz Wilson concludes that the story is an example of cooperation and interdependence between the sexes: both the Buddha and Aṅgulimāla's mother help to
Aṅgulimāla
2011 video game
designing items, the developers were faced with the usual problems of the interdependence of items and dungeons creating a chicken-and-egg scenario for the developers
The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Skyward_Sword
American political scientist (born 1947)
China's unpeaceful rise, with some political scientists citing economic interdependence theory or Confucianism to dispute his realist views. Mearsheimer wrote
John_Mearsheimer
Ethnic group mentioned in Chinese history; probably the Sogdians
Xinru: Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies in: Journal of World History, 12
Kangju
President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
categories of violent felons." It also included a subsection of assault weapons ban for a ten-year period. After two years of Democratic Party control
Bill_Clinton
Hindu Pancharatra text
rakshas, yantras and yoga. It mentions castes and periods of life, interdependence of two higher castes, and provides its characterization of the ideal
Ahirbudhnya_Samhita
Military unit
centered on Special Operations Forces integration, interoperability, and interdependence. This was the first time in two decades that a MEU had earned and been
26th Marine Expeditionary Unit
26th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit
American economist and statistician (1912–2006)
War II working as a mathematical statistician, focusing on problems of weapons design, military tactics, and metallurgical experiments. He was a member
Milton_Friedman
Sanskrit scripture, One of major eighteen Puranas
God and the world. The Brahmavaivarta Purana emphasizes the unity, interdependence and inseparability of the feminine and the masculine, through Radha
Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana
Collection of cave temples in Maharashtra, India
8 ft) in height. It represents the ancient Hindu concept of essential interdependence of the feminine and the masculine aspects in the universe, for its
Elephanta_Caves
UK atomic bomb development project
while Britain strived for independence, at the same time it sought interdependence in the form of a renewal of the Special Relationship with the United
High_Explosive_Research
American developmental psychologist (born 1950)
commonly known); group-mindedness (prescriptive feeling of belonging, of interdependence, of self-monitoring following general, impersonal expectations); and
Michael_Tomasello
Theory of international relations
United States due to economic interdependence, as the Chinese economy is export-heavy. Besides the economic interdependence, China might face additional
Hegemonic_stability_theory
Political entities with extensive influence
longer useful to understanding international politics due to increased interdependence between countries resulting in a multipolar world where concentrations
Superpower
Social movement in 19th century Circassia
William (November 2018 – May 2019). "Social Revolution in Circassia: The Interdependence of Religion and the World-System". Kafkasya Çalışmaları - Sosyal Bilimler
National_Oath
Technology that enables social interactions
American Journal of Sociology, 6(4), 465-486. Burgess, E. W. (1923). The Interdependence of Sociology and Social Work. Journal of Social Forces, 1(4), 366-370
Social_technology
Award
and North America, and labouring to deepen our understanding of the interdependence of nations and the dangers of nationalism." J. William Fulbright (1905–1995)
1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize
NJ: Princeton University Press. Copeland, Dale C. (2014). Economic Interdependence and War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Eisenberg, Carolyn
Historiography of the Cold War
Historiography_of_the_Cold_War
Legal theory that ongoing contracts are founded on the relationship between the parties
relationships. The 10 Elements 1.Business model - scale of complexity / interdependence defining the optimal delivery model. 2. Shared vision and statement
Relational_contract
Nonviolent intervention to prevent conflict
last resorts 3: a view of systems as responsive to the permanency and interdependence of relationships and change. Following periods of protracted violence
Peacebuilding
Ethnic group in Southern Africa
aspect.[clarification needed] These were reinforced by the familial interdependence of the Cape's credit and mortgage obligations. Afrikaner families thus
Afrikaners
Hindu god, companion of the god Rama
Hershock (2006). Buddhism in the Public Sphere: Reorienting Global Interdependence. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-135-98674-2. Reiko Ohnuma (2017). Unfortunate
Hanuman
Devolved legislature of Northern Ireland
and that one cannot successfully function without the other'. This interdependence is constructed so as to ensure that nationalists and unionists cannot
Northern_Ireland_Assembly
Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900-1914 (2005) Papayoanou, Paul A. "Interdependence, institutions, and the balance of power: Britain, Germany, and World
British entry into World War I
British_entry_into_World_War_I
decline in exportation Figure depicting Venezuelan exports and the interdependence between the U.S. and Venezuela Venezuela portal Energy portal Corporación
History of the Venezuelan oil industry
History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry
Idea that all human beings are members of a single community
currently separating people and emphasizing an understanding of our interdependence with nature and each other.[citation needed] Some forms of cosmopolitanism
Cosmopolitanism
1952 British atomic bomb test in Western Australia
while Britain strove for independence, at the same time it sought interdependence in the form of a renewal of the Special Relationship with the United
Operation_Hurricane
Type of social dilemma
assumption that individuals are confined to their narrow self-interest. Interdependence Theory suggests that people transform a given pay-off matrix into an
Collective_action_problem
travel, tourism, insurance
WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
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WEAPONIZED INTERDEPENDENCE
travel, tourism, insurance